洪雯霞
摘 要 目的:探討維持性血液透析患者殘腎功能、透析充分性對鈣磷代謝的影響。方法:選取上海市第六人民醫(yī)院南院血液透析治療中心2011年1月-2013年12月病例資料,共92例患者,235例次生化檢驗數據。血鈣、血磷、iPTH分別與單室尿素清除率、殘余腎小球濾過率(GFR)作Pearson相關性分析,分別以分組計算作t檢驗。
關鍵詞 血液透析 殘余腎功能 透析充分性 鈣磷代謝
中圖分類號:R459.5; R692.5 文獻標識碼:A 文章編號:1006-1533(2014)09-0028-03
ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the effect of maintenance hemodialysis and dialysis adequacy on the renal function of patients and calcium and phosphorus metabolism. Methods: Two hundred and thirty-five cases of biochemical test data involving 92 patients were selected at hemodialysis treatment center of Shanghai Sixth Peoples Hospital during 2011-2013. Serum calcium and phosphorus, iPTH and single pool urea clearance rate residual glomerular filtration rate for the Pearson correlation were analyzed by , GFR grouping calculation for t test. Results: There was a significant correlation in serum calcium, phosphorus with residual renal function but not in serum calcium and phosphorus and iPTH with dialysis adequacy There was a certain correlation between iPTH and residual renal function and a statistically significant difference in phosphorus and iPTH with residual renal function Conclusion: Residual renal function plays an important role in the disorders of calcium and phosphorus metabolism in hemodialysis patients and a more active role especially in the removal of serum phosphorus.
KEY WORDS hemodialysis; residual renal function; dialysis adequacy; calcium-phosphorus metabolism
鈣磷代謝紊亂作為維持性血液透析患者的常見并發(fā)癥之一,對患者機體的影響不僅局限于骨骼系統(tǒng),還可引起異位鈣化等。高磷血癥可導致患者異位鈣鹽沉積,刺激血管及瓣膜鈣化,引起心律失常和心力衰竭,是血液透析患者心腦血管并發(fā)癥的獨立危險因素。血磷水平每增加1 mg/dl,對冠脈動脈鈣化造成的危險性相當于增加2.5年的透析時間,尿毒癥患者死亡風險升高18%[1]。影響鈣磷代謝的因素較多,如飲食、含鈣磷結合劑藥物等。本文旨在回顧分析既往血液透析患者檢驗數據并探討殘余腎功能及透析充分性對鈣磷代謝的影響。
3 討論
鈣磷代謝紊亂作為維持性血液透析患者的常見并發(fā)癥之一,以高磷血癥為主要表現。大量的研究結果表明,高磷血癥、高鈣磷乘積可引起異位鈣鹽沉積,使心腦血管出現異常鈣化,是血液透析患者心腦血管并發(fā)癥的獨立危險因素,并與血液透析患者心血管病死率呈正相關[2-3],有較多的研究表明,高磷血癥及高PTH血癥患者死亡率及心血管事件發(fā)生率高[4-5]。
人體每日排出的鈣,約80%由腸道排出,而通過腎臟排出的占20%。而磷則相反,60%~80%通過腎臟排出,通過腸道排出的僅占20%~40%。甲狀旁腺素受血鈣濃度調節(jié),血鈣降低時刺激甲狀旁腺素分泌增加,促進腎遠曲小管對鈣的重吸收,同時抑制對磷的吸收。因此,腎功能對磷的排泄是至關重要的。
通過對血液透析患者血鈣、血磷、iPTH與透析充分性的分析研究可得出,血鈣、血磷、iPTH與透析充分性無明顯相關性(P>0.05),按透析充分性分組作t檢驗,其差異并無統(tǒng)計學意義,提示患者的血磷清除與透析充分性無顯著相關性,這與磷從細胞內釋放入血的速度慢相關。雖然血磷酸鹽作為血液中的小分子溶質具有較快速的擴散能力,但是磷從細胞內轉運入血中的速度遠遠慢于透析過程中磷的清除速度,因此,無論透析充分性如何,單次血液透析或一周3次透析都不能高效清除患者體內蓄積的磷。
血鈣、血磷及iPTH與患者的殘余腎功能有明顯的相關性血鈣差異無統(tǒng)計學意義。血鈣在有無殘余腎功能的血液透析患者中并無明顯差異,這與鈣的排泄途徑以腸道為主相關,同時,可能與目前活性維生素D及鈣劑的廣泛應用相關,但限于病例資料的有限,未能作相關的統(tǒng)計分析檢驗,有待今后進一步收集有關病例資料作統(tǒng)計分析。血磷與殘腎功能呈顯著的負相關性,提示殘余腎功能雖然低下,但在清除磷的能力上仍有血液透析不能比擬的作用,殘余腎功能喪失后,血磷會明顯增高。綜合上述分析可得出,殘余腎功能在糾正血液透析患者鈣磷代謝紊亂中具有重要的作用。在調節(jié)鈣磷代謝,尤其在清除血磷方面是目前任何一種透析方式無法替代的[6]。
