朱熙淵
考試與評價
論提升高中學(xué)生的英語語言邏輯能力
——以2014年浙江省高考英語試題為例
朱熙淵
語言邏輯關(guān)系在語言測試中發(fā)揮著重要作用。本文從語法邏輯、語境邏輯和語篇邏輯三個方面對2014年浙江省高考英語試題中所體現(xiàn)的語言邏輯關(guān)系做出分析,探討如何在教學(xué)實踐中重視語法和詞匯紐帶,注重寫作前審題,從而培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語法、語境和語篇邏輯能力。
英語語言;英語高考;邏輯能力
語言的一個重要特征是語言的意義單位根據(jù)一定的邏輯關(guān)系由小到大進行排列組合,從小的意義單位擴展到大的意義單位(胡壯麟1989)。單位與單位(從屬單位與獨立單位)之間的連接是以邏輯系統(tǒng)為基礎(chǔ)的。語言邏輯關(guān)系是語言知識存在和語言知識使用所遵循的序列形式。學(xué)生通過語言邏輯關(guān)系使其所學(xué)語言知識在英語測試中發(fā)揮重要作用。分析語言邏輯關(guān)系有利于學(xué)生的綜合語言運用能力的提升。
《普通高中英語課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)》規(guī)定,高中英語課程的總目標(biāo)是“培養(yǎng)和提高學(xué)生的綜合語言運用能力(教育部2003)”。與之相適應(yīng),高考英語試題的主要目的是測試學(xué)生的綜合語言運用能力,主要通過聽力測試、單項填空、完形填空、閱讀理解、英語寫作等題型來考查。若忽視試題中語言邏輯關(guān)系,往往就會造成對試題內(nèi)容理解和判斷方面的偏差(史清泉2014)。本文以2014年浙江省高考英語試題為例,從語法邏輯、語境邏輯和語篇邏輯三個方面對試題中所體現(xiàn)的語言邏輯關(guān)系做出分析,并指出教師在教學(xué)過程中應(yīng)該重視學(xué)生語言邏輯能力的培養(yǎng)。
在2014年浙江省高考英語試題中,語言邏輯關(guān)系在各個題型中都有體現(xiàn)。語法邏輯關(guān)系主要體現(xiàn)在單項填空測試題型中,語境邏輯關(guān)系主要體現(xiàn)于單項填空、完形填空、閱讀理解等測試題型中,而語篇邏輯關(guān)系是分析閱讀理解、閱讀表達的重要方式和方法,也是考生在英語寫作中所依賴的信息表達的重要手段。
(一)語法邏輯關(guān)系的運用與分析
語法邏輯關(guān)系主要指的是語言單位之間的語法限定關(guān)系。其主要表現(xiàn)形式是語法規(guī)則,即在語言運用過程中總結(jié)出來的對句子成分之間關(guān)系的限定或法則。語法邏輯關(guān)系的確定以語境邏輯關(guān)系推導(dǎo)為基礎(chǔ)。
2014年浙江省高考英語試題分析:
例1:Sofia looked around at all the faces:she had the impression that she____most of the guests before.
A.has seenB.had seen
C.sawD.would see
語法規(guī)則限定了動詞的時態(tài)范疇。動詞在現(xiàn)在完成時、過去完成時、一般過去時、過去將來時中表示不同的時間特性。根據(jù)語法規(guī)則,過去完成時表示過去某一時間或動作以前已經(jīng)發(fā)生或完成的動作。它表示動詞發(fā)生的時間是“過去的過去”。Sofia looked around at all the faces:she had the impression的時間設(shè)定為一般過去時,而see所表示的動作發(fā)生在設(shè)定的動詞過去時態(tài)(looked)之前,因此語法規(guī)則限定動詞see的時態(tài)為過去完成時。該小題正確選項為B。
例2:An average of just 18.75 cm of rain fell last year,making____the driest year since California became a state in 1850.
