任麗霞

我們知道，英語語法中講到的許多語言點，與我們接觸的母語，有著很多相似之處。雖有相似點，但在教學(xué)中還是發(fā)現(xiàn)有部分同學(xué)不能很好地理解和運用直接引語和間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)化。所以，現(xiàn)就這一語法，與大家一起分享我的教法。

首先我們要知道，什么是直接引語和間接引語。直接引述別人的原話，就是直接引語，一般情況下，直接引語前后都要加引號。用自己的話來轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話，就是間接引語，間接引語不需要加引號，在多數(shù)情況下，轉(zhuǎn)化后的間接引語就是一個賓語從句。那么，什么樣的句子可以作直接引語呢？我們根據(jù)說話人的語氣，可分為陳述句，一般疑問句，特殊疑問句和祈使句這四類句子作直接引語。下面我們就分別看看每一類句子如何變成間接引語。

一、含陳述句的直接引語變間接引語

我們先看幾個例子：

例1：Mr.Black said，“I am very busy now.”

Mr.Black said that he was very busy then.

例2：He said，“I will finish the work tomorrow.”

He said that he would finish the work the next day.

例3：Our teacher said， “Light travels faster than sound.”

Our teacher said that light travels faster than sound.

從上面的例子我們可以看出，轉(zhuǎn)化后的間接引語與原句有著明顯的區(qū)別，從標(biāo)點符號、時態(tài)、人稱等方面看，我們可總結(jié)為：去掉引號加that；人稱變化要靈活（一主 二賓 三不變），賓語若是不存在，活用代詞I， my， me（we， our ，us）；時態(tài)向后退一步，狀語變化背表格。在直接引語中的某些狀語變?yōu)殚g接引語時，課本上專門有一個變化表格。初學(xué)此語法時，需要查看表格，以后需要背下來。如果直接引語中所講的是客觀真理，變成間接引語后不需要改變時態(tài)，仍然用一般現(xiàn)在時，如上例3。

二、含一般疑問句的直接引語變間接引語

例1： He asked me， “Did you see the film yesterday？”

He asked me if/whether I had seen the film the day before.

例2： She said to me， “Will you go to the park with me tomorrow？”

She asked me if/whether I would go to the park with her the next day.

例3： He asked me， “Do you like this old man？”

He asked me if/whether I liked that old man.

例4： He asked ， “ Have you been to Hong Kong？”

He asked me if/whether I had been to Hong Kong.

例5：He asked us， “Are you having a meeting now？”

He asked us if/whether we were having a meeting then.

例6：He asked ， “Can they finish the work soon？”

He asked if/whether they could finish the work soon.

從以上的例子中不難看出，疑問句的語序要變成陳述語序，句末用句號。如果直接引語里用了said（said to）要變成asked。間接引語要用whether或if引導(dǎo)。我們可把變化規(guī)律總結(jié)為：去掉引號加if（whether）；陳述語序要牢記；時態(tài)人稱和狀語，小心變化別馬虎。

三、含特殊疑問句的直接引語變間接引語

把一個特殊疑問句變成間接引語時，原句中的疑問詞用作賓語從句的連接詞。變化規(guī)則如下：直接去引號，陳述莫忘掉；小心助動詞，丟它最重要。

例1： He asked me ， “when are you going to the Summer Palace？”

He asked me when I was going to the Summer Palace.

例2：My mother asked me， “what are you doing now？”

My mother asked me what I was doing then.

例3： The teacher asked me， “what does your mother do？”

The teacher asked me what my mother did.

四、含祈使句的直接引語變間接引語

如果直接引語的主句是said或said to，變成間接引語時要用asked，told，ordered。祈使句中如有please，變成間接引語時要去掉。祈使句是肯定句時，前面要加to再加動詞原形，即動詞不定式。祈使句若是否定句時，在不定式的前面加上not。需要注意的是，前面的三種句式變成間接引語后就是賓語從句，而含祈使句的直接引語變成間接引語后，是個簡單句。變化規(guī)則可總結(jié)為：去掉引號要加to（肯定形式）；ask，order要記??；直引若是否定式，not加在to前面。

例1：The teacher said to him， “ please give me the book.”

The teacher asked him to give her that book.

例2： The teacher said to us， “please look at the blackboard.”

The teacher asked us to look at that blackboard.

例3： She told me ， “please speak a little louder.”

She told me to speak a litle louder.

例4： He said to me， “please have a rest.”

He told me to have a rest.

例5： His mother said to him， “Dont play in the street.”

His mother asked him not to play in the street.

具體用ask還是 order，可根據(jù)說話者的語氣而定，用的結(jié)構(gòu)就是ask/order/tell sb.（not） to do sth.讓/命令/告訴某人（不要）做某事。

以上四點就是直接引語如何轉(zhuǎn)化成間接引語，也可根據(jù)說話者的語氣，在轉(zhuǎn)述別人的話時稍做改動，但只要不影響交流，也是允許的。學(xué)會了直接引語與間接引語的轉(zhuǎn)化，可加深學(xué)生對于賓語從句的理解。那么反之，如果給出間接引語，要求轉(zhuǎn)化成直接引語，也可參照以上幾點來變。

（責(zé)編 金 東）