呂清林 王 娟 陳黎萍
SOCS1基因沉默對人胰腺癌細(xì)胞增殖和干擾素-γ敏感性的影響
呂清林 王 娟 陳黎萍
目的 在人胰腺癌細(xì)胞中觀察細(xì)胞因子信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)抑制因子1(SOCS1)沉默對細(xì)胞增殖及干擾素-γ (IFN-γ)敏感性的影響,探討SOCS1作為胰腺癌治療靶點(diǎn)的可能。方法Western blot及PCR驗(yàn)證SOCS1干擾序列沉默人胰腺癌細(xì)胞系PANC1中SOCS1的表達(dá);給予IFN-γ刺激后,采用Western blotting方法觀察轉(zhuǎn)錄激活因子(STAT)1及磷酸化STAT(pSTAT)1的變化;采用定量PCR的方法觀察IFN-γ調(diào)節(jié)因子1(IRF-1)表達(dá)水平變化;MTT法檢測胰腺癌細(xì)胞對IFN-γ敏感性的變化;細(xì)胞計(jì)數(shù)的方法觀察細(xì)胞的增殖速度;采用流式細(xì)胞術(shù)的方法檢測細(xì)胞周期的變化。結(jié)果將SOCS1干擾序列轉(zhuǎn)染PANC1細(xì)胞后,SOCS1 mRNA及蛋白表達(dá)水平均明顯下降。沉默SOCS1表達(dá)后,pshSOCS1-PANC1組細(xì)胞的IRF-1 mRNA水平及pSTAT1蛋白表達(dá)水平均顯著升高(P<0.05),IFN-γ 對PANC1細(xì)胞的半數(shù)抑制濃度(IC50)顯著降低(P<0.01);轉(zhuǎn)染72 h后PANC1細(xì)胞數(shù)量較對照組顯著減少(P<0.05);SOCS1表達(dá)抑制后PANC1細(xì)胞G0/G1期細(xì)胞比例明顯升高,而S期和G2/M期細(xì)胞比例明顯減小,與對照組比較差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。結(jié)論SOCS1表達(dá)抑制后,人胰腺癌細(xì)胞株P(guān)ANC1的增殖能力下降,并且對IFN-γ的敏感性增強(qiáng)。
胰腺腫瘤;癌;基因沉默;細(xì)胞增殖;干擾素Ⅱ型;轉(zhuǎn)染;半數(shù)抑制濃度;細(xì)胞因子信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)蛋白抑制因子
細(xì)胞因子信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)抑制因子1(SOCS1)屬于SOCS家族成員,可通過Janus激酶細(xì)胞信號(hào)轉(zhuǎn)導(dǎo)及轉(zhuǎn)錄活化因子(JAK-STAT)細(xì)胞信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)通路調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞因子的分泌[1],對白細(xì)胞介素(IL)-6[2]、干擾素(IFN)-γ[3]等細(xì)胞因子的信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)起著負(fù)性調(diào)控作用。SOCS1還可通過負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)經(jīng)Toll樣受體(TLR)傳導(dǎo)信號(hào)通路,調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的分化與成熟[4]。SOCS1基因沉默有利于樹突狀細(xì)胞(dendritic cell,DC)的活化,表現(xiàn)為成熟表型,且在小鼠體內(nèi)引起明顯的抗腫瘤免疫[5];另外,在胰腺癌[6]、前列腺癌[2]等腫瘤中發(fā)現(xiàn)了SOCS1的異常表達(dá)。研究表明miR-155可通過下調(diào)SOCS1增強(qiáng)STAT3信號(hào)通路活性影響胰腺癌細(xì)胞的侵襲和轉(zhuǎn)移[6],抑制SOCS1的表達(dá)能增強(qiáng)角質(zhì)細(xì)胞和成神經(jīng)管細(xì)胞瘤細(xì)胞對IFN-γ的敏感性[7]。INF-γ是惡性腫瘤免疫治療的一種重要方法,SOCS1可通過負(fù)反饋調(diào)節(jié)IFN-γ信號(hào)通路影響IFN-γ對細(xì)胞的作用。為進(jìn)一步驗(yàn)證SOCS1 與IFN-γ作用的關(guān)系,本研究通過沉默人胰腺癌PANC1細(xì)胞中的SOCS1基因,以考察SOCS1對細(xì)胞增殖與IFN-γ敏感性的影響。