A.each B.it C.this D.one
each是不定代詞,側(cè)重表示在兩個或兩個人或物中的“每個”;this是指示代詞,常用以指近處的人或物;one指代前文提及的單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞;而it作為比較特殊的代詞,可代物,也可代從句或動詞不定式成為形式主語或形式賓語。這些語法規(guī)則限定該小題正確選項為B。
例3:They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigations,or they____ to our help.
A.would have comeB.could comeC.have comeD.had come
在表示與過去事實不符的非真實條件句中,從句用過去完成時,在主句中用“would/should/could/might+-ed分詞”。該句中的They were abroad during the months when we were carrying out the investigations表明句子的時間背景為過去,由or(否則)推斷出“否則他們回來幫助我們”。所以該小題正確選項為A。
(二)語境邏輯關(guān)系的運用與分析
語境邏輯關(guān)系是指語言的顯性內(nèi)容與語言的隱性內(nèi)容在上下文或語境條件下的邏輯關(guān)系(熊學(xué)亮1996)。語境邏輯關(guān)系是通過對語言的顯性內(nèi)容進行邏輯推導(dǎo)得出該邏輯關(guān)系所指的隱藏意義,因此語境邏輯關(guān)系是一種推導(dǎo)關(guān)系。
2014年浙江省高考英語試題分析:
例4:Cathy had quit her job when her son was born____she could stay home and raise her family.
A.now thatB.as ifC.only ifD.so that
根據(jù)此句的顯性的內(nèi)容,我們可以推導(dǎo)出Cathy辭職是為了在家照顧小孩,因此該小題的正確選項為D。
例5:How could you____such a fantastic job when you have been out of work for months?
A.turn offB.turn inC.turn downD.turn to
根據(jù)此句的“How could you...”推導(dǎo)出說話者要表達的是驚訝的語氣,turn down這里表示“拒絕”,“失業(yè)多月居然拒絕如此好的工作”,因此該小題的正確選項為C。
例6:—I’d like a wake-up call at 7:00 a.m.,please!
—OK,______.
A.help yourself
B.you’ll certainly make it
C.just do what you like
D.I’ll make sure you get one.
根據(jù)顯性語句的內(nèi)容I’d like a wake-up call,我們可以推導(dǎo)出該句子是在請求賓館的叫早服務(wù),所以該小題的正確選項為D。
2014年浙江省高考英語試題完形填空第一、二段分析:
I had worried myself sick over Simon’s mother coming to see me.I was a new_2__1,and I gave an honest account of the students’work.In Simon’s case,the grades were awfully low.He couldn’t read his own handwriting._2__2he was a bright student. He discussed adult subjects with nearly adult comprehension.His work in no way reflected his_2__3.
So when Simon’s mother entered the room,my palms(手掌心)were sweating.I was completely _2__4for her kisses on both my cheeks.“I came to thank you”she said,surprising me beyond speech._____25me,Simon had become a different person.He talked of how he_____26me,he had begun to make friends,and for the first time in his twelve years,he had_____27spent an afternoon at a friend’s house.She wanted to tell me how grateful she was for the_2__8I had nurtured(培養(yǎng))in her son.She kissed me again and left.
