趙明星 胡雨 禹清峰 張蕊
摘要:眾所周知,我們?nèi)粝雽?xiě)出清晰流暢的文章,就需要把其中的各部分巧妙地連接在一起。這樣,文章就顯得自然而別致,并能層層展開(kāi)主題句,完整地表達(dá)中心思想。而過(guò)渡詞就是連接這些部分的紐帶。本文主要從過(guò)渡詞的含義、作用、分類以及應(yīng)用等方面闡述如何恰當(dāng)?shù)剡\(yùn)用過(guò)渡詞來(lái)提高英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作水平。
關(guān)鍵詞:中學(xué)英語(yǔ);英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作;過(guò)渡詞;潛能生
中圖分類號(hào):G633.41 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1671-864X(2016)02-0071-02
一、過(guò)渡詞的含義、作用和意義
所謂過(guò)渡詞,就是文章中用一定的詞或詞組,提示前后意思之間的聯(lián)系,將他們有機(jī)聯(lián)系起來(lái),自然而然的由上文轉(zhuǎn)入下文的詞。它是一種關(guān)系指引詞,可以用于句子與句子之間的連接,還可以用于段落與段落之間的連接。當(dāng)句子進(jìn)入語(yǔ)段、語(yǔ)段進(jìn)入語(yǔ)篇時(shí),往往需要用一些連接手段把句子和句子、語(yǔ)段和語(yǔ)段,有時(shí)甚至是把段落與段落連接起來(lái),使它們之間建立起各種各樣的語(yǔ)義關(guān)系,并使整個(gè)語(yǔ)篇在意義上具有連貫性。
漢語(yǔ)文章的組織靠的是意合,即句子與句子之間的聯(lián)系靠的是句子意義的本身,句子的連接很少使用太多的連接詞;而英語(yǔ)文章的組織靠的是形合,句子的連接離不開(kāi)過(guò)渡詞。過(guò)渡詞使用得當(dāng),不僅使句子之間連貫、流暢,內(nèi)容易于理解,而且還能體現(xiàn)文章內(nèi)容上的連貫性和一致性。
二、過(guò)渡詞的分類
夸克(Quirk)等人把過(guò)渡詞分為13大類:列舉類、強(qiáng)勢(shì)類、 對(duì)等類、 轉(zhuǎn)折類等。蔡基剛將過(guò)渡詞分為11類:舉例、比較、對(duì)照、讓步等。我們立足于教學(xué),從方便實(shí)用的角度出發(fā),綜合以上學(xué)者的成果,將過(guò)渡詞按語(yǔ)義劃分為以下最常見(jiàn)的七種類型。下面我們逐一進(jìn)行說(shuō)明。
(一)表示添加,進(jìn)一步說(shuō)明或強(qiáng)調(diào)的過(guò)渡詞。
常用詞:besides/furthermore/additionally/in addition此外,in particular特別地等。例如:Now its time to become concerned with the future of ours. In particular, we must pay enough attention to the problem of pollution.
(二)表示原因、理由和結(jié)果的過(guò)渡詞。
Accordingly于是,as a result/consequently因此,because of /due to由于,thanks to幸虧等。例如:
①Because of science, we now live safer, more comfortable and convenient lives.
②Our standard of living today is much higher than it was before. As a result, more and more people can afford their own houses and cars.
(三)表示比較或?qū)Ρ鹊倪^(guò)渡詞。
equally important/likewise同樣重要地,similarly同樣地,in spite of縱使,nevertheless不過(guò),conversely/on the contrary相反地,on the other hand另一方面。例如:
①Despite/In spite of all the heartaches and the difficulties, a college education is still our best passport to success.
②If we lacked freedoms, people could not say what they felt. On the other hand/Conversely, if we lacked laws, then society would be disorderly and violent.
(四)表示文章中事件發(fā)生的時(shí)空順序。
afterward以后,at present/currently目前,at the same time/in the meantime同時(shí),recently最近,since then...之后,soon after 不久之后。例如:
①At present/Currently/Today/Recently/Lately, more and more people are realizing the importance of protecting our environment.
②Meanwhile/In the meantime/At the same time, students should have more free time for reading what they like to read.
(五)表示列舉的過(guò)渡詞。
First of all首先;Firstly…, Secondly..., Thirdly...第一……,第二……,第三……;To begin with…,Next…,F(xiàn)inally…,首先……,其次……,最后……。例如:
First/First of all/In the first place, we must understand that money cant buy happiness. Dont be a slave to it. Second, we should spend time with friends and family. And third, we should find time to listen to the birds sing, and see the beautiful scenery.
(六)常用表示舉例解釋的過(guò)渡詞。
常用的表示舉例的過(guò)渡詞語(yǔ)有:for example舉例,namely(等于“that is”)即,這就是說(shuō),for instance舉例,a case in point恰當(dāng)?shù)睦?。例如?/p>
①The means of production, namely, factories, mines and land should be improved.