因此,在維持性血液透析患者治療中如何保護患者的殘腎功能尤為重要,包括避免使用腎毒性藥物、非甾體藥物;積極控制血壓,合理應用RAS阻斷劑;合理的超濾,盡可能的平衡殘余腎功能與透析充分性之間的關系。同時,應積極治療原發(fā)病,控制血壓、糾正貧血及營養(yǎng)不良等[7]。飲食控制磷的攝入和磷結合劑的應用對無論有無殘余腎功能患者都是必要的輔助手段,對已喪失殘余腎功能的患者,則更加重要。2006年KDOQI指南推薦腹膜透析人群蛋白質攝入量為但有更多的氮平衡研究實驗結果顯示,對于透析患者維持蛋白質平衡的攝入量大約在。目前臨床普遍應用的磷結合劑包括醋酸鈣、碳酸鈣等,同時,新型的磷結合劑(司維拉姆、碳酸鑭等)的應用,不僅取得了良好的降磷效果,同時還有降低患者心血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,提高生存率等益處。
參考文獻
[1] Palmer SC, Hayen A, Macaskill P, et al. Serum levels of phosphorus,parathyroid hormone, and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA, 2011, 305(11): 1119-1127.
[2] Noordzj M, Korevaar JC, Boeschoten EW, et al. Netherlands cooperative study on the adequacy of dialysis study group. The kidney disease quality initiative guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in CKD:Association with mortality in dialysis patiens[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2005, 46(5): 925-932.
[3] Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, et al. Definition,evaluation,and classification of renal osteodystrophy:A position statement from kidney disease:Improving global outcomes[J]. Kidney Int, 2006, 69(11): 1945-1953.
[4] Naves-Díaz M, Passlick-Deetjen J, Guinsburg A, et al. Calcium, Phosphorus, PTH and death rates in a large sample of dialysis patients from Latin America. The CORES Study[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2011, 26(6):1938-1947.
[5] Taniguchi M. The impact of CKD-MBD on mortality[J]. Clin Calcium, 2010, 20(7): 1078-1087.
[6] 顧勇. 應充分重視和保護透析患者殘余腎功能[J]. 中華腎臟病雜志, 2007, 23(7): 411-412.
[7] 韋洮, 王梅, 燕宇, 等. 血液透析患者殘余腎功能的變化及其影響因素[J]. 北京醫(yī)學, 2012, 34(4): 283-286.
[8] Lim VS, Flanigan MJ. Protein intake in patients with renal failure: Comments on the current NKF-DOQI guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure[J]. Semin Dial, 2001, 14(3): 150-152.
(收稿日期:2014-02-24)
因此,在維持性血液透析患者治療中如何保護患者的殘腎功能尤為重要,包括避免使用腎毒性藥物、非甾體藥物;積極控制血壓,合理應用RAS阻斷劑;合理的超濾,盡可能的平衡殘余腎功能與透析充分性之間的關系。同時,應積極治療原發(fā)病,控制血壓、糾正貧血及營養(yǎng)不良等[7]。飲食控制磷的攝入和磷結合劑的應用對無論有無殘余腎功能患者都是必要的輔助手段,對已喪失殘余腎功能的患者,則更加重要。2006年KDOQI指南推薦腹膜透析人群蛋白質攝入量為但有更多的氮平衡研究實驗結果顯示,對于透析患者維持蛋白質平衡的攝入量大約在。目前臨床普遍應用的磷結合劑包括醋酸鈣、碳酸鈣等,同時,新型的磷結合劑(司維拉姆、碳酸鑭等)的應用,不僅取得了良好的降磷效果,同時還有降低患者心血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,提高生存率等益處。
參考文獻
[1] Palmer SC, Hayen A, Macaskill P, et al. Serum levels of phosphorus,parathyroid hormone, and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA, 2011, 305(11): 1119-1127.
