李順發(fā)

[被動語態(tài)的構(gòu)成]

被動語態(tài)是由“助動詞be或動詞get+過去分詞”構(gòu)成的，過去分詞保持不變，而所有的變化，即人稱、數(shù)、時(shí)態(tài)的變化，都體現(xiàn)在助動詞be或動詞get的變化上。

The Civil Rights Act was passed in 1965.

They are playing very well but one of them got hurt.

[被動語態(tài)的各種時(shí)態(tài)]

一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：am （are， is）+過去分詞

一般過去時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：was （were）+過去分詞

一般將來時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：shall （will）+be+過去分詞

現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：am （are， is） being+過去分詞

過去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：was （were being+過去分詞

現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：has （ave） been+過去分詞

過去完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：had been+過去分詞

將來完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：shall （will） have been+過去分詞

過去將來時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：should （would） be+過去分詞

過去將來完成時(shí)的被動語態(tài)：should （would） have been+過去分詞

1. Experienced doctors and nurses are needed the world over though there is great difficulty in looking for work. （一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)）

2. Records of the telephone were left on his desk but he didnt notice them. （一般過去時(shí)）

3. She does very well in our college and will be sent to Harvard soon. （一般將來時(shí)）

4. Some natural resources are being used and wasted at such a speed that they will disappear from the earth in the near future. （現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)）

5. When I called， tea was being served. （過去進(jìn)行時(shí)）

6. All the preparations have been made and we are ready to start. （現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)）

7. He returned to his house after a vacation only to find it had been broken into. （過去完成時(shí)）

8. Sixteen units will have been learned by the end of the first term of Senior Three. （將來完成時(shí)）

9. He said this unit would be finished the next week. （過去將來時(shí)）

10. He said about 2300 new words would have been added to the vocabulary. （過去將來完成時(shí)）

[被動語態(tài)與基本句型]

英語中有五個(gè)基本句型， 即1. “主—動—表/補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)；2. “主—動”結(jié)構(gòu)；3. “主—動—賓”結(jié)構(gòu)；4. “主—動—賓—賓”結(jié)構(gòu)；5. “主—動—賓—補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)。在這五個(gè)基本句型中，有三個(gè)是用及物動詞的，那就是以上五種句型中的后三種， 被動語態(tài)也適用于這三個(gè)基本句型。

1. 用于基本句型“主—動—賓”結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞跟一個(gè)賓語，變成被動時(shí)，將賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語。如：

Despite its size and modern look， Ho Chi Minh City has still kept its old traditions and culture.

Despite its size and modern look， its old traditions and culture has still been kept by Ho Chi Minh City.

2. 用于基本句型“主—動—賓—賓”結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞，如ask， give， grant， offer， pay， refuse， save， show， tell等，跟兩個(gè)賓語，一個(gè)直接賓語，一個(gè)間接賓語。變被動語態(tài)時(shí)， 或?qū)㈤g接賓語（通常是指人的詞）轉(zhuǎn)化成主語，或?qū)⒅苯淤e語（通常是物的詞）轉(zhuǎn)化成主語。

Winning this case gave Martin Luther King， Jr national attention.

Martin Luther King， Jr was given national attention.

National attention was given to Martin Luther King， Jr.

在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中， 被保留的間接賓語前通常要用介詞to。

3. 用于基本句型“主—動—賓—補(bǔ)”結(jié)構(gòu)的動詞，如name， paint， regard， find， keep， make， think， consider， leave等，跟一個(gè)賓語和一個(gè)賓語補(bǔ)語，變成被動時(shí)，賓語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語，賓語補(bǔ)語轉(zhuǎn)化成主語補(bǔ)語。

People elected Nelson Mandela the first black president of South Africa in 1994.

Nelson Mandela was elected the first black president of South Africa in 1994.

又如：We make him go.

He was made to go.

在上述結(jié)構(gòu)中， 被保留的補(bǔ)語前通常要用介詞to，持這種用法的動詞有make， see， hear， watch。

[動詞詞組、情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)]

動詞詞組用于被動語態(tài)要把它當(dāng)作整體看待。

We never thought of such success when we first started.

Such success was never thought of when we first started.