②A lot of people here, like Tom for example, would rather stay at home watching TV.
③A case in point is the water control project along the Yangtze River.
(七)表示總結(jié)、結(jié)論的過(guò)渡詞。
As has been noted如前所述,As I have said如我所述,In brief/In short簡(jiǎn)言之,In conclusion /In summary/To sum up/To conclude總之,Eventually最后,In my opinion以我看來(lái),F(xiàn)rom this point of view從這個(gè)觀點(diǎn)來(lái)看,On account of this,we can find that…由此我們可以發(fā)現(xiàn)……,On the whole總起來(lái)說(shuō),At large總體上而,Personally我個(gè)人認(rèn)為……,Thus,this is the reason why we must…因此,這就是我們?yōu)槭裁幢仨殹?。例如?/p>
①I(mǎi)n conclusion, lets encourage the exchange of ideas and opinions by means of debates.
②As has been noted/As I have said, country life is more beneficial than city life.
三、過(guò)渡詞的應(yīng)用
有的同學(xué)在作文中使用過(guò)多簡(jiǎn)單句,成了簡(jiǎn)單句堆砌;有的寫(xiě)復(fù)雜句時(shí),動(dòng)輒用so,and,then,but等非但達(dá)不到豐富表達(dá)方式的目的,反而使句子結(jié)構(gòu)松散、呆板。為了避免這種現(xiàn)象,可以通過(guò)使用不同的過(guò)渡詞,不僅能夠豐富句型,而且還能夠把思想表達(dá)得更清楚,意義更連貫。例如:
學(xué)生習(xí)作:
TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Websites also have different sections. You may choose the one you are most interested in.
They are different in many ways. Moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation. It makes you feel that you are just on the spot. The programs change every day. Professional TV reporters do the report for TV.
Some information on websites changes all the time. Not all of it is so updated. Everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.
Every medium has its own features. It is hard to say which is better.
這段文字用簡(jiǎn)單句表達(dá),它們之間內(nèi)在的邏輯關(guān)系含糊不清,意思支離破碎。如果使用過(guò)渡詞,將單句與其前后合并,形成主次關(guān)系,就把一個(gè)比較復(fù)雜的內(nèi)容和關(guān)系表達(dá)得層次清楚、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)。
修改后的文章:Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common. Both of them make money from ads. Similar to TV, websites also have different sections, so that you may choose the one you are most interested in.
However, they are different in many ways. Above all, moving pictures are shown on TV with sound and interpretation, which makes you feel as if you are just on the spot. Then, the programs change every day and professional TV reporters do the report for TV. Unlike TV, some information on websites change all the time, but not all of it is so updated. In addition, everybody can write articles for websites rather than professional reporter.
In a word, every medium has its own features, so it is hard to say which is better.
修改后的文章用過(guò)渡詞來(lái)銜接上下段。
第一段第一句為:Both TV and website are popular media. They have something in common.
第二段第一句為:However, they are different in many ways.
第三段第一句為:In a word, every medium has its own features…
這篇短文每一段的第一句都是主題句,在每個(gè)主題句前使用Both…and, However, In a word使全文有序地銜接起來(lái)。如果在文章中再恰當(dāng)使用其他的過(guò)渡詞,會(huì)使文章增色更多。
總之,過(guò)渡詞使上下文的連接自然、緊湊,使文章整體具有結(jié)構(gòu)上的粘著性和意義上的連貫性。雖然過(guò)渡詞的使用并不是文章連貫的惟一手段,但確實(shí)是一種十分重要和有效的手段。而過(guò)渡詞紛繁復(fù)雜,只有在學(xué)習(xí)中慢慢摸索,慢慢積累,才能切實(shí)提高英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作水平。尤其是針對(duì)基礎(chǔ)薄弱的潛能生,通過(guò)簡(jiǎn)單的過(guò)渡詞,做有意識(shí)的訓(xùn)練,讓他們一句一句,一步一步的進(jìn)入寫(xiě)作狀態(tài),從潛能生的寫(xiě)作實(shí)踐情況出發(fā),結(jié)合自身的特點(diǎn),量身訂作方法,逐步提高其英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作水平。相信這樣會(huì)進(jìn)一步地激發(fā)潛能生的英語(yǔ)學(xué)習(xí)興趣和提高他們的自信心,從而更好地提高他們的英語(yǔ)寫(xiě)作水平。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]《美國(guó)英語(yǔ)修辭》(American English Rhetoric)本德(Bender)
[2]《英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法大全》夸克(Quirk)1989年版
[3]《讀與寫(xiě)(教育教學(xué)刊)》2012年第09期
[4]《青少年日記(教育教學(xué)研究)》2016年 第02期
[5]《南昌教育學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)》2011年 第04期