朱甄雯

句子簡(jiǎn)化題在每次托福閱讀考試中的題量雖然不多，但卻令很多考生感到頭疼，因?yàn)榻獯鹪擃}型常涉及對(duì)長(zhǎng)難句的理解。下面本文就來(lái)分析一下這一題型的特點(diǎn)和解題思路。

選項(xiàng)特征

句子簡(jiǎn)化題的題干為：“Which of the following best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence？ Incorrect answer choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.”由此，考生可以總結(jié)出該類題型的正確和錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特征。題干指出，正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)包含高亮部分的句子（以下簡(jiǎn)稱“原句”）的主要信息（essential information）。換句話說(shuō)，正確選項(xiàng)并不一定要表達(dá)原句的所有信息，只要表達(dá)出主要信息即可。題干還指出了兩類錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)：一類是在很大程度上改變了原句意思的選項(xiàng)，這種選項(xiàng)的意思通常與原句意思相矛盾；另一類是遺漏了原句主要信息的選項(xiàng)。考生準(zhǔn)確理解正確選項(xiàng)與錯(cuò)誤選項(xiàng)的特征對(duì)解題會(huì)有很大幫助。

解題思路

句子簡(jiǎn)化題可以分為兩類：一類是原句不長(zhǎng)的題目，一類是原句較長(zhǎng)并且結(jié)構(gòu)復(fù)雜的題目。針對(duì)這兩類題目考生可以采取不同的解題思路來(lái)解答。

1. 原句不長(zhǎng)：同義替換助解題

如果句子簡(jiǎn)化題的原句不長(zhǎng)，此時(shí)選項(xiàng)一般是原句的同義替換?？忌梢韵日页鲈渲械闹饕畔ⅲ缓笤倥c選項(xiàng)進(jìn)行對(duì)比，對(duì)原句主要信息進(jìn)行同義替換的選項(xiàng)為正確答案。請(qǐng)看下面這道題。

例1 原句：These people （指陪審團(tuán)成員） are selected at random from the adult population in the same district served by the court concerned. （《新托福考試專項(xiàng)進(jìn)階——中級(jí)閱讀》）

A. The adult population in the same area randomly selects the people on the court.

B. The people on a jury are randomly chosen from the same jurisdiction.

C. The jury is made up of the entire adult population in the same jurisdiction.

D. There is a random selection of courts by the adult population.

解析：這道題目的原句不長(zhǎng)，考生便可采用同義替換的原則來(lái)解題?？忌紫瓤煞治龀鲈涞闹饕畔⒂袃蓚€(gè)：第一個(gè)是are selected at random，即“（陪審團(tuán)成員）是隨機(jī)被挑選出來(lái)的”，第二個(gè)是in the same district，即“同一區(qū)域內(nèi)”。正確選項(xiàng)應(yīng)包含這兩個(gè)主要信息。考生可以發(fā)現(xiàn)，選項(xiàng)B中的are randomly chosen可以和第一個(gè)主要信息對(duì)應(yīng)，而選項(xiàng)B中的from the same jurisdiction則和第二個(gè)主要信息對(duì)應(yīng)，由此考生可以判斷出選項(xiàng)B為正確答案。有些考生可能會(huì)有疑問：該選項(xiàng)缺少原句中的adult，可以選嗎？這就涉及上文提到的正確選項(xiàng)的特征——包含主要信息而非全部信息。所以，這一點(diǎn)不影響選項(xiàng)B成為正確答案。

2. 原句較長(zhǎng)且復(fù)雜：邏輯關(guān)系助解題

當(dāng)句子簡(jiǎn)化題的原句較長(zhǎng)且復(fù)雜時(shí)，這類原句通常包含一個(gè)或幾個(gè)重要的邏輯關(guān)系（比如因果、并列、轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系等）。對(duì)于這類題目，考生應(yīng)首先確定原句中的主要邏輯關(guān)系；然后看選項(xiàng)，排除與原句邏輯關(guān)系不一致的選項(xiàng)；最后再看剩下的選項(xiàng)哪個(gè)與原句的主要信息相符，相符者即為正確答案。

下面我們來(lái)看具體的例題。

例2 原句：He refused to develop projection technology， reasoning that if he made and sold projectors， then exhibitors would purchase only one machine—a projector—from him instead of several. （《新托?？荚嚬俜街改稀稲eading Practice Set 3： Early Cinema）

A. Edison was more interested in developing a variety of machines than in developing a technology based on only one.

B. Edison refused to work on projection technology because he did not think exhibitors would replace their projectors with newer machines.

