王靜
摘要:本文分析了多國企業(yè)集團在壟斷中間產(chǎn)品市場,同時最終產(chǎn)品市場上存在Cournot競爭對手狀態(tài)下的最優(yōu)轉(zhuǎn)移定價策略。利用動態(tài)博弈的均衡求解方法,研究了差別定價和統(tǒng)一定價兩種方式的最優(yōu)內(nèi)部轉(zhuǎn)移價格。研究結(jié)果表明,最優(yōu)的內(nèi)部轉(zhuǎn)移價格根據(jù)兩國稅率與進口關(guān)稅之間關(guān)系的不同而有所差異,但是任何條件下企業(yè)集團采用差別定價法總是優(yōu)于統(tǒng)一定價法。
關(guān)鍵詞:企業(yè)集團;轉(zhuǎn)移定價;Cournot競爭;邊際成本
中圖分類號:F202; F2240文獻標識碼:A
文章編號:1000176X(2014)09011405
一、引言
轉(zhuǎn)移定價問題對于多國企業(yè)集團來說是一個極為重要的問題。由于不同國家之間存在稅率差異,企業(yè)集團可以通過協(xié)調(diào)子公司的行為,利用轉(zhuǎn)移定價策略將利潤轉(zhuǎn)移到低稅率的國家,從而達到集團總體利潤最大化的目的。根據(jù)Hansen和Janet[1]的觀點,轉(zhuǎn)移定價也可以看作是企業(yè)集團部分中心化的產(chǎn)物。部分中心化為企業(yè)集團帶來眾多益處,它不僅克服了集團總部信息處理能力有限的缺陷,還能縮減控制成本并為其附屬公司提供激勵機制。
在不考慮國家間稅率差異的前提下,關(guān)于轉(zhuǎn)移定價的經(jīng)濟分析包括Hirshleifer[2]以及Eden[3]等,他們證明了當中間產(chǎn)品存在不完全競爭市場時,使得集團利潤最大化的最優(yōu)轉(zhuǎn)移價格應該等于中間產(chǎn)品的邊際成本。慕銀平等[4]分析了不對稱競爭條件下企業(yè)集團的轉(zhuǎn)移定價決策問題, 得出存在上游競爭的條件下, 轉(zhuǎn)移價格大于邊際成本; 存在下游競爭的條件下, 轉(zhuǎn)移價格的大小取決于各下游企業(yè)最終產(chǎn)品的相互替代程度。張福利等[5]證明了中間產(chǎn)品轉(zhuǎn)移價格取決于上游子公司和競爭子公司的不對稱程度。胡榮搓和陳紹剛[6]在最終產(chǎn)品市場存在Stackelberg競爭情形下,對集團采用差別定價及統(tǒng)一定價下轉(zhuǎn)移價格和最大利潤進行了比較。不考慮稅收差異因素的轉(zhuǎn)移定價問題的最新進展參見Leng和Parlar[7]及所引用的文獻。
現(xiàn)實中,許多企業(yè)集團在不同國家建立子公司,如福特汽車Struandale發(fā)動機廠位于南非(上游子公司),它為全球其它的福特流水線工廠(下游子公司)提供Duratorq TDCi柴油發(fā)動機,最終生產(chǎn)成福特皮卡敞篷小型載貨卡車。因此,不同國家的稅率差異必將影響集團的最終收益。此時,轉(zhuǎn)移定價策略不僅可以作為附屬子公司的激勵機制,還可以使得集團的納稅最小化[8]。Zhao[9]考慮下游市場存在寡頭競爭對手,并且在競爭為垂直一體化企業(yè)及僅生產(chǎn)最終產(chǎn)品條件下,研究了最優(yōu)的轉(zhuǎn)移價格策略。關(guān)于考慮稅收因素的轉(zhuǎn)移定價問題最新研究成果參見Rossing[10]。
本文考慮一個部分中心化的多國企業(yè)集團,集團總部控制著中間產(chǎn)品的定價權(quán)利,但是下游子公司具有決定最終產(chǎn)品產(chǎn)量的決策權(quán)利。在下游市場上存在一個實力相當?shù)墓杨^競爭對手,但是需要集團的上游公司為其提供中間產(chǎn)品。在此模型框架下,研究企業(yè)集團分別采用差別定價法和統(tǒng)一定價法下兩國稅率及進口關(guān)稅對最優(yōu)轉(zhuǎn)移價格的影響,并對兩種定價法下集團的利潤做比較分析。
最后,中國近二十年的高速增長的確主要依賴投資,但高經(jīng)濟增長主要依賴投資不一定就代表投資過度。雖然中國的資本形成率和人均實際固定資本形成增長率都明顯偏高,但從人均實際固定資本形成額看,就是在被認為投資過度最明顯的近十年,人均實際固定資本形成額分別僅相當于上中等收入國和高收入國人均實際固定資本形成額平均水平的2/3和1/10。就投資效率而言,有的學者研究表明,無論是從中國的總體投資回報率、工業(yè)企業(yè)資本回報率,或是從物質(zhì)資本積累導致的技術(shù)進步率來看,結(jié)果都表明中國的投資效率較高;特別是從國際比較來看,中國的投資率—經(jīng)濟增長率之比一直大大低于其他各類樣本國家的平均水平。就政府投資規(guī)模而言,雖然政府投資規(guī)模較大,但大多都屬于基礎(chǔ)設(shè)施投資。況且,今后中國無論是以技術(shù)進步促進經(jīng)濟結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整和產(chǎn)業(yè)升級,還是以新農(nóng)村建設(shè)推動城鄉(xiāng)一體化,抑或以開發(fā)戰(zhàn)略實現(xiàn)區(qū)域協(xié)調(diào)發(fā)展,都離不開一定規(guī)模的投資。
當然,我們對“三駕馬車”失衡論提出質(zhì)疑,并非說目前的“三駕馬車”比例關(guān)系沒有問題。任何事物都要一分為二地看,特別是不能全然不顧時代背景而予以否定。
正當我們?yōu)橥顿Y率偏高、消費率偏低而苦惱,千方百計要走向消費導向型經(jīng)濟之際,一些發(fā)達國家卻在想方設(shè)法要從消費導向型經(jīng)濟(Consumption Led Economy)轉(zhuǎn)向投資導向型經(jīng)濟(Investment Led Economy)。參閱Skilling[40]。在我們看來,正是過去這種“三駕馬車”的“失衡”,支撐了長達三十余年的高速經(jīng)濟增長;換言之,在過去創(chuàng)新能力不足的情況下,支撐這種長期高速增長的“三駕馬車”“失衡”,實質(zhì)上是一種宏觀動態(tài)結(jié)構(gòu)性均衡,或者說這種“三駕馬車”的比例關(guān)系恰與那種長期高速增長相匹配。展望未來,中國經(jīng)濟發(fā)展階段進入一個新的歷史時期,經(jīng)濟增長戰(zhàn)略從高速增長轉(zhuǎn)向中高速增長,經(jīng)濟增長方式從依靠勞動力、資本和自然資源的投入驅(qū)動轉(zhuǎn)變到依靠知識、管理和創(chuàng)新驅(qū)動經(jīng)濟增長[41]以及社會物質(zhì)財富已積累到一定程度前提下,伴隨著政府公共服務(wù)水平的不斷提高、居民收入日益增加以及居民消費理念和消費行為的轉(zhuǎn)變,“三駕馬車”的“失衡”明顯改觀將是一個自然的結(jié)果。參考文獻:
