鄧小寬
摘 要:該文主要講了there be結(jié)構(gòu)的主要用法以及我們在使用這個(gè)特殊句型時(shí)應(yīng)當(dāng)注意的問題。
關(guān)鍵詞:特殊句型 異同 限定詞
中圖分類號(hào):H314 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):1674-098X(2014)04(c)-0252-01
There be結(jié)構(gòu)的句子在英語里是一種特殊句式。句型中there本來是具有地點(diǎn)意義的狀語主語,“be”后邊的名詞原是表語。隨著這一句型逐步演變?yōu)楸硎径喾矫嬉饬x的句型,其中的there也逐漸失去了其地點(diǎn)意義。There的發(fā)音一般為[],不發(fā)[]。應(yīng)用這個(gè)句型時(shí)筆者認(rèn)為應(yīng)當(dāng)注意:
1 There be結(jié)構(gòu)可表達(dá)的意義
There be 句型表示“存在”,稱there 存在句(there-xeistential sentences)。在不同的句式中,there的詞性和句法功能不同。
1)There be句型中,there be接的名詞前常常有不定冠詞或某個(gè)定量或不定量的詞語,即:a,another,any,much,no,several,some以及基數(shù)詞等。句中的there為虛詞(引導(dǎo)詞或先行詞),there不重讀,沒有詞匯意義,只起引導(dǎo)一個(gè)存在句型。There位于句子主語的位置,作形式主語,也叫語法主語或表面主語。Be后面的名詞或代詞為概念上或意思上的主語,即真實(shí)主語。謂語be的數(shù)由后面的名詞或代詞的單復(fù)數(shù)決定,通常與其保持一致。 如:
There is an egg in the box.
There are four/several eggs in the box.
There is nothing in the box.
但在非正式英語中,后面的名詞為復(fù)數(shù)時(shí),有時(shí)謂語be也可用單數(shù)。如:
Theres some people in the reading room.
但there be 有一個(gè)就近原則。離它近的是單數(shù)用is,復(fù)數(shù)用are
如:There is some juice and some cakes on the table.
There is a pen and some books on the desk.
(不可數(shù)名詞或者可數(shù)名詞單數(shù)用 there is )
There are some cakes and some juice on the table.
(可數(shù)名詞復(fù)數(shù)用there are)
2)在一般疑問句和反意疑問句中,there為形式主語。
Is there any ink in the bottle?
Yes,there is. (No. there isnt)
There,s nothing wrong, is there?
3)There to be句型中,there作及物動(dòng)詞或介詞for的語法賓語時(shí),there同時(shí)作不定式to be的邏輯主語。
She doesnt want there to be a misunderstanding,她不想引起任何誤解。
It is too late for there to be any buses.
太晚沒有公共汽車了。
It is important for there to be a doctor present.
那個(gè)醫(yī)生在場很重要。
There be結(jié)構(gòu)用于let開頭的祈使句時(shí),there作let的賓語,在意義上作原型be的主語,如:Let there be light.讓燈光亮著。
4)There作動(dòng)名詞的邏輯主語。
She was disappointed at there being so little to do.要做的事 這么少,她對此很失望。
5)在分詞獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中,there作邏輯主語。如:
There having been no rain for a long time, the ground was burnt black by the sun.
由于很長時(shí)間沒下雨,地面被太陽烤焦了。
6)There be結(jié)構(gòu)可自由用于從句中,there作形式主語。
We want to know if theres any one waiting.
我們想知道是否有人在等候。
He was the most naturally gifted allround cricketer there has ever been.
他是有史以來最有天才的球手。
2 There be后接定冠詞the,指示代詞、物主代詞、名詞所有格時(shí)
There be后接定冠詞the時(shí),there通??醋鞲痹~,作狀語。 意思是“在那里”,there要重讀。句末不再接狀語。這種句型可以轉(zhuǎn)換成 “The+n+be+there”.
Theres the picture Ive been looking for since January 這是我一月份以來一直在尋找的那幅畫。
試比較:Theres a picture Ive been looking for since January
(there虛詞),有一幅畫一月份以來我一直在找。
There be中的there作副詞時(shí),其后的名詞前可有名詞所有格、物主代詞等。endprint
(1)There is Toms car=Toms car is there.
There is our bus=Our bus is there.
(2)有時(shí),There be后可以有專有名詞、定冠詞、指示代詞,物主代詞等詞表示特指某人或某物的存在。There為虛詞作形式主語。句末有狀語,這種表示特指的用法主要用于下列情況:
1)回答實(shí)際上或含義上的存在疑問句,提供明確的實(shí)例。
Have we any loose cash in the house?
Well,theres the money in the box over there.
——我們屋里有零錢嗎?——在那邊箱子里有。
2)在列舉和舉例時(shí)。
Name all of the great emperors
Well, there,s Julius Caesar. Augustus, the one who
burned down Rome.
——請說出所有著名的皇帝的名字。
——朱利烏斯、愷撒、奧古斯都,是燒毀羅馬的人…
3 There后接在意義上(表“存在”)和結(jié)構(gòu)上與be相關(guān)的其他動(dòng)詞。這些動(dòng)詞主要有:seem,appear,remain,live,exsit,lie, come 等
There appears to have been some confusion.
看來似乎有一些混亂。
There exist a number of similar cases.
存在有若干相似的情況。
In the cottage there lives a family of four.
那個(gè)農(nóng)舍里住著一戶四口之家。
There came a time when the people felt the need to settle down and live in peace.
人們覺得必須安定下來過平靜生活的時(shí)候來到了。
意義和結(jié)構(gòu)與there be不同的動(dòng)詞不能與there連用。不能說There killed a girl.
參考文獻(xiàn)
[1] 王滿才.There be結(jié)構(gòu)用法[J].忻州師范學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào),2004,20(5).
[2] http://wenku.baidu.com/view/5e6f9320482fb4daa58d4b3d.html.endprint