鮑 興,許瑞江,李文超
兒童肱骨外髁骨折切開與閉合復(fù)位內(nèi)固定療效比較
鮑 興,許瑞江,李文超
目的 比較兒童肱骨外髁骨折采用切開與閉合復(fù)位內(nèi)固定兩種手術(shù)方法的治療效果。方法 42例兒童肱骨外髁骨折,其中MilchⅠ型5例,Ⅱ型37例。22例采用經(jīng)肘關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)入路行切開復(fù)位及克氏針固定(切開組);20例采用閉合復(fù)位及克氏針固定(閉合組)。結(jié)果 切開組優(yōu)20例,良2例;閉合組中優(yōu)12例,良8例。提攜角改變:切開組2例(9.1%)提攜角比對(duì)側(cè)增大10°,閉合組5例(25%)比對(duì)側(cè)增大10°;肘關(guān)節(jié)伸屈:切開組1例(4.5%)伸屈肘范圍比對(duì)側(cè)減少10°,閉合組6例(30%);肱骨外髁隆起:切開組3例(13.5%)出現(xiàn)肱骨外髁隆起,閉合組9例(45%)。以上指標(biāo)兩組比較均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異(P<0.05)。結(jié)論 兒童肱骨外髁骨折采用切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定較閉合復(fù)位內(nèi)固定效果更佳,并發(fā)癥更少。
肱骨外髁骨折;切開復(fù)位;閉合復(fù)位;內(nèi)固定;兒童
兒童肱骨外髁骨折,也稱肱骨外髁骺分離,是兒童肘關(guān)節(jié)損傷中較為常見的骨折,約占兒童肘部骨折的12%,僅次于肱骨髁上骨折。肱骨外髁骨折為關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,累及生長(zhǎng)板,精準(zhǔn)的解剖復(fù)位及可靠的內(nèi)固定有利于獲得滿意術(shù)后療效。目前,學(xué)界對(duì)肱骨外髁骨折的治療采用閉合復(fù)位,還是采用切開復(fù)位仍然持有不同觀點(diǎn)。鑒于此,本研究回顧性分析并比較我院2008-04至2011-06期間采用切開與閉合復(fù)位內(nèi)固定治療MilchⅠ型、Ⅱ型兒童肱骨外髁骨折42例的療效。
1.1 對(duì)象 42例中,男29例,女13例;左側(cè)18例,右側(cè)24例;平均4.8歲(1.5~13歲)。合并同側(cè)肱骨內(nèi)髁骨折1例,合并同側(cè)上肢擠壓傷1例,伴同側(cè)肘關(guān)節(jié)脫位1例;Milch Ⅰ型5例,Ⅱ型37例,均為閉合性骨折。根據(jù)患兒家長(zhǎng)意愿,22例采用肱骨外髁骨折切開復(fù)位及克氏針固定(切開組),其中Milch Ⅰ型1例,Ⅱ型21例;20例采用肱骨外髁骨折閉合復(fù)位及克氏針固定(閉合組),其中Milch Ⅰ型4例,Ⅱ型16例。兩組手術(shù)適應(yīng)證相同,年齡、骨折分型具有可比性。
1.2 方法 (1)閉合復(fù)位:將肘關(guān)節(jié)外翻位輕度牽拉,術(shù)者向內(nèi)側(cè)擠壓外髁,透視下見肱骨外髁骨折復(fù)位滿意后,經(jīng)肱骨外髁骨折遠(yuǎn)端平行鉆入2枚直徑1.5 mm克氏針,達(dá)到肱骨內(nèi)側(cè)骨皮質(zhì)。(2)切開復(fù)位:采用肘關(guān)節(jié)外側(cè)入路,切開皮膚及皮下組織,分離肱三頭肌和肱橈肌間隙,顯露骨折斷端,清理骨折斷端間隙血塊及嵌入的軟組織,直視下將肱骨外髁骨折解剖復(fù)位,經(jīng)肱骨外髁骨折遠(yuǎn)端平行穿入兩枚直徑1.5 mm克氏針,穿透肱骨內(nèi)側(cè)骨皮質(zhì)。術(shù)后上肢石膏后托固定,定期門診復(fù)查,X線片顯示骨折愈合后拔除克氏針。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)處理 采用SPSS16.0軟件,應(yīng)用χ2檢驗(yàn)(因有理論樣本量小于5的情況,需用Fisher確切概率法)比較兩組間差異,以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
兩組骨折均在術(shù)后6~8周愈合,所有病例均門診隨訪0.5~4.0年,平均15個(gè)月。根據(jù)Hardacre等[1]預(yù)后評(píng)定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),切開組優(yōu)20例,良2例;閉合組優(yōu)12例,良8例。切開組提攜角比對(duì)側(cè)增大10°的患兒比例小于閉合組,肘關(guān)節(jié)伸屈范圍比對(duì)側(cè)減少10°的比例小于閉合組,出現(xiàn)肱骨外髁隆起畸形的比例小于閉合組,以上指標(biāo)兩組差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05,表1)。兩組典型患兒手術(shù)前后X線片見圖1、2。
表1 兩組肱骨外髁骨折患兒術(shù)后指標(biāo)比較 (n;%)
圖1 左側(cè)肱骨外髁骨折切開復(fù)位及克氏針固定治療前后X線片
圖2 右側(cè)肱骨外髁骨折閉合復(fù)位及克氏針固定前后X線片