C. Edison did not want to develop projection technology because it limited the number of machines he could sell.

D. Edison would not develop projection technology unless exhibitors agreed to purchase more than one projector from him.

解析：該題的原句較長(zhǎng)且復(fù)雜，考生應(yīng)從原句的邏輯關(guān)系入手。由原句的reasoning that考生可知，原句的主要邏輯關(guān)系是因果關(guān)系。然后考生再看選項(xiàng)，只有選項(xiàng)B和C是因果關(guān)系，因此考生可以先排除選項(xiàng)A和D。接下來(lái)考生可以比較選項(xiàng)B、C的主句是否與原句意思相符。考生可以發(fā)現(xiàn)選項(xiàng)B的主句以及選項(xiàng)C的主句跟原句主句意思基本一致。此時(shí)考生只能再比較從句了。原句的從句意思是“要是他制作和銷售放映機(jī)的話，展映方將只會(huì)從他手里購(gòu)得一臺(tái)放映機(jī)而不是多臺(tái)機(jī)器”。換句話說(shuō)就是“發(fā)展放映技術(shù)會(huì)限制他的機(jī)器銷售量”，只有選項(xiàng)C的從句符合這個(gè)意思，所以正確答案是選項(xiàng)C。

例3 原句：The extreme seriousness of desertification results from the vast areas of land and the tremendous numbers of people affected， as well as from the great difficulty of reversing or even slowing the process. （《新托?？荚嚬俜街改稀稲eading Practice Set 2： Desert Formation）

A. Desertification is a significant problem because it is so hard to reverse and affects large areas of land and great numbers of people.

B. Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult because of population growth that has spread over large areas of land.

C. The spread of deserts is considered a very serious problem that can be solved only if large numbers of people in various countries are involved in the effort.

D. Desertification is extremely hard to reverse unless the population is reduced in the vast areas affected.

解析：該題的原句較長(zhǎng)，考生應(yīng)先從邏輯關(guān)系入手。句中的results from表明原句的主要邏輯關(guān)系為因果關(guān)系。接下來(lái)考生再看選項(xiàng)。選項(xiàng)C和D的邏輯關(guān)系詞分別為only if和unless，都屬于條件關(guān)系，因此這兩個(gè)選項(xiàng)可先排除。接著，考生再將選項(xiàng)A、B與原句對(duì)比。原句陳述的結(jié)果是“沙漠化極其嚴(yán)重”，而原因是“影響的區(qū)域與人口太大，以及逆轉(zhuǎn)或放慢沙漠化的速度難度巨大”，而選項(xiàng)B的主句“Slowing down the process of desertification is difficult”代表的是結(jié)果，與原句表示結(jié)果的句子意思不相同，故選項(xiàng)B是錯(cuò)誤的。由此考生可以選出正確答案就是選項(xiàng)A。

例4 原句：Apprentices were considered part of the family， and masters were responsible not only for teaching their apprentices a trade but also for providing them some education and for supervising their moral behavior. （《新托?？荚嚬俜街改稀稲eading Practice Set 5： Artisans and Industrialization）

A. Masters demanded moral behavior from apprentices but often treated them irresponsibly.

B. The responsibilities of the master to the apprentice went beyond the teaching of a trade.

C. Masters preferred to maintain the trade within the family by supervising and educating the younger family members.

D. Masters who trained members of their own family as apprentices demanded excellence from them.

解析：原句的主要邏輯關(guān)系是并列關(guān)系，而選項(xiàng)A中的but是轉(zhuǎn)折關(guān)系，所以考生可以先排除選項(xiàng)A。由于選項(xiàng)B、C和D是簡(jiǎn)單句，并沒有邏輯關(guān)系詞，因此考生只能對(duì)比原句與選項(xiàng)的主要信息了。原句的主要信息有兩點(diǎn)：一是“（學(xué)徒）被看成是家庭成員的一部分”（were considered part of the family）；二是“師傅有責(zé)任……”（masters were responsible not only for … but also for … and for …），即教學(xué)徒手藝以及教育他們。再對(duì)照選項(xiàng)來(lái)看，選項(xiàng)B陳述的是師傅的責(zé)任，意思是“師傅對(duì)學(xué)徒的責(zé)任要超出教手藝的范圍”，與原句的意思相符。而選項(xiàng)C和D都是說(shuō)“師傅將家庭成員當(dāng)成學(xué)徒”，與原文意思有很大出入。所以本題正確答案為選項(xiàng)B。