1.1 主要試劑與儀器 人胰腺癌細(xì)胞株P(guān)ANC1購自中科院培養(yǎng)物保藏委員會(huì)細(xì)胞庫;10%胎牛血清購自杭州四季青生物材料研究所;RPMI 1640培養(yǎng)基購自美國Gibco;BLOCK-iT?U6 RNAi Entry Vector試劑盒、Lipo2000、Trizol購自美國Invitrogen;IFN-γ購自美國Peprotech;Real-time PCR試劑盒購自TaKaRa公司;2×Taq PCR MasterMix PCR擴(kuò)增試劑盒購自北京TIANGEN公司;STAT1、p-STAT1抗體購自Abcam;SOCS-1抗體購自Millipore;β-actin抗體購自北京中杉金橋;氟尿嘧啶購自Sigma;相關(guān)引物設(shè)計(jì)與合成委托上海生工生物工程有限公司完成。PCR儀為美國Gene Amp PCR system 9600;FA Csort流式細(xì)胞儀(BD,US);GDS800分析系統(tǒng)軟件(UVP,US)。
1.2 方法
1.2.1 構(gòu)建pshSOCS1載體 參考文獻(xiàn)[8]獲得SOCS1干擾序列。將合成好的shRNA寡核苷酸序列退火形成雙鏈DNA片段與ENTR/U6載體連接,構(gòu)建成pshSOCS1載體。
1.2.2 細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)及轉(zhuǎn)染 實(shí)驗(yàn)分組:對照組為未轉(zhuǎn)染重組質(zhì)粒的PANC1細(xì)胞(PANC1組),實(shí)驗(yàn)組為轉(zhuǎn)染重組質(zhì)粒psh-SOCS1的PANC1細(xì)胞(pshSOCS1-PANC1組)。人胰腺癌細(xì)胞株P(guān)ANC1常規(guī)培養(yǎng)于含10%胎牛血清的DMEM培養(yǎng)液中,于37℃飽和濕度5%CO2培養(yǎng)箱中,3~4 d傳代1次。取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞,按一定濃度接種培養(yǎng)用于實(shí)驗(yàn)。轉(zhuǎn)染前1 d鋪于6孔板中。轉(zhuǎn)染4 h后更換含血清培養(yǎng)基繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)。Lipo2000轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞的具體方法參考說明書。轉(zhuǎn)染48 h 后IFN-γ再刺激4 h。
1.2.3 RT-PCR檢測mRNA水平 收集轉(zhuǎn)染后48 h的細(xì)胞及未轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞,用Trizol提取細(xì)胞總RNA,使用MMLV逆轉(zhuǎn)錄酶逆轉(zhuǎn)錄為cDNA,以各組cDNA為模板,加入緩沖液引物等進(jìn)行PCR,各樣本重復(fù)3次,GAPDH為內(nèi)參照。SOCS1,PF:ATGCAGTCTCCACAGCAGCAGAG;PR:CGAACGGAATGTGCGGAAGTG。 IFN-γ調(diào) 節(jié) 因 子 1(IRF-1),PF: TCTTCCCTCTTCCACTCGGAGTCG;PR:CTTCTGACCCATGCCCACCA。GAPDH,PF:GAAGGTGAAGGTCGGAGTC,PR:GAAGATGGTGATGGGATTTC。反應(yīng)體系為50 μL,反應(yīng)條件:95℃5 min預(yù)變性,94℃30 s變性,退火(SOCS1:60℃;IRF-1:56℃;GAPDH:55℃)30 s,72℃1 min延伸,40個(gè)循環(huán),72℃7 min。PCR結(jié)束后加入上樣緩沖液后對產(chǎn)物進(jìn)行1.5%的瓊脂糖電泳,凝膠成像系統(tǒng)觀察結(jié)果。
