摘要:基于Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格以及我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率的季度數(shù)據(jù),本文利用向量自回歸(VAR)模型構(gòu)建與估計(jì)、Granger因果關(guān)系檢驗(yàn),以及沖擊響應(yīng)函數(shù)估計(jì)方法檢驗(yàn)國(guó)際原油價(jià)格波動(dòng)與我國(guó)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性問(wèn)題。研究表明:在不同滯后階數(shù)的情況下,Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格自身的影響作用發(fā)生了顯著的改變,對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率的影響作用也都發(fā)生了顯著改變;在不同滯后階數(shù)的情況下,我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率對(duì)Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格的影響作用發(fā)生了顯著改變,Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率的影響作用也都發(fā)生了顯著改變;在Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格與我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率序列之間存在較為顯著的單向Granger影響關(guān)系,即Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格能夠顯著影響我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率,Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格正向沖擊會(huì)對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率產(chǎn)生顯著影響。
關(guān)鍵詞:國(guó)際原油價(jià)格;中國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率;向量自回歸模型
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):F2240 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
收稿日期:2013-07-09
作者簡(jiǎn)介:楊波(1979-),男,吉林省吉林人,吉林大學(xué)商學(xué)院博士研究生,研究方向:數(shù)量經(jīng)濟(jì)。
目前,國(guó)際原油價(jià)格的波動(dòng)對(duì)世界各國(guó)的宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行產(chǎn)生了不同程度的影響,國(guó)際原油價(jià)格的波動(dòng)也對(duì)我國(guó)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)穩(wěn)健增長(zhǎng)產(chǎn)生了重要影響?;谙蛄孔曰貧w(VAR)模型構(gòu)建與估計(jì)、Granger因果關(guān)系檢驗(yàn)、沖擊響應(yīng)函數(shù)估計(jì)方法,本文具體檢驗(yàn)國(guó)際原油價(jià)格波動(dòng)與我國(guó)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性問(wèn)題,并提出相應(yīng)的政策啟示。
一、國(guó)際原油價(jià)格序列與我國(guó)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)率序列的選取和描述
由于中國(guó)的國(guó)內(nèi)石油價(jià)格是在1998年開(kāi)始才真正實(shí)現(xiàn)了與國(guó)際市場(chǎng)中原油價(jià)格全方位地并軌,自1998年起在國(guó)際范圍內(nèi)石油價(jià)格的作用機(jī)制以及傳導(dǎo)機(jī)制的影響之下,國(guó)際范圍內(nèi)石油價(jià)格的波動(dòng)特征能夠較為直接地影響到我國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)的原油價(jià)格和成品油價(jià)格。在目前的國(guó)際原油交易過(guò)程中主要是以WTI、Brent以及Dubi原油價(jià)格作為最重要的借鑒和參考基礎(chǔ),有50%左右的原油貿(mào)易又都集中于借鑒和參照Brent原油的具體實(shí)際定價(jià),Brent原油價(jià)格與WTI以及Dubi原油價(jià)格相比較,具有更鮮明的代表性。本文選取1998年第1季度至2013年第1季度區(qū)間范圍內(nèi)的Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格的季度數(shù)據(jù),具體度量國(guó)際原油價(jià)格,通過(guò)對(duì)Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格取自然對(duì)數(shù)后,用BRENT表示。本文選取1998年第1季度至2013年第1季度區(qū)間范圍內(nèi)我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率的季度數(shù)據(jù),具體度量我國(guó)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng),用GDP表示。本文所研究的具體數(shù)據(jù)來(lái)自于中經(jīng)網(wǎng)(http://db.cei.gov.cn)數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)、銳思(RESSET)金融研究數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),以及美國(guó)能源情報(bào)署網(wǎng)站(http://www.eia.doe.gov)。本文在圖1和圖2中給出了Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格對(duì)數(shù)時(shí)間序列圖和我國(guó)GDP增長(zhǎng)率時(shí)間序列圖。
觀察表1中所給出的具體計(jì)算結(jié)果,發(fā)現(xiàn)滯后一階的Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格對(duì)Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格自身呈現(xiàn)出一定程度的正向影響,滯后二階的Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格對(duì)Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格自身呈現(xiàn)較弱的負(fù)向影響,而滯后三階的Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格對(duì)Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格自身再一次呈現(xiàn)出微弱的正向影響。另外,滯后一階的Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率呈現(xiàn)出一定程度的正向影響,滯后二階的Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率呈現(xiàn)更強(qiáng)的負(fù)向影響,而滯后三階的Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率再一次呈現(xiàn)出微弱的正向影響。