兒童肱骨外髁骨折的骨折線經(jīng)過外髁骨化中心、肱骨小頭和滑車之間或滑車軟骨。根據(jù)Salter-Harris分型,這種骨折屬于Salter-Harris Ⅳ型骨折,即骨折自關(guān)節(jié)面穿過累及骺板和干骺端,導(dǎo)致生長(zhǎng)板受損[2]。因此,治療上要求達(dá)到解剖復(fù)位才能最大限度地減少并發(fā)癥。
目前國(guó)際上對(duì)于兒童肱骨外髁骨折的治療方法仍然存在爭(zhēng)議,多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為兒童肱骨外髁骨折應(yīng)采取手術(shù)治療,通過切開固定獲得解剖復(fù)位。但部分學(xué)者主張采用閉合復(fù)位治療,認(rèn)為切開復(fù)位的主要缺點(diǎn)是經(jīng)肘外側(cè)切開后,骨折端的血運(yùn)被破壞,不利于骨折愈合,甚至增加遠(yuǎn)端骨折塊缺血壞死的可能性[3]。Song等[4]治療21例兒童肱骨外髁骨折,其中18例通過閉合復(fù)位及克氏針固定,3例閉合復(fù)位后移位大于2 mm而改為切開復(fù)位,術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)功能均良好。他們的結(jié)論是兒童肱骨外髁骨折應(yīng)首選閉合復(fù)位及克氏針固定,只有當(dāng)閉合復(fù)位失敗后才采用切開復(fù)位。Wattenbarger等[5]行11例兒童肱骨外髁骨折切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定,認(rèn)為手術(shù)過程中只要不過多地剝離骨膜及遠(yuǎn)端的骨折塊,避免將肌肉從骨折塊上剝離下來(特別是后方肌肉有滋養(yǎng)血管進(jìn)入肱骨滑車),將明顯降低發(fā)生缺血壞死的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。還有學(xué)者認(rèn)為,只有具備豐富經(jīng)驗(yàn)并能夠做出精確診斷的臨床醫(yī)師,才能通過閉合復(fù)位的方法治療這類骨折,否則將增加并發(fā)癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[6]。
由于肱骨外髁有大的伸肌附著,所以骨折塊不僅受到肘關(guān)節(jié)屈伸和內(nèi)翻、外翻運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響,而且也受到前臂旋前和旋后運(yùn)動(dòng)的影響。肱骨外髁骨折為關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)骨折,骨折周圍只有一層很薄并缺少活動(dòng)度的骨膜附著。另外,由于肘關(guān)節(jié)內(nèi)液體對(duì)骨折塊的長(zhǎng)期浸泡,常常導(dǎo)致骨折延期愈合或不愈合。這些因素的存在均要求兒童肱骨外髁骨折必須準(zhǔn)確復(fù)位及可靠固定。筆者認(rèn)為,閉合復(fù)位內(nèi)固定固然也可以使骨折端穩(wěn)定對(duì)合,但無(wú)法解除骨折斷端嵌入的軟組織及血腫,這將很難達(dá)到精準(zhǔn)的解剖復(fù)位。盡管多數(shù)學(xué)者認(rèn)為骨折復(fù)位后間隙小于2 mm可作為閉合復(fù)位的成功標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但常常會(huì)受到X線片投照體位等影響,使骨折閉合復(fù)位后很難真正達(dá)到完全解剖復(fù)位[7]。本研究中,早期病例均先采用閉合復(fù)位,如果透視下確認(rèn)復(fù)位后骨折間隙大于2 mm,則馬上改為切開復(fù)位。隨診中發(fā)現(xiàn),切開復(fù)位的患者外形及功能完全恢復(fù)正常,而閉合復(fù)位者出現(xiàn)攜角減小和肱骨外髁隆起,這些均可能與閉合復(fù)位時(shí)肱骨外髁骨折間隙嵌入軟組織或存在血塊等有關(guān),因此在后期病例大多數(shù)采用切開復(fù)位。在本組切開復(fù)位的患者中,肘關(guān)節(jié)的外形及功能均恢復(fù)正常,X線片顯示5例出現(xiàn)肱骨遠(yuǎn)端輕度魚尾狀改變,可能與骨塊部分缺血有關(guān),但并不影響外形及功能。因此,筆者建議對(duì)于有移位的兒童肱骨外髁骨折應(yīng)采用切開復(fù)位,對(duì)于無(wú)移位的骨折應(yīng)根據(jù)有無(wú)軟骨鉸鏈而定,當(dāng)無(wú)法確認(rèn)有無(wú)軟骨鏈時(shí)應(yīng)將其視為有移位骨折來處理,這樣可以最大限度地減少并發(fā)癥。
與透視下閉合復(fù)位克氏針固定相比,采用切開復(fù)位及克氏針固定能在直視下達(dá)到精準(zhǔn)解剖復(fù)位,最大限度地減少骺板早閉、骨不連、肘內(nèi)外翻畸形等并發(fā)癥。筆者初步研究表明,兒童肱骨外髁骨折采用切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定較閉合復(fù)位內(nèi)固定效果更佳,并發(fā)癥更少。
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(2013-09-18收稿 2013-11-16修回)
(責(zé)任編輯 尤偉杰)