1.2.4 Western blotting檢測蛋白表達(dá)水平 轉(zhuǎn)染后48 h收集細(xì)胞及未轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞,用冰冷PBS洗2遍,加入細(xì)胞裂解液(25 mmol·L-1Tris-HCl,10 mmol·L-1EDTA,體積分?jǐn)?shù)0.01NP-40,150 mmol·L-1氯化鈉,質(zhì)量濃度1 g·L-1苯甲基磺酰氟),冰浴1 h,4℃下14 000 r/min離心25 min,Lowry法測定上清液蛋白濃度。取細(xì)胞裂解蛋白50 g,經(jīng)十二烷基硫酸鈉-聚丙烯酰胺(SDS-PAGE)凝膠電泳后電轉(zhuǎn)移至PVDF膜;質(zhì)量分?jǐn)?shù)為0.05的脫脂奶粉封閉PVDF膜1 h,分別加入STAT1、p-STAT1、SOCS1及β-actin抗體,4℃過夜,洗膜后加辣根過氧化物酶標(biāo)記的羊抗小鼠或兔抗體(1∶5 000稀釋),室溫孵育2 h;洗膜后加ECL試劑,然后將PVDF膜放入X射線暗盒,壓片,顯影,定影。用GDS800分析系統(tǒng)對Western blotting條帶進(jìn)行定量分析。
1.2.5 MTT法檢測藥物敏感性 實(shí)驗(yàn)前1 d,取對數(shù)生長期細(xì)胞按1.0×104個(gè)/孔分到96孔板,加入不同濃度的IFN-γ及氟尿嘧啶,藥物用DMSO或PBS制備成10 mmol/L儲(chǔ)液,使用濃度分別為20、10、5、2.5、1.25和0.625 μmol/L,每個(gè)濃度設(shè)置6個(gè)復(fù)孔,培養(yǎng)48 h后,加入4.5 g/L MTT溶液,37℃繼續(xù)培養(yǎng)5 h,棄上清后每孔加160 μL DMSO后于550 nm波長處測吸光度值,用Prism計(jì)算半數(shù)抑制濃度(IC50),實(shí)驗(yàn)重復(fù)3次。
1.2.6 細(xì)胞增殖速度測定 將細(xì)胞按3×104個(gè)/孔鋪于96孔板,每個(gè)時(shí)點(diǎn)設(shè)置3個(gè)復(fù)孔,分別轉(zhuǎn)染6、12、24、48及72 h后,收集細(xì)胞,取等體積計(jì)數(shù)活細(xì)胞數(shù)量,計(jì)算細(xì)胞增殖速度。
1.2.7 流式細(xì)胞術(shù)檢測細(xì)胞周期 轉(zhuǎn)染后48 h收集上清中細(xì)胞及貼壁細(xì)胞,PBS洗2次,采用體積分?jǐn)?shù)為0.70的冷乙醇4℃固定24 h,PBS洗2次,碘化丙啶4℃避光染色30 min,用FA Csort流式細(xì)胞儀分析。
1.3 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法 采用SPSS 16.0軟件進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計(jì)分析,數(shù)據(jù)以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,比較采用t檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2.1 SOCS1干擾效果 轉(zhuǎn)染后48 h,與未轉(zhuǎn)染細(xì)胞相比,SOCS1轉(zhuǎn)染后可被有效沉默,見圖1;Western blot結(jié)果示SOCS1蛋白表達(dá)抑制率達(dá)90%。
Fig.1 The expression of SOCS1 in PANC1 detected by RT-PCR(a) and Western blot(b)assay圖1 RT-PCR(a)及Western blot(b)檢測PANC1中SOCS1的表達(dá)
2.2 SOCS1沉默對INF-γ信號(hào)通路的影響 psh-SOCS1-PANC1組的IRF-1 mRNA表達(dá)水平高于PANC1組(t=9.801,P<0.05),見圖 2。同時(shí)檢測STAT1及 pSTAT1的蛋白表達(dá)水平,發(fā)現(xiàn) psh-SOCS1-PANC1組的pSTAT1蛋白表達(dá)水平高于PANC1組(t=17.714,P<0.01),2組STAT1蛋白表達(dá)水平差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(t=1.017,P=0.367),見圖3。
