中圖分類號:S662.1 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號:1009-9980(2025)06-1356-0
Abstract: The cultivation area and total production of peach (Prunus persica L.) in China ranked the first in the world in the past year. Shufeng was a mid-late ripening white peach cultivar derived from the cross between Jinxiu (Baihua .× Yunshu No.1) as the female and Hujingmilu as the male in 2000. These sedlings were planted at the Fruit Experimental Field of Shanghai Academy of Agricultural Sciences in March of 2Oo2,and a seedling numbered Hutao 333 was initially chosen as an excellent individual tree in 2007 based on evaluation of fruit quality and yield from 2004 to 2007.Hutao333 was tested at Zhuanghang of Fengxian and Huinan of Pudong in 2017,and at Lihua of Chongming in 2018 for regional adaptability. It was finally named as Shufeng and granted the new variety certification by Shanghai forest variety validation in 2023.The tre is moderately vigorous with high budbreak rate and branching ability,and the color ofnew branches varies from green to dark-red depending on age and position.Floral bud is well formed,and at an average number density of 56.08 per meter ona flower branch,which isaverage 2.69cm in internode length and 4.94mm in diameter during dormancy period. The green leaves are long elliptic-lanceolate with average 16.92cm in length and 3.93cm in width, and the petiole length is 1.01cm .The flowers are rose-shaped with five sepals and petals. The pollen is fertile with high self-polination.The fruit is about round in shape with two symmetrical halves,and has round flat to slight concave top with obvious suture line.Peel has white background covered about 25% (20 red blush on the surface,and the density of hairs is medium. The average fruit weighed 207.76g at three sites from 2019 to 2024,and the largest fruit reached to 428g :The flesh is white with compact texture and medium to high juice,and covered with moderate red anthocyanin around the clingstone.
The eating quality is excellent, and average soluble solids content and flesh firmness are 13.7% and 11.35kg?cm-2 ,respectively. In Shanghai area, the blooming date ranged from Mar. 21 to Mar.29 and the fruit ripened from July 26 to August 3,which was 14-15d later than Hujingmilu during 2019— 2024.Storage capacity of the fruit is moderate with approximate storage period of 7 days at room temperature or 20 days at 0°C . Open system with three scaffold limbs or Y shape could be adopted, and once winter pruning and twice summer pruning are recommended to balance the tree vigor. The pollination trees are not necessary,and the fruit setting rate by self-pollination is moderate. In production, fruit thinning is necessary to maintaincommercial quality,and itis suitable to maintain the yieldatthe level of 1200-1500kg per 666.7m-2 .Resistance to pests and diseases is generally moderate,and fruit bagging is recommended after thinning to protect unripe fruit from pests and diseases. Fertilizer, water and agricultural chemical should be applied according to requirements for tree growth and fruit development. Shufeng could be planted in suburban districts of Shanghai and similar climate areas.