情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài)，即“情態(tài)動詞+助動詞be或get+過去分詞”。

Must my homework be handed in before class， sir？

[被動形式的使用場合]

1. 動作的執(zhí)行者難以或不需要說出時(shí)。

Such sign can be seen in many places on freeway. 在高速公路上的許多地方都可以看到這樣的標(biāo)志。

2. 需要突出或強(qiáng)調(diào)動作的承受者時(shí)。

A bit of important information was stolen. 一份重要的資料被偷了。

[注意事項(xiàng)]

1. 當(dāng)賓語是反身代詞或相互代詞時(shí)，反身代詞用被動語態(tài)。

They help each other.

They found themselves surrounded by colorful rocks， fishes， seashells and plants， all waving and moving slowly in the blue waters.

2. 當(dāng)謂語是表狀態(tài)的及物動詞時(shí)，不用被動語態(tài)。

My money can last only a week.

Does this jacket fit you？

3. 當(dāng)賓語是不定式或動名詞時(shí)，不用被動語態(tài)。

I wanted to return home but couldnt find a company where I could use what I had learnt.

Babies like tearing paper into pieces.

4. 有些動詞表示狀態(tài)或結(jié)果時(shí)，不用被動語態(tài)。這類動詞以感官動詞為主。這類動詞有smile， smell， sound， taste， look， seem， appear， feel， turn。

It smells good.

5. 當(dāng)賓語做狀語，表數(shù)量、重量、大小、程度時(shí)，不用被動語態(tài)。這類動詞有cost， weigh， number， keep， wash， drink， sell。

Keep still while I photograph you.

[用主動形式表示被動意義]

1. 表示事物行為、方式的動詞，如read， write， wash， clean， sell， lock， translate， wear， tear， cut， keep， strike， pull， act， last， burn， cook等。

①與cant， wont等連用的動詞。

In the summer meat and some other foods wont keep long.

②與well， easily等副詞連用的不及物動詞。

Your composition reeds smoothly but pay more attention to your handwriting.

This kind of material doesnt clean easily. 這種材料不易被弄干凈。

This kind of rice cooks more quickly than that kind. 這種米做飯比那種熟得快。

2. 表示視覺、聽覺、味覺、觸覺、嗅覺的聯(lián)系動詞，如look， sound， taste， feel， smell等。

Listen！ The song sounds very sweet.

3. 有些及物動詞，如ring， print， build， prepare等的進(jìn)行時(shí)也具有被動意義。

This factory is building. （= This factory is being built）

4. 有些詞組，如be to let （出租），be to blame （受指責(zé)）， be to seek（在尋覓）。

The house is to let. 此房出租。

You are to blame for this. 你應(yīng)該為此受指責(zé)。

A good way is to seek. 好方法在尋覓。

5. 不定式修飾have等動詞的賓語，而句子的主語又是不定式的邏輯主語時(shí)。

We have a lot of work to do.

6. easy， hard， difficult等“性質(zhì)形容詞+不定式”時(shí)。

I found the maths problems given in this paper easy to work out.

7. 其他情況。

Listen， kids！ I will give you some sentences to translate at the beginning of this class.

So hard. Work begins at six in the morning every day.

Dont be afraid. The shops there closes at ten in the evening every day.

The question is what to do nest.

8. 主語+need/want/require doing （=to be done）。

Your composition reeds smoothly but still needs improving. （... needs to be improved.）

9. be （well） worth doing結(jié)構(gòu)。

Good luck. This place is well worth looking at.

10. there be句型。

There is much to discover （=to be discovered） and the beauty and magic of an ancient culture is waiting for you.

[練習(xí)]

1. An accident on this road last week.

A. has been happened B. was happened

C. is happened D. happened

2. Cotton in the southeast of China.

A. is grown B. are grown

C. grows D. grow

3. So far， the moon by man already.

A. is visited B. will be visited

C. has been visited D. was visited

4. How many trees this year？

A. are planted B. will plant

C. have been planted D. planted

5. A lot of things by people to save the little girl now.

A. are doing B. are being done

C. has been done D. will be done

6. The Great Wall all over the world.

A. knows B. knew

C. is known D. was known

7. A story by Granny yesterday.

A. was told us B. was told to us

C. is told us D. told us

8. The monkey was seen off the tree.

A. jump B. jumps

C. jumped D. to jump

9. The school bag behind the chair.

A. puts B. can be put

C. can be putted D. can put

10. Older people well.

A. looks after B. must be looked after

C. must look after D. looked after

[參考答案]

1～5 DACCB 6～10 CBDBB