Fig.2 The expression of IRF-1 in PANC1 or pshSOCS1-PANC1 after the stimulation with IFN-γ圖2 SOCS1沉默前后IRF-1mRNA表達(dá)水平比較
Fig.3 The expression changes of STAT1 and pSTAT1 following the stimulation of IFN-γ圖3 SOCS1沉默前后STAT1及pSTAT1表達(dá)水平的變化
2.3 SCOS1沉默后細(xì)胞對INF-γ的敏感性 與PANC1組比較,pshSOCS1-PANC1組的PANC1細(xì)胞對IFN-γ的IC50顯著降低(P<0.01),2組細(xì)胞對氟尿嘧啶的IC50差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見表1。
Tab.1 The IC50of drugs for PANC1 cells before and after SOCS1 gene silencing表1 SOCS1沉默前后藥物對PANC1細(xì)胞IC50的影響(μmol/L,±s)
Tab.1 The IC50of drugs for PANC1 cells before and after SOCS1 gene silencing表1 SOCS1沉默前后藥物對PANC1細(xì)胞IC50的影響(μmol/L,±s)
**P<0.01
?
2.4 細(xì)胞增殖情況 轉(zhuǎn)染6~48 h,2組細(xì)胞數(shù)量無明顯差異,72 h,pshSOCS1-PANC1組的細(xì)胞數(shù)低于PANC1組(t=10.710,P<0.05),見圖4。
Fig.4 The changes in cell proliferation ability after transfection圖4 轉(zhuǎn)染后細(xì)胞增殖能力的變化
2.5 SOCS1沉默對細(xì)胞周期的影響 與PANC1組比較,pshSOCS1-PANC1組的G0/G1期細(xì)胞比例增高(t=4.021,P<0.05),S期、G2/M期細(xì)胞比例降低(t分別為4.558、5.328,P<0.05),見圖5。
Fig.5 The effect of SCOS1 gene silencing on the cell cycle of PANC1圖5 SCOS1沉默對PANC1細(xì)胞周期的影響
SOCS1在腫瘤發(fā)生、發(fā)展中的作用目前存在爭議,一方面有證據(jù)表明SOCS1低表達(dá)可抑制細(xì)胞發(fā)生惡性轉(zhuǎn)化[2,9],另一方面又有證據(jù)提示SOCS1高表達(dá)可抑制腫瘤的侵襲及轉(zhuǎn)移[10]。有研究發(fā)現(xiàn)乳腺癌中SOCS1的表達(dá)高于正常乳腺組織,但在乳腺癌細(xì)胞系中SOCS1的表達(dá)并未升高[11],在接受去勢治療的前列腺癌患者中,SOCS1的表達(dá)降低,而復(fù)發(fā)患者中SOCS1的表達(dá)又升高[6];但在惡性黑色素瘤的轉(zhuǎn)移部位則發(fā)現(xiàn)SOCS1表達(dá)降低,體外研究也表明過表達(dá)SOCS1可抑制黑色素瘤細(xì)胞的增殖及轉(zhuǎn)移[10]。本研究以胰腺癌細(xì)胞株P(guān)ANC1為研究對象,發(fā)現(xiàn)沉默PANC1細(xì)胞中SOCS1表達(dá)后可影響細(xì)胞周期,使細(xì)胞在G0/G1期阻滯,S期細(xì)胞比例明顯減小,即細(xì)胞遺傳物質(zhì)復(fù)制的時(shí)間延長,可能會(huì)抑制細(xì)胞的增殖能力,而細(xì)胞增殖速度的測定也驗(yàn)證了這種現(xiàn)象。