觀察表1中所給出的具體計(jì)算結(jié)果還能夠發(fā)現(xiàn)滯后一階的我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率對(duì)Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格呈現(xiàn)出微弱的負(fù)向影響,滯后二階的我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率對(duì)Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格呈現(xiàn)出微弱的正向影響,而滯后三階的我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率對(duì)Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格自身再一次呈現(xiàn)出微弱的負(fù)向影響。滯后一階的我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率自身呈現(xiàn)出一定程度的正向影響,滯后二階的我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率自身呈現(xiàn)出微弱的正向影響,而滯后三階的我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率自身卻呈現(xiàn)出微弱的負(fù)向影響。
三、基本結(jié)論及政策啟示
本文基于向量自回歸(VAR)模型構(gòu)建與估計(jì)、Granger因果關(guān)系檢驗(yàn)、沖擊響應(yīng)函數(shù)估計(jì)方法,具體檢驗(yàn)國(guó)際原油價(jià)格波動(dòng)與我國(guó)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)之間的關(guān)聯(lián)性問(wèn)題,最終獲得了如下幾方面的重要結(jié)論:
首先,基于二元向量自回歸(VAR) 模型的實(shí)證檢驗(yàn)結(jié)果,表明Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格在滯后一階、二階以及三階的情況下,不僅對(duì)Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格自身的影響都發(fā)生了顯著的改變,而且對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率的影響也都發(fā)生了顯著的改變。此外,我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率在滯后一階、二階以及三階的情況下,不僅對(duì)Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格的影響都發(fā)生了顯著的改變,而且對(duì)我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率自身的影響也都發(fā)生了顯著的改變。
其次,基于經(jīng)典Granger因果關(guān)系檢驗(yàn)方法的實(shí)證結(jié)果,表明在95%的顯著性水平下,Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格能夠顯著影響我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率。我們無(wú)法獲得支持我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率能夠顯著影響B(tài)rent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格的可靠證據(jù),即在Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格與我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率序列之間存在較為顯著的單向Granger影響關(guān)系。
最后,基于沖擊反應(yīng)函數(shù)估計(jì)的實(shí)證結(jié)果,表明當(dāng)Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格發(fā)生1標(biāo)準(zhǔn)單位正向沖擊以后,我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率在該沖擊發(fā)生的第1個(gè)季度就達(dá)到正向反應(yīng)水平,隨后不斷攀升,并在第2個(gè)季度達(dá)到正向最大值,該沖擊響應(yīng)在此之后逐漸緩慢減弱,并自第9個(gè)季度起,我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率的沖擊影響方向發(fā)生改變,即變?yōu)樨?fù)向。但是,在第9個(gè)季度至第12個(gè)季度的時(shí)間范圍內(nèi),我國(guó)實(shí)際GDP增長(zhǎng)率序列對(duì)Brent現(xiàn)貨價(jià)格的正向沖擊影響的反應(yīng)一直維持在較低的負(fù)向水平。因此,國(guó)際原油價(jià)格的上升對(duì)我國(guó)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)所產(chǎn)生的抑制作用并不十分顯著。究其原因,主要是因?yàn)槲覈?guó)堅(jiān)持對(duì)國(guó)內(nèi)成品油價(jià)格進(jìn)行積極的財(cái)政補(bǔ)貼,使得成品油價(jià)格長(zhǎng)期處于較低的水平。所以,我國(guó)在進(jìn)一步理順成品油價(jià)格以及天然氣價(jià)格的同時(shí),應(yīng)積極推動(dòng)和健全石油價(jià)格的改革機(jī)制,健全和完善石油期貨市場(chǎng),以有效阻斷由于國(guó)際原油價(jià)格的劇烈波動(dòng)而引發(fā)我國(guó)國(guó)內(nèi)宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng)所產(chǎn)生的抑制作用。此外,我國(guó)還應(yīng)該盡快構(gòu)建和完備我國(guó)的石油戰(zhàn)略?xún)?chǔ)備系統(tǒng),通過(guò)多種途徑積極吸引民間資本能夠參與我國(guó)石油戰(zhàn)略?xún)?chǔ)備的長(zhǎng)期建設(shè);同時(shí),應(yīng)該不斷放開(kāi)石油市場(chǎng),并且應(yīng)該引入競(jìng)爭(zhēng)機(jī)制作為保障。當(dāng)然,我國(guó)還應(yīng)該大力推廣有效的節(jié)能技術(shù),并不斷培養(yǎng)節(jié)能意識(shí),真正實(shí)現(xiàn)能源的多元化戰(zhàn)略。
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] 韓民春,樊琦.國(guó)際油價(jià)價(jià)格波動(dòng)與我國(guó)工業(yè)制成品出口的相關(guān)關(guān)系研究[J].數(shù)量經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì),2007(2).
