□
破解“定語(yǔ)從句”的三大難點(diǎn)
□邱世才
定語(yǔ)從句在句子中的作用相當(dāng)于形容詞,引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的連詞稱為關(guān)系詞。關(guān)系詞在定語(yǔ)從句中擔(dān)當(dāng)一個(gè)成分,其中that,who,whom,where, which是關(guān)系詞的“活躍分子”。對(duì)限定性定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞或副詞的用法或區(qū)別的考查成為中考的“亮點(diǎn)”。
【中考在線】
I borrowed a book from the library.It was newly published.(合并成含有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句)
The bookI borrowed from the librarynewly pub?lished.(甘肅卷)
【解讀】填寫that/which,was。與漢語(yǔ)不同的是英語(yǔ)的定語(yǔ)從句是放在被修飾的名詞或代詞之后,通過(guò)一個(gè)關(guān)系代詞或關(guān)系副詞連接起來(lái)的。例句展示:
(1)I borrowed a book from the library.我從圖書館借了一本書。
(2)The book was newly published.這本書是最新出版的。
結(jié)合上面展示的兩個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單句,我們可以把這兩個(gè)句子合并為:
The book that(which)I borrowed from the library was newly published.先行詞關(guān)系詞定語(yǔ)從句
含定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句有三個(gè)部分:先行詞、關(guān)系詞和從句。先行詞是被修飾的名詞或代詞;關(guān)系詞是用來(lái)引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的,包括關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞,它們?cè)趶木渲谐洚?dāng)一定的句子成分,當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞做從句的主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的人稱和數(shù)要和先行詞保持一致。如:
She is the girl who lives next door.她就是住在隔壁的女孩。
—Which one?哪個(gè)人?
—The one who is wearing a hat.戴帽子的那個(gè)人。
在定語(yǔ)從句中,關(guān)系詞一般不翻譯。翻譯的順序是“定語(yǔ)從句中的內(nèi)容+的+先行詞”。
【中考在線】
1.First Lady Peng Liyuan was watering the flowerswere named“Cathy”with Dutch Queen Maxima. A.whatB.which C.whoD.whose(湖北卷)
2.—What are you looking for?—I’m looking for the bookyou lent me yesterday.
A.whatB.who
C.whenD.不填(湖北卷)
3.—In a text message,88 means“Bye-bye.”—And another example is F2Fstands for“face to face”.
A.thatB.who
C.whomD.it(湖北卷)
【解讀】1.考查定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞,先行詞是the flowers,指物,且關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),故選用which。2.考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞。先行詞是the book,指物,且關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作賓語(yǔ),故可以用which或that,也可以省略。故選D。3.考查定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞。先行詞是F2F,指物,且關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),由此可知that符合題意。故選A。
引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系代詞有:who,whom,whose,which,that。當(dāng)關(guān)系代詞在從句中作動(dòng)詞的賓語(yǔ)時(shí),關(guān)系代詞可省略;引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句的關(guān)系副詞有:where,when,why。其中what不能引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句。具體來(lái)說(shuō):
(1)who與whom的辨析:
who,whom在引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句,其關(guān)系代詞指人,也就是它們引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句所修飾的先行詞必須是人。who在句中作主語(yǔ);whom在從句中作賓語(yǔ),??墒÷?。who的前面不能有介詞,如果帶有介詞,則必須用賓格的whom,即介詞+whom。如:
This is the worker who helped me.這就是幫助過(guò)我的那個(gè)工人。
That is the student(whom)I teach.那就是我教的學(xué)生。
He is the boy with whom I went there.他就是和我一起去那里的男孩。
(2)who與that的辨析:
當(dāng)先行詞是人時(shí),必須用who或that引導(dǎo)定語(yǔ)從句,用來(lái)指代人時(shí),關(guān)系代詞who和that在許多情況下可通用,在翻譯時(shí)who不必譯為“誰(shuí)”,應(yīng)譯為“……的”。如:
The girl who/that is playing the piano is her sister.彈鋼琴的那個(gè)女孩是她的妹妹。
(3)that與which的辨析:
that和which在一般情況下,不管關(guān)系代詞在從句中作主語(yǔ)或賓語(yǔ)都可替換使用,不過(guò)使用that的場(chǎng)合較多。如:
Is this the pen that/which you’re looking for?這是你一直在找的那支鋼筆嗎?