SOCS1高表達(dá)可影響細(xì)胞對多種細(xì)胞因子的敏感性,如IFN-γ,研究報(bào)道在SOCS1基因敲除小鼠中,IFN-α可通過增強(qiáng)CD4-T和CD8-T細(xì)胞功能從而發(fā)揮抗腫瘤活性[12];SOCS1能夠消除干擾素對丙肝病毒復(fù)制的抑制作用[13]。IFN-γ主要通過JAK/ STAT通路調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞的分化、增殖等功能,而SOCS1 是JAK/STAT通路的重要負(fù)性調(diào)節(jié)分子,在IFN-γ敏感性降低的過程中可能發(fā)揮著重要作用。在臨床中很多經(jīng)過IFN-γ治療的患者會(huì)發(fā)生IFN-γ抵抗或不敏感,進(jìn)而限制了IFN-γ的使用。因此,通過沉默細(xì)胞中SOCS1的表達(dá)從而提高IFN-γ治療的敏感性可能成為治療人胰腺癌的重要方法。本研究沉默細(xì)胞中SOCS1的表達(dá)后,給予IFN-γ刺激可顯著增強(qiáng)pSTAT1的表達(dá),也即IFN-γ信號(hào)通路信號(hào)增強(qiáng),進(jìn)而啟動(dòng)目的基因表達(dá),影響腫瘤細(xì)胞的生長,另外,IRF-1的表達(dá)也增強(qiáng),結(jié)果表明,沉默SOCS1后PANC1細(xì)胞對IFN-γ的敏感性增加,為提高胰腺癌免疫治療效果提供了新的方法。
綜上,沉默PANC1中SOCS1的表達(dá)可以顯著增強(qiáng)IFN-γ的敏感性,也可影響細(xì)胞周期,使S期延長,抑制腫瘤細(xì)胞的增殖,增強(qiáng)細(xì)胞對IFN-γ的敏感性是治療胰腺癌的一個(gè)重要手段,SOCS1可能是影響人胰腺癌免疫治療效果的重要靶點(diǎn)。
[1]Sun Q,Xiang RL,Yang YL,et al.Suppressor of cytokine signaling1 protects rat pancreatic islets from cytokine-induced apoptosis through Janus kinase/signal transducers and activators of transcription pathway[J].Chin Med J(Engl),2013,126(21):4048-4053.
[2]Ge D,Gao AC,Zhang Q,et al.LNCaP prostate cancer cells with autocrine interleukin-6 expression are resistant to IL-6-induced neuroendocrine differentiation due to increased expression of suppressors of cytokine signaling[J].Prostate,2012,72(12):1306-1316.
[3]Satou R,Miyata K,Gonzalez-Villalobos RA,et al.Interferon-γ biphasically regulates angiotensinogen expression via a JAK-STAT pathway and suppressor of cytokine signaling 1(SOCS1)in renal proximal tubular cells[J].FASEB J,2012,26(5):1821-1830.
[4]Mansell A,Smith R,Doyle S L,et al.Suppressor of cytokine signaling 1 negatively regulates Toll-like receptor signaling by mediating Mal degradation[J].Nat Immunol,2006,7(2):148-155.
[5]Heo MB,Cho MY,Lim YT.Polymer nanoparticles for enhanced immune response:combined delivery of tumor antigen and small interference RNA for immunosuppressive gene to dendritic cells[J].Acta Biomater,2014,10(5):2169-2176.
[6]Huang C,Li H,Wu W,et al.Regulation of miR-155 affects pancreatic cancer cell invasiveness and migration by modulating the STAT3 signaling pathway through SOCS1[J].Oncol Rep,2013,30 (3):1223-1230.