[2] Noordzj M, Korevaar JC, Boeschoten EW, et al. Netherlands cooperative study on the adequacy of dialysis study group. The kidney disease quality initiative guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in CKD:Association with mortality in dialysis patiens[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2005, 46(5): 925-932.
[3] Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, et al. Definition,evaluation,and classification of renal osteodystrophy:A position statement from kidney disease:Improving global outcomes[J]. Kidney Int, 2006, 69(11): 1945-1953.
[4] Naves-Díaz M, Passlick-Deetjen J, Guinsburg A, et al. Calcium, Phosphorus, PTH and death rates in a large sample of dialysis patients from Latin America. The CORES Study[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2011, 26(6):1938-1947.
[5] Taniguchi M. The impact of CKD-MBD on mortality[J]. Clin Calcium, 2010, 20(7): 1078-1087.
[6] 顧勇. 應充分重視和保護透析患者殘余腎功能[J]. 中華腎臟病雜志, 2007, 23(7): 411-412.
[7] 韋洮, 王梅, 燕宇, 等. 血液透析患者殘余腎功能的變化及其影響因素[J]. 北京醫(yī)學, 2012, 34(4): 283-286.
[8] Lim VS, Flanigan MJ. Protein intake in patients with renal failure: Comments on the current NKF-DOQI guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure[J]. Semin Dial, 2001, 14(3): 150-152.
(收稿日期:2014-02-24)
因此,在維持性血液透析患者治療中如何保護患者的殘腎功能尤為重要,包括避免使用腎毒性藥物、非甾體藥物;積極控制血壓,合理應用RAS阻斷劑;合理的超濾,盡可能的平衡殘余腎功能與透析充分性之間的關系。同時,應積極治療原發(fā)病,控制血壓、糾正貧血及營養(yǎng)不良等[7]。飲食控制磷的攝入和磷結合劑的應用對無論有無殘余腎功能患者都是必要的輔助手段,對已喪失殘余腎功能的患者,則更加重要。2006年KDOQI指南推薦腹膜透析人群蛋白質攝入量為但有更多的氮平衡研究實驗結果顯示,對于透析患者維持蛋白質平衡的攝入量大約在。目前臨床普遍應用的磷結合劑包括醋酸鈣、碳酸鈣等,同時,新型的磷結合劑(司維拉姆、碳酸鑭等)的應用,不僅取得了良好的降磷效果,同時還有降低患者心血管并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生率,提高生存率等益處。
參考文獻
[1] Palmer SC, Hayen A, Macaskill P, et al. Serum levels of phosphorus,parathyroid hormone, and calcium and risks of death and cardiovascular disease in individuals with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis[J]. JAMA, 2011, 305(11): 1119-1127.
[2] Noordzj M, Korevaar JC, Boeschoten EW, et al. Netherlands cooperative study on the adequacy of dialysis study group. The kidney disease quality initiative guidelines for bone metabolism and disease in CKD:Association with mortality in dialysis patiens[J]. Am J Kidney Dis, 2005, 46(5): 925-932.
[3] Moe S, Drueke T, Cunningham J, et al. Definition,evaluation,and classification of renal osteodystrophy:A position statement from kidney disease:Improving global outcomes[J]. Kidney Int, 2006, 69(11): 1945-1953.
[4] Naves-Díaz M, Passlick-Deetjen J, Guinsburg A, et al. Calcium, Phosphorus, PTH and death rates in a large sample of dialysis patients from Latin America. The CORES Study[J]. Nephrol Dial Transplant, 2011, 26(6):1938-1947.
[5] Taniguchi M. The impact of CKD-MBD on mortality[J]. Clin Calcium, 2010, 20(7): 1078-1087.
[6] 顧勇. 應充分重視和保護透析患者殘余腎功能[J]. 中華腎臟病雜志, 2007, 23(7): 411-412.
[7] 韋洮, 王梅, 燕宇, 等. 血液透析患者殘余腎功能的變化及其影響因素[J]. 北京醫(yī)學, 2012, 34(4): 283-286.
[8] Lim VS, Flanigan MJ. Protein intake in patients with renal failure: Comments on the current NKF-DOQI guidelines for nutrition in chronic renal failure[J]. Semin Dial, 2001, 14(3): 150-152.
(收稿日期:2014-02-24)