(4)where與whose的辨析:
關(guān)系副詞where等引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句在從句中作狀語(yǔ),where表示地點(diǎn),它引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句修飾表地點(diǎn)的先行詞。whose是代詞的所有格,它既可以代替人也可代替物,當(dāng)whose代物時(shí),它相當(dāng)于...of which。如:
This is the place where he was born.這是他出生的地方。
Please show me the book whose cover is black./Please show methe book,the cover of which is black.請(qǐng)把封面是黑色的書拿給我看看。
【中考在線】
1.When Robinson Crusoe got to the island,the first thinghe did
was to look for some food.
A.who B.that
C.which D.whom(廣東卷)
2.—Have you seen the documentary named A Bite of China?—Yeah!It’s the most funny oneI have ever seen.
A.that B.what
C.which D.where(湖北卷)3
.“Underground”is the only word in the English languagebegins and ends with the letters“und”.
A.what B.that
C.who D.whom(河南卷)
【解讀】1.考查定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞的用法,先行詞是the first thing,當(dāng)先行詞有序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí),關(guān)系詞使用that。2.考查定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞的用法,先行詞是one,指物,其前有形容詞最高級(jí)the most fun?ny修飾,關(guān)系詞只能使用that。3.考查定語(yǔ)從句中的關(guān)系代詞的用法,先行詞是word,且由the only修飾,關(guān)系代詞在定語(yǔ)從句中作主語(yǔ),關(guān)系詞使用that。
上面,我們已經(jīng)從連接詞的辨析中學(xué)習(xí)了“定語(yǔ)從句”,其實(shí)它們?cè)谥复P(guān)系上有些特殊用法,下面對(duì)定語(yǔ)從句的連接詞作一比對(duì),注意其中的指代差異:
(1)that和which都可以用作指物的關(guān)系詞,在指物時(shí),一般可互換使用。在句中that,which作賓語(yǔ)時(shí)可以省略。如:
The pen(which/that)I bought last week is very expensive.我上周買的那支筆很貴。
但是,在定語(yǔ)從句中,雖然關(guān)系代詞that(指物)等同于which。下面的幾種情況只能用that,不能用which:先行詞是all,both,none,nothing,any?thing,everything,much,such等不定代詞時(shí);先行詞被形容詞最高級(jí)修飾時(shí);先行詞被序數(shù)詞修飾時(shí);先行詞被the very,the only,any,no等修飾時(shí)。如:
This is the most interesting book that I have ever read.這是我讀過(guò)的最有趣的書。
如果關(guān)系代詞前有介詞和引導(dǎo)非限定性定語(yǔ)從句時(shí),用which,不用that。如:
This is the room in which you will stay.這將是你住的房間。
He has to work on Sundays,which he doesn’t like.他得在星期天工作,他是不喜歡這樣的。
(2)who和that用來(lái)指代人時(shí),關(guān)系代詞who和that在許多情況下可通用。如果先行詞是one,ones,anyone和those時(shí),用who,不用that。當(dāng)介詞about位于定語(yǔ)從句的句首,關(guān)系代詞只能用whom(指人),不能用that。如:
Tomistheoneaboutwhomsomepeopleoftentalkbehindhis back.湯姆是經(jīng)常被人在背后討論的一個(gè)人。
主句是由who,which引導(dǎo)的特殊疑問(wèn)句時(shí),只能用that引導(dǎo)的定語(yǔ)從句。如:
Who is the teacher that gives us a lesson?誰(shuí)是給我們上課的老師?在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中,作主語(yǔ)時(shí),指“人”要用關(guān)系代詞who。如:Tom,who is an Englishman,is studying here.湯姆是在這里學(xué)習(xí)的一位英國(guó)人。
【能力提升】把下面句子合并成含有定語(yǔ)從句的復(fù)合句。
1.That is the woman.The woman is looking for her bag.
2.The old man can’t eat the food.The food has chocolate in it.
3.This is Mr.Green.Mr.Green gave us a talk yesterday.
參考答案:
1.That is the woman who/that is looking for her bag.2.The old man can’t eat the food that has chocolate in it.3.This is Mr.Green that/who gave us a talk yesterday.