[2] 翁非.石油價(jià)格沖擊與中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng):基于三變量VAR模型的研究[J].統(tǒng)計(jì)與決策,2006(11).
[3] Hamilton, J.D.Oil and the macroeconomy since World War II[J].Journal of Political Economy,1983,91:228-248.
[4] Hamilton, J.D. This is what happened to the oil price?macroeconomy relationship[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,1996,38:215-220.
[5] Hamilton, J. D. What is an oil shock?[J].Journal of Econometrics,2003,113:363-398.
[6] Jiménez-Rodríguez.The impact of oil price shocks: Evidence from the industries of six OECD countries[J].Energy Economics,2008,30:3095-3108.
[7] Rong-Gang Cong, Yi-Ming Wei, Jian-Lin Jiao,Ying Fan, Relationships between oil price shocks and stock market: An empirical analysis from China[J].Energy Policy,2008,36:3544-3553.
[8] Sandrine Lardic, Valerie Mignon, Oil price and economic activity: An asymmetric cointegration approach[J].Energy Economics, 2008, 30:847-855.
[9] Soytas, U., Sari, R.The relationship between energy and production: evidence from the Turkish manufacturing industry[J].Energy Economics, forthcoming,2006.
Abstract:Based on the Brent spot price and quarterly data of real GDP growth rate, this article uses vector auto regression (VAR) model building and estimation, Granger causality test and impulse response function estimation method to test the relationship between international crude oil price volatility and China′s macroeconomic growth. Research shows that: in the case of different lag orders, Brent spot price itself influences the occurrence of a significant change, the influence on China′s real GDP growth rate has also undergone a significant change. In the case of different lag orders, the influence of China′s real GDP growth rate on the Brent spot price has undergone a significant change, Brent spot price influence on China′s real GDP growth has also undergone a significant change; there is a more significant one-way Granger causality relationship between the Brent spot price time series and real GDP growth rate sequence, namely, Brent spot price can significantly affect our real GDP growth rate,and Brent spot price positive impact has significant effects on China′s real GDP growth rate.
Key words: international crude oil price;China′s real GDP growth rate; vector autoregressive model
(責(zé)任編輯:關(guān)立新)
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] 韓民春,樊琦.國(guó)際油價(jià)價(jià)格波動(dòng)與我國(guó)工業(yè)制成品出口的相關(guān)關(guān)系研究[J].數(shù)量經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì),2007(2).
[2] 翁非.石油價(jià)格沖擊與中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng):基于三變量VAR模型的研究[J].統(tǒng)計(jì)與決策,2006(11).
[3] Hamilton, J.D.Oil and the macroeconomy since World War II[J].Journal of Political Economy,1983,91:228-248.
[4] Hamilton, J.D. This is what happened to the oil price?macroeconomy relationship[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,1996,38:215-220.
[5] Hamilton, J. D. What is an oil shock?[J].Journal of Econometrics,2003,113:363-398.
[6] Jiménez-Rodríguez.The impact of oil price shocks: Evidence from the industries of six OECD countries[J].Energy Economics,2008,30:3095-3108.
