書面表達旨在考查學(xué)生的英語表達能力,即運用學(xué)過的英語知識和掌握的技能進行思想交流的能力?,F(xiàn)在的書面表達,實質(zhì)上是一種控制性(controlled writing)或指導(dǎo)性寫作(guided writing),它不得離開要求去自行立意、隨意發(fā)揮;它類似于“翻譯”,又比 “翻譯”有較大的靈活性。它只是在指定范圍內(nèi)比較靈活的寫作。它要求學(xué)生根據(jù)所給的情景和要求寫出一篇文理通順、語言準(zhǔn)確、連貫流暢、地道得體的短文。所以學(xué)生只有掌握住一定的寫作技巧,才能使寫出的作文內(nèi)容完整,語言準(zhǔn)確、生動而富有變化,行文流暢,才能獲取高分。那么如何才能寫出一篇優(yōu)秀的書面表達呢?
一、短話長說
近幾年全國高考的書面表達所提供的信息越來越簡單,呈現(xiàn)半開放的命題方式,這既是對新課程理念的響應(yīng),也是30多年探索的必然選擇,這樣給同學(xué)們提供了更大的發(fā)揮空間,但也提出了更高的要求。如果僅僅簡單地翻譯提綱所給信息,文章就顯得單調(diào)無味,連字?jǐn)?shù)都達不到要求,當(dāng)然拿不到高分。這時我們就可以采用“長話短說”的方法。所謂 “短話長說”,就是要對所給信息進行合理,有效地補述和追述,通過適當(dāng)添加成分,使你的書面表達更加連貫,飽滿。
1.添加與所給信息有關(guān)的前因后果及條件、目的、時間、地點等內(nèi)容。
例如:1)咖啡屋(Bolton Coffee)見面取消。
拓展:因為我有一個重要活動要參加。 (原因狀語)
Tracy called,saying that she couldn''''t meet you at Bolton Coffee tomorrow morning. as she would have something important to attend.
2)我們希望你能接受我們的邀請。
拓展:如果你方便的話。(條件狀語)
We hope that you will accept our invitation if it is convenient for you.
3)我想找一位英國筆友。
拓展:以便提高我的英語水平。(目的狀語)
I want to have an English pen friend in order to improve my English.
2. 舉例說明或適當(dāng)添加細(xì)節(jié)。
例如:1)我們有許多共同愛好。
We have a lot of common interests,such as travelling,swimming,fishing.
2)我家住房寬敞。
拓展:位于市中心/位于一個漂亮的小區(qū)。
We have a large and clean house,which lies in the centre of the city/a beautiful area of the city.
3.加諺語(Proverb) 添加的諺語要與所給信息有關(guān)。
We should focus our mind on our studies. As the saying goes,“No pains,no gains.”
4.為了突現(xiàn)文章的真實交際功能,適當(dāng)表達自己真實情感。
如開頭用:I’m glad/sorry to say…
結(jié)尾用:
I would greatly appreciate it if…
I’m sure you will…
It was quite an experience for us both,which I''''ll never forget for the rest of my life. … etc.
二、錘煉句子
在書面表達中,能正確使用復(fù)雜句式,如定語從句、名詞性從句、狀語從句、強調(diào)和倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)等,是語言駕馭能力的很好的體現(xiàn),也是評卷老師判定高考英語書面表達檔次的重要依據(jù)。因此,力求句子長短交錯,合理穿插,結(jié)構(gòu)多變,可以使句子更加漂亮,以增加文章的亮度。
1. 改變句子的開頭方式
句子不要一味都用主語開頭,接著是謂語、賓語,最后再加一個狀語??梢园褷钫Z置于句首,或用分詞作狀語等。
試比較:
The young man couldn’t help crying when he heard the bad news.
→Hearing the bad news,the young man couldn’t help crying.
2. 在整篇文章中,避免只使用一兩個句式。在一篇文章中,要靈活運用諸如強調(diào)句、主從復(fù)合句、分詞短語、倒裝句、省略句等。
The dog has saved my little sister bravely.
→It is the dog that has saved my little sister bravely. (強調(diào)句)
We had to stand there to catch the offender.
→What we had to do was to stand there,trying to catch the offender. (主語從句、分詞結(jié)構(gòu))
The driver escaped and didn’t stop,he left the old man lying on the road.
→The driver escaped without stopping,leaving the old man lying on the road. (介詞短語、分詞結(jié)構(gòu))
I went to bed at 11:30.
→Not until 11:30 did I go to bed . (倒裝句)
We had a short rest. Then we began to play happily. We sang and danced.
→After a short rest,we had great fun singing and dancing. (介詞短語、分詞結(jié)構(gòu))
三、巧用連詞
一篇好的書面表達,還應(yīng)該行文連貫流暢,具有“邏輯美”。使用恰當(dāng)連接詞,能使文章上下銜接自然、緊湊,使文章更為地道,更具“英語味”。 有了這些詞的連接,文章就會變得語句通順,層次分明,有聲有色,而不再是支離破碎的一個一個的單句。常用連接詞如下:
1.表示并列或遞進:and,as well,as well as,both…and,not only…but also,neither…nor;
2.表示選擇:or,either…or;
3.表示轉(zhuǎn)折:but,however,nevertheless,although,though,or else,otherwise,after all,by the way,incidentally;
4.表示因果:because,as,since,for,for this reason,so,as a result,thus,hence,therefore,accordingly;
5.表示條件:if so,unless,provided that,on condition that;
6.表示對比:while,whereas,instead,not…but,on the contrary,on the one hand…on the other hand;
7.表示解釋:for example,for instance,such as,e.g.,that is,that is to say,namely,viz,ie,in other words;
8.表示順序:to begin with,for one thing,firstly,first (of all),second(ly),next,later,soon afterwards,since then,from then on,lastly,finally,in the end;
9.表示強調(diào):also,besides,furthermore,moreover,what’ s more,certainly,actually,in fact,as a matter of fact;
10.表示結(jié)論:to sum up,in all,altogether,in a word,in short,generally speaking,as is known to all.
有了好的方法,再加上教師的耐心輔導(dǎo),學(xué)生必然能打下扎實的英語基礎(chǔ)。全面提高書面表達的水平,離不開平時的點滴積累和不斷磨練,這樣才能達到理想的效果。