Open reduction internal fixation and closed reduction internal fixation in treatment of lateral condyle fractures of humerus in children
BAO Xing, XU Ruijiang, and LI Wenchao.
Department of Paediatric Orthopaedic Surgery, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing 100853, China
Objective To study the clinical effects of open reduction internal fixation on treatment of and closed reduction internal fixation of lateral condyle fractures of the humerus in children. Methods We prospectively studied 42 patients. According to appearance of the fracture line on X-rays ,there were 37 cases of type II and 5 cases of type 1 according to Milch classification system. In 22 fractures, we performed open reduction and percutaneous pin fixation; in 20, we used closed reduction and percutaneous pin fixation. Results According to the criteria of Hardare et al, clinical outcomes in the group with open reduction and percutaneous pin fixation were excellent in 20 patients, good in two patients and poor in none. Clinical outcomes in the group with closed reduction and percutaneous pin fixation were excellent in 12 patients, good in eight patients and poor in none. The difference in clinical outcome between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Two (9.1%) patient with open reduction and five (25%) patients with closed reduction had an increasing of 10° in their carrying angles, compared with the other side (P<0.05). One (4.5%) patient with open reduction and six (30%) patients with closed reduction had a lack of 10°of extension of the elbow,compared with the other side. There was a statistically significant difference between the two groups in the lack of 10° of extension of the elbow (P<0.05). Lateral condylar carina deformity occurred in 3 (13.5%) patients with open reduction and 9 (45%) patients with closed reduction. The difference in lateral condylar carina deformity between the two groups was statistically significant (P<0.05). Conclusions Open reduction internal fixation is more effective than closed reduction internal fixation of lateral condyle fractures of the humerus in children, and there are few complications in open reduction internal fixation.
lateral condyle fractures of the humerus; open reduction; closed reduction; internal fixation;children
鮑 興,碩士,醫(yī)師,E - mail:bxzht0224@163.com
100853北京,解放軍總醫(yī)院小兒外科
許瑞江, E - mail:xurj@301hospital.com.cn
R274.11