21.A.cleanerB.reporter C.monitorD.teacher
22.A.OrB.And C.ButD.So
23.A.courageB.abilities C.feelingsD.dream
24.A.desperateB.responsible C.unpreparedD.unsuitable
25.A.Because ofB.In spite of C.Apart fromD.As for criticized
27.A.graduallyB.constantly C.recentlyD.obviously
28.A.self-respect B.self-doubt C.self-pityD.self-defense
完形填空中的語篇發(fā)展是根據(jù)語言的顯性信息與隱性信息的相互作用推進的。根據(jù)顯性信息推導(dǎo)出隱性信息,隱性信息轉(zhuǎn)換成顯性信息,由此再推導(dǎo)新的隱性信息。語句I was a new_2__1,and I gave an honest account of the students’work中問題21的答案(D.teacher)是根據(jù)該句中的顯性信息the students’work推導(dǎo)出來的。問題22的答案(C.but)是根據(jù)句子couldn’t read與a bright student相反推導(dǎo)而來。根據(jù)the grades were awfully low,he was a bright student等顯性信息推導(dǎo)出問題23的隱性信息是B.abilities。
完形填空第二段為故事情節(jié)的推進。根據(jù)已知信息surprising me beyond speech推導(dǎo)出問題24的隱性信息為C.unprepared.根據(jù)顯性信息I came to thank you推導(dǎo)出問題25的隱性信息為A.Because of。根據(jù)新的顯性信息Because of me推導(dǎo)出下面的隱藏信息(問題26)為A.loved。由顯性信息for the first time in his twelve years推導(dǎo)出問題27的隱性信息為C.recently。問題28處的隱藏信息是選項A.self-respect,該選項和上段新的顯性信息His work in no way reflected his abilities相呼應(yīng)。
完形填空應(yīng)立足上下文的分析。通過分析語篇中顯性信息的相互作用,即語境邏輯關(guān)系,可以提高學(xué)生完形填空題的解題能力和解題的準(zhǔn)確性。
(三)語篇邏輯關(guān)系的運用與分析
語篇邏輯關(guān)系是指語篇的命題發(fā)展所依據(jù)的較大的信息單元之間的相互作用關(guān)系。語篇邏輯關(guān)系也是一種邏輯推導(dǎo)關(guān)系??忌鷳?yīng)緊扣語篇命題,通過舊信息到新信息的邏輯推導(dǎo),理解語篇的意義,從而得出問題的正確答案。
2014年浙江省高考英語試題分析:
閱讀理解D
Last summer,two nineteenth-century cottages were rescued from remote farm fields in Montana,to be moved to an Art Deco building in San Francisco. The houses were made of wood.These cottages once housed early settlers as they worked the dry Montana soil;now they hold Twitter engineers.
The cottages could be an example of the industry’s odd love affair with“l(fā)ow technology”,a concept associated with the natural world,and with old-school craftsmanship(手藝)that exists long before the Internet era. Low technology is not virtual(虛擬的)——so,to take advantage of it,Internet companies have had to get creative.The rescued wood cottages,fitted by hand in the late eighteen-hundreds,are an obvious example,but Twitter’s designs lie on the extreme end.Other companies are using a broader interpretation(闡釋)of low technology that focuses on nature.
Amazon is building three glass spheres filled trees,so that employees can“work and socialize”in a more natural,park-like setting”.At Google’s office,an entire floor is carpeted in grass.Facebooks second Menlo Park campus will have a rooftop park with a walking trail.
Olle Lundberg,the founder of Lundberg Design,has worked with many tech companies over the years.“We have lost the connection to the maker in our lives,and our tech engineers are the ones who feel most impoverished(貧乏的),because they’re surrounded by the digital world.”he says.“They’re looking for a way to regain their individual identity,and we’ve found that introducing real crafts is one way to do that.”...
50.The writer mentions the two nineteenth-century cottages to show that.
A.Twitter is having a hard time
B.old cottages are in need of protection
C.early settlers once suffered from a dry climate in Montana
D.Internet companies have rediscovered the benefits of low technology
51.Low technology is regarded as something that______.
A.is related to nature
B.is out of date today
C.consume too much energy
D.exists in the virtual world
52.The main idea of Paragraph 5 is that human beings______.
A.have destroyed many pre-industrial arts
B.have a tradition of valuing arts and crafts
C.can become intelligent by learning history
D.can regain their individual identity by using machines.
53.The writer’s attitude to“l(fā)ow technology”can best be described as______.
A.positiveB.defensive
C.cautiousD.doubtful
54.What might be the best title for the passage?
