陳玉娟

在英語中,主語和謂語的語序通常是主語在前,謂語在后。但有時謂語的全部或部分卻提到主語的前面,這種語序叫做“倒裝”。就其形式來說,分為兩種:一種是整個謂語放在主語之前,稱為完全倒裝;另一種是謂語的一部分,即助動詞、系動詞或情態(tài)動詞放在主語之前,稱為部分倒裝。倒裝的原因,一是語法結(jié)構(gòu)的需要,二是為了強(qiáng)調(diào)。

英語中常見的倒裝句有下列一些情況:

1.在疑問句中:

(1)Are you a student?

(2)How can we grow rice in areas where there islittle water?

2.在there be結(jié)構(gòu)中:

(1)There is a table and two chairs in the room.(There are two chairs and a table in the room.)

(2)There will be a basketball match this afternoon.

3.在以here,there或out,in,up,down,away等副詞開頭的句子里,以示強(qiáng)調(diào)。

(1)Here comes the bus.

(2)In came the teacher.

(3)Out rushed the children.

(4)There goes the bell.

(5)Away went the boy.

但主語是人稱代詞時,主語和謂語的語序不變。

(1)Here it is.

(2)Here you are.

(3)Away he went.

4.Only所修飾的副詞、介詞短語或狀語從句放在句首時:

(1)Only then did I realize that I was wrong.

(2)Only in this way can you learn your lessons well.

(3)Only when the war was over did he know his son had given his life to the country.

注意:only修飾主語時不倒裝。

Only he knows the fact.

5.含有否定意義的副詞或連詞,如hardly,never,not,not only,little,seldom,at no time等放在句首時:

(1)Never shall I forget what you have done for me.

(2)Hardly had he got on the train when it began to move.

(3)Not only does she sing well, but also she dances well.

(4)Seldom did he go out.

(5)Not until we know more will we be able to improve the situation.

6.把副詞so放在句首,表示前面所說的肯定的情況也適用于另一個人(或物)。其句型是so+be(have,助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)+主語。

(1)She is busy doing her homework. So is her brother.

(2)You have passed the exam. So have I.

(3)He can speak Russian very well. So can I.

(4)He likes volleyball very much. So do I.

(5)We went to see the film last Sunday. So did they.

(6)If you go there tomorrow, so will I.

7.把neither,nor放在句首,表示前面否定的內(nèi)容也適用于另一個人(或物)時,要倒裝。其句型是neither(nor)+be(have,助動詞或情態(tài)動詞)+主語。

(1)He doesnt like shopping. Neither do I.

(2)He cant speak any foreign language. Nor can his father.

(3)Im not a teacher. Neither(nor)is he.

(4)I have never been abroad. Neither (nor) has he.

8.為了保持句子平衡,或為了強(qiáng)調(diào)表語或狀語,或使上下文緊密銜接時:

(1)They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.

(2)East of the town lies a beautiful lake.

(3)Under the tree sits a boy.

9.在so...that結(jié)構(gòu)中,so置于句首時,要用倒裝結(jié)構(gòu)。

(1)So long are his arms that he can reach the ceiling.

(2)So moved was he that he couldn't say a word.

(3)So loudly did he speak that even the people in the next room could hear him.

作者單位:河北正定三中