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The Paradox of the Troika Imbalance for Chinese Economic Growth
Guo Qingwang
China Financial Policy Research Center and School of Finance, Renmin University of China,100872
Abstract:China has maintained rapid economic growth over the past three decades,which attracts attentions from the world. In the mean time, the imbalance among the troika for economic growth, investment, consumption and net exports, has also been criticized. Noticing the stage of social and economic development in China and using annual data from 1970 to 2010 for a panel of 112 economies, this paper shows that Chinas consumption demand is not weak, economic growth is not export-oriented. We also show that although the rapid economic growth over the recent 20 years in China is mainly driven by investment, it is not necessarily indicating excessive investment. Our findings also imply that, the troika imbalance supporting Chinese long-term high growth, is essentially a macro dynamic structural equilibrium. Looking to the future, with the entering to a new historical period of China's economic development stage, particularly under the economic growth strategy of moderating growth rate and switching to innovation-driven growth, the troika imbalance will be improved significantly.
Key words:Rapid Economic Growth;the Troika Imbalance;International Comparative Analysis
(責任編輯:劉艷)
[38]Ma, G. ,Yi,W. Chinas High Saving Rate: Myth and Reality[R]. Bank for International Settlements Working Paper,No.312,2010.
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[41]賴德勝.使改革紅利更好地惠及全體人民[J].北京工商大學學報(社會科學版),2014,(1).
The Paradox of the Troika Imbalance for Chinese Economic Growth
Guo Qingwang
China Financial Policy Research Center and School of Finance, Renmin University of China,100872
Abstract:China has maintained rapid economic growth over the past three decades,which attracts attentions from the world. In the mean time, the imbalance among the troika for economic growth, investment, consumption and net exports, has also been criticized. Noticing the stage of social and economic development in China and using annual data from 1970 to 2010 for a panel of 112 economies, this paper shows that Chinas consumption demand is not weak, economic growth is not export-oriented. We also show that although the rapid economic growth over the recent 20 years in China is mainly driven by investment, it is not necessarily indicating excessive investment. Our findings also imply that, the troika imbalance supporting Chinese long-term high growth, is essentially a macro dynamic structural equilibrium. Looking to the future, with the entering to a new historical period of China's economic development stage, particularly under the economic growth strategy of moderating growth rate and switching to innovation-driven growth, the troika imbalance will be improved significantly.
Key words:Rapid Economic Growth;the Troika Imbalance;International Comparative Analysis
(責任編輯:劉艷)