[7] Rong-Gang Cong, Yi-Ming Wei, Jian-Lin Jiao,Ying Fan, Relationships between oil price shocks and stock market: An empirical analysis from China[J].Energy Policy,2008,36:3544-3553.
[8] Sandrine Lardic, Valerie Mignon, Oil price and economic activity: An asymmetric cointegration approach[J].Energy Economics, 2008, 30:847-855.
[9] Soytas, U., Sari, R.The relationship between energy and production: evidence from the Turkish manufacturing industry[J].Energy Economics, forthcoming,2006.
Abstract:Based on the Brent spot price and quarterly data of real GDP growth rate, this article uses vector auto regression (VAR) model building and estimation, Granger causality test and impulse response function estimation method to test the relationship between international crude oil price volatility and China′s macroeconomic growth. Research shows that: in the case of different lag orders, Brent spot price itself influences the occurrence of a significant change, the influence on China′s real GDP growth rate has also undergone a significant change. In the case of different lag orders, the influence of China′s real GDP growth rate on the Brent spot price has undergone a significant change, Brent spot price influence on China′s real GDP growth has also undergone a significant change; there is a more significant one-way Granger causality relationship between the Brent spot price time series and real GDP growth rate sequence, namely, Brent spot price can significantly affect our real GDP growth rate,and Brent spot price positive impact has significant effects on China′s real GDP growth rate.
Key words: international crude oil price;China′s real GDP growth rate; vector autoregressive model
(責(zé)任編輯:關(guān)立新)
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1] 韓民春,樊琦.國(guó)際油價(jià)價(jià)格波動(dòng)與我國(guó)工業(yè)制成品出口的相關(guān)關(guān)系研究[J].數(shù)量經(jīng)濟(jì)技術(shù)經(jīng)濟(jì),2007(2).
[2] 翁非.石油價(jià)格沖擊與中國(guó)經(jīng)濟(jì)增長(zhǎng):基于三變量VAR模型的研究[J].統(tǒng)計(jì)與決策,2006(11).
[3] Hamilton, J.D.Oil and the macroeconomy since World War II[J].Journal of Political Economy,1983,91:228-248.
[4] Hamilton, J.D. This is what happened to the oil price?macroeconomy relationship[J].Journal of Monetary Economics,1996,38:215-220.
[5] Hamilton, J. D. What is an oil shock?[J].Journal of Econometrics,2003,113:363-398.
[6] Jiménez-Rodríguez.The impact of oil price shocks: Evidence from the industries of six OECD countries[J].Energy Economics,2008,30:3095-3108.
[7] Rong-Gang Cong, Yi-Ming Wei, Jian-Lin Jiao,Ying Fan, Relationships between oil price shocks and stock market: An empirical analysis from China[J].Energy Policy,2008,36:3544-3553.
[8] Sandrine Lardic, Valerie Mignon, Oil price and economic activity: An asymmetric cointegration approach[J].Energy Economics, 2008, 30:847-855.
[9] Soytas, U., Sari, R.The relationship between energy and production: evidence from the Turkish manufacturing industry[J].Energy Economics, forthcoming,2006.
Abstract:Based on the Brent spot price and quarterly data of real GDP growth rate, this article uses vector auto regression (VAR) model building and estimation, Granger causality test and impulse response function estimation method to test the relationship between international crude oil price volatility and China′s macroeconomic growth. Research shows that: in the case of different lag orders, Brent spot price itself influences the occurrence of a significant change, the influence on China′s real GDP growth rate has also undergone a significant change. In the case of different lag orders, the influence of China′s real GDP growth rate on the Brent spot price has undergone a significant change, Brent spot price influence on China′s real GDP growth has also undergone a significant change; there is a more significant one-way Granger causality relationship between the Brent spot price time series and real GDP growth rate sequence, namely, Brent spot price can significantly affect our real GDP growth rate,and Brent spot price positive impact has significant effects on China′s real GDP growth rate.
Key words: international crude oil price;China′s real GDP growth rate; vector autoregressive model
(責(zé)任編輯:關(guān)立新)