A.Past Glories,F(xiàn)uture Dreams
B.The Virtual World,the Real Challenge
C.High-tech Companies,Low-tech Offices
D.The More Craftsmanship,the less Creative
該篇文章以twonineteenth-centurycottageswere moved to hold Twitterengineers開始,使我們情不自禁地想知道其中的原因,進而第二段的Thecottages could be an example of the industry’s odd love affair with“l(fā)owtechnology”導(dǎo)出了整篇文章的話題low technology。語篇將圍繞這一命題遞增新的信息。
考生可以將段落作為圍繞命題遞增的信息單位。每個段落遞增不同的信息單位。第一段用Twitter的事例導(dǎo)入low technology;第二段遞增的新信息說明low technology是有關(guān)自然的世界(natural world),而且被現(xiàn)代公司所鐘愛;第三段舉了三個現(xiàn)代公司營造“自然環(huán)境”的例子;第四段引用Olle Lundberg的話,闡述手工藝品對工程師靈感啟發(fā)的重要性;第五段是對第四段的補充(This craft-based theory is rooted in history),說明人類歷來注重arts and crafts;第六、七段說明回歸自然的辦公環(huán)境有利于壓力的減輕(less stressful)和腦力的恢復(fù)(restore our mental capacities)。
考生如果根據(jù)命題與信息遞增的邏輯關(guān)系來閱讀此文章,就能精確地理解文章所表達的邏輯意義,也就很容易找到以上五個問題的正確選項——50.D,51.A,52.B,53.A,54.C。
(一)重視語法和詞匯紐帶,培養(yǎng)語法和語境邏輯能力
連貫的語篇總會在形式上有一定體現(xiàn),但形式的體現(xiàn)方式不同(胡壯麟1994;張德祿2004)。有些語篇的連貫性靠情景語境和文化語境來實現(xiàn)(胡壯麟1994;程曉堂、王琦2003);有些則單靠銜接手段來實現(xiàn)。對于前者,由于能力要求較高,遠遠超出了基礎(chǔ)教育階段的八級知識范圍(教育部2003),故不在高中英語教學(xué)和評價考慮之列。對于后者,通過文本分析可以發(fā)現(xiàn),語篇中如果有邏輯紐帶來銜接上下文,理解起來就比較容易;而如果沒有明顯的邏輯紐帶或詞匯紐帶連接,語篇的解碼過程難度則相對較大。
這就要求教師在平時的教學(xué)過程中不僅要關(guān)注外在的邏輯紐帶,更要重視“看不見”的語法紐帶和詞匯紐帶,尤其是詞匯紐帶。教師可通過下列的連接詞進行專項練習(xí),提高學(xué)生的邏輯能力。
1.Xiao Ming was walking in the street______he heard someone cry for help.
2.He advised that I hire a car______________I could travel around in the west.
3.It was not long___________the police came.
4.__________he heard the cry for help,he jumped into the water to save the girl.
5.We can go downtown and do some shopping. ____________,we can pay a visit to some places of interest.
6.I shared the cost of the gas with my friends. _____________,I saved$80.
7.Eatingsugarisbadforourteeth. ________________,it may make us fat.
(二)注重寫作前審題,培養(yǎng)語篇邏輯能力
寫作前的語篇邏輯審題主要圍繞主題進行,從而決定選用何種素材和論據(jù)。以下面的作文為例:
題目:特奧會將在上海舉辦,要招募志愿者。請給組委會寫封信,表達自己有能力當(dāng)志愿者。
1.錯誤的審題
部分學(xué)生過分強調(diào)做志愿者將給自己帶來的好處,邏輯上與主題要求不一致。如下面的陳述均不太切題:I will learn a lot from the activity.It will improve my ability.I will benefit a lot from being a volunteer.I will make a lot of friends from the activity. It will give me a good opportunity to practice my English.
2.合乎邏輯的審題
這是一封信,你要向組委會表示自己意愿而且有能力當(dāng)志愿者,所表達內(nèi)容要讓人信服,如:advantages over others in languages(English,F(xiàn)rench;and body language,etc.;be too willing to help others;through the volunteer work,you have done some social work in community and gain some experience already;be patient;etc)
綜上所述,分析語言邏輯有利于學(xué)生綜合能力的提升,教師在教學(xué)過程中應(yīng)注意培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語言邏輯意識,在詞匯、語法和語篇教學(xué)中運用探究性教學(xué)方法培養(yǎng)學(xué)生的語言邏輯能力。
引用文獻
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作者信息:330700,浙江金華,浙江省義烏市第四中學(xué)
wxy6698@126.com