[7]Laner-Plamberger S,Wolff F,Kaser-Eichberger A,et al.Hedgehog/ GLI signaling activates suppressor of cytokine signaling 1(SOCS1) in epidermal and neural tumor cells[J].PLoS One,2013,8(9): e75317.
[8]Lesinski GB,Zimmerer JM,Kreiner M,et al.Modulation of SOCS protein expression influences the interferon responsiveness of human melanoma cells[J].BMC Cancer,2010,142(10):1-10.doi: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-142.
[9]Gui Y,Yeganeh M,Cepero-Donates Y,et al.Regulation of MET Receptor Signaling by SOCS1 and its Implications for Hepatocellular Carcinoma[J].Curr Pharm Des,2014,20(17):2922-2923.
[10]Scutti JA,Matsuo AL,Pereira FV,et al.Role of SOCS-1 Gene on Melanoma Cell Growth and Tumor Development[J].Transl Oncol, 2011,4(2):101-109.
[11]Sasi W,Jiang WG,Sharma A,et al.Higher expression levels of SOCS 1,3,4,7 are associated with earlier tumour stage and better clinical outcome in human breast cancer[J].BMC cancer,2010,10 (1):178.
[12]Guenterberg KD,Lesinski GB,Mundy-Bosse BL,et al.Enhanced anti-tumor activity of interferon-alpha in SOCS1-deficient mice is mediated by CD4-and CD8-T cells[J].Cancer Immunol Immunother,2011,60(9):1281-1288.
[13]Shao RX,Zhang L,Hong Z,et al.SOCS1 abrogates IFN's antiviral effect on hepatitis C virus replication[J].Antiviral Res,2013,97(2): 101-107.
(2014-04-14收稿 2014-05-20修回)
(本文編輯 閆娟)
Effects of Suppressor of Cytokine Signaling-1 Silencing on the Proliferation and Interferon Gamma Susceptibility of Human Pancreatic Cancer Cells
LYU Qinglin,WANG Juan,CHEN Liping
The Affiliated Hospital of Liaocheng University,Liaocheng 252000,China
ObjectiveTo detect the changes of cell proliferation and IFN-γ susceptibility of human pancreatic cancer cells after suppressor of cytokine signaling-1(SOCS1)gene silencing,and to explore the SOCS1 as the target of anti-tumor therapy through enhancing the function of IFN-γ.MethodsWestern blot assay,PCR and real-time PCR were used to verify the down regulation of SOCS1 in human pancreatic cancer cell(PANC1)after transfection;subsequently,PANC1 was stimulated with IFN-γ.Western blot assay was also used to detect the expression of signal transducers and activators of transcription(STAT)1 and phosphorylation STAT(pSTAT)1;and the change of IFN-γ susceptibility was detected by MTT assay. Real-time PCR was used to detect the mRNA of interferon regulatory factor-1(IRF-1).Flow cytometry was used to detect the cell cycle.ResultsThe expression levels of SOCS1 mRNA and protein were significantly decreased in small hairpin SCOS1(shSOCS1)transfected PANC1 cells.After the silence of SOCS1,the expression levels of IRF-1 and pSTAT1 increased significantly(P<0.05),and the median inhibitory concentration(IC50)of IFN-γ for PANC1 cells decreased significantly(P<0.01).The cell count of shSOCS1 cells dropped significantly compared with that of control group after the SOCS1 silencing for 72 hours(P<0.05).The cell cycle arrest was promoted at the G0/G1 phase,but the percentage of cells in S phase and G2/M decreased compared to that of control groups(P<0.05).ConclusionAfter the inhibition of SOCS1 gene expression,the proliferation ability of human pancreatic cancer cell line PANC1 decreased,and the sensitivity of PANC1 cells to IFN-γ was enhanced.
pancreatic neoplasms;carcinoma;gene silencing;cell proliferation;interferon type II;transfection;IC50;suppressor of cytokine signaling proteins
R735.9
A
10.3969/j.issn.0253-9896.2014.09.004
山東,聊城,聊城大學(xué)醫(yī)院(郵編252000)