Key words: Peach; New cultivar; Shufeng; White flesh; Mid-late ripening
桃是中國第三大落葉果樹,果實不耐貯藏、貨架期短,主要依靠熟期差異來調(diào)節(jié)市場供應(yīng)[1-2]。我國桃面積和產(chǎn)量均位居世界第一位[2,培育不同成熟期的系列品種是應(yīng)對市場需求的重要手段和重要目標(biāo)3。按成熟期合理搭配品種,可延長鮮桃的供應(yīng)期和增加種植戶的收入4。桃同一品種在不同地區(qū)的表現(xiàn)和果實品質(zhì)有一定差異,具有較強(qiáng)的地域性,目前上海等南方地區(qū)生產(chǎn)上仍缺乏適宜本地區(qū)栽培的優(yōu)質(zhì)水蜜桃品種[5]。
上海地區(qū)白肉水蜜桃的主栽品種為湖景蜜露、新鳳蜜露和大團(tuán)蜜露,湖景蜜露和新鳳蜜露成熟期為7月中旬,大團(tuán)蜜露成熟期為7月中下旬,但沒有花粉。經(jīng)過多年的選育,上海市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)院桃樹組育成了成熟期較湖景蜜露晚熟15d左右,產(chǎn)量、外觀、鮮食品質(zhì)等綜合性狀優(yōu)良的中晚熟水蜜桃新品種暑鳳。
1選育過程
2000年春,配置了以錦繡為母本、湖景蜜露為父本的雜交組合(圖1),8月中旬收獲了一批該組合的雜交種子。2000年冬季至2001年春季將雜交種子放置在 2~5°C 的冰箱中進(jìn)行低溫層積處理,至2001年3月下旬大部分種子開裂萌發(fā),將萌發(fā)種子播種于雜交苗圃中。2001年3月下旬至12月上旬雜交種子在雜交苗圃中從幼苗長成健壯的植株,2002年3月將健壯的雜交苗定植于雜交選種圃。經(jīng)過2004—2007年連續(xù)4a(年)的果實考種鑒定,從中篩選出一個綜合性狀優(yōu)異的中晚熟白肉桃單株,編號為滬桃333。2017年在奉賢區(qū)莊行鎮(zhèn)和浦東新區(qū)惠南鎮(zhèn)、2018年在崇明區(qū)綠華鎮(zhèn)分別建立了滬桃
333的示范基地。近年來,滬桃333在上海郊區(qū)中試基地表現(xiàn)為穩(wěn)產(chǎn)、品質(zhì)優(yōu)、果實商品率高,受到了郊區(qū)試種戶的歡迎。2022年將滬桃333定名為暑鳳(圖2),2023年通過上海市林木新品種認(rèn)定委員會認(rèn)定,編號為滬R-SV-PP-001-2022。
白花Baihua×云暑1號YunshuNo.1√錦繡Jinxiu×湖景蜜露Hujingmilu√暑鳳Shufeng
2主要特性
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
暑鳳樹體生長勢中等,萌芽率較高,成枝力較高。花芽形成良好,復(fù)花芽較多,平均花枝粗度4.94mm ,花芽密度56.08個 m-1 ,花枝節(jié)間長度2.69cm 。葉片呈長橢圓披針形,平均長 16.92cm ,寬 3.93cm ,葉柄長 1.01cm 。1年生枝的顏色與枝齡和位置有關(guān),呈綠色至暗紅色?;樗N薇型,具有5枚萼片和花瓣,有花粉,自花結(jié)實率較高。
2.2 果實特性
暑鳳果實近圓形,果頂圓平至微凹,果實縫合線明顯,兩半部較對稱。果皮的茸毛中等,底色白色,陽面約 25% 覆蓋紫紅色斑點和條紋。果肉白色,肉質(zhì)致密,汁液中至較多,近核處紅色素中等,黏核,鮮食品質(zhì)上。為提高果實大小的合格度和商品率,生產(chǎn)上需疏果和套袋。
2.3 物候期
近年來,暑鳳在上海地區(qū)3月下旬進(jìn)入盛花期,花期持續(xù)8\~10d。暑鳳在上海地區(qū)7月下旬至8月上旬成熟,近6a的果實成熟期為7月26日至8月3日,果實生育期為126\~130d,較湖景蜜露晚熟 14~ 15d. 。不同年份的物候期有所不同(表1)。
2.4產(chǎn)量性狀
對奉賢區(qū)莊行鎮(zhèn)、浦東新區(qū)惠南鎮(zhèn)和崇明區(qū)綠華鎮(zhèn)暑鳳新品種示范基地的產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)進(jìn)行了調(diào)查。莊行鎮(zhèn)Y形樹體第3年、4年、5年、6年、7年和8年每 666.7m2 產(chǎn)量分別為1108、1355、1436、1438、1398和 1325kg ?;菽湘?zhèn)開心形樹體第3年、4年、5年、6年、7年和8年每 666.7m2 產(chǎn)量分別為188、1066、1357、1375、1405和 1371kg 。綠華鎮(zhèn)Y形樹體第3年、4年、5年、6年和7年每 666.7m2 產(chǎn)量分別為977、1263、1368、1382和 1389kg 。中試基地暑鳳平均單果質(zhì)量為 205~212g ,可溶性固形物含量為13.0%~14.4% ,不同年份有所不同(表2)。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點
3.1 建園定植
暑鳳有花粉,自花結(jié)實率較高,不需配置授粉樹。宜選擇土層深厚、排水良好的地塊種植,地下水位達(dá)到 1m 以下為優(yōu)。
3.2 整形修剪
在上海地區(qū),一般每年休眠季需進(jìn)行1次冬季修剪,5月至7月中旬適時進(jìn)行2次疏枝、摘心、扭梢和拉枝等夏季修剪,形成合理的冠層結(jié)構(gòu)和維持良好的樹勢。暑鳳選用三主枝開心形和兩主枝Y形均可達(dá)到豐產(chǎn)效果。注意結(jié)果期樹體的更新修剪,同時保持樹冠的通風(fēng)透光,有利于穩(wěn)定果實品質(zhì)。
3.3 果實管理
暑鳳坐果率較高,生產(chǎn)中需及時疏果以控制產(chǎn)量和果實品質(zhì)。上海地區(qū)疏果定產(chǎn)時間宜在5月中下旬,一般長果枝留果3個、中果枝留果2個、短果枝留果1個,花束狀果枝可不留果或留果1個。盛果期樹每 666.7m2 產(chǎn)量以 1200~1500kg 為宜。暑鳳疏果定產(chǎn)后全面噴灑1次殺菌殺蟲劑,套袋可以減輕果實的病蟲危害,增加商品果率。上海地區(qū)暑鳳的套袋時期一般以5月下旬為宜。
3.4 肥水管理
秋季每 666.7m2 施 1000~2000kg 腐熟有機(jī)肥為宜。生長期根據(jù)樹勢適當(dāng)追施2次果實膨大肥,第1次宜在5月中下旬施入,第2次宜在6月中下旬施入。降水量大的地區(qū)需注意加強(qiáng)排水以防澇害,旱季需及時灌水以促進(jìn)植株生長和果實發(fā)育。
3.5 病蟲害防治
暑鳳無特殊病蟲害。根據(jù)病蟲害發(fā)生規(guī)律,適時噴藥防治。萌芽期噴石硫合劑有利于減少越冬蟲口、病原菌的數(shù)量,生長期注意防治好穿孔病、天牛、蚜蟲、螨類、潛葉蛾等枝葉病蟲害和梨小食心蟲、桃小食心蟲、桃蛀螟、褐腐病、炭疽病等果實病蟲害。
4應(yīng)用前景
暑鳳在上海地區(qū)成熟期為7月下旬至8月上旬,目前生產(chǎn)上缺乏同期成熟的有花粉水蜜桃品種。暑鳳果實口感優(yōu)良,豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性好,是一個具有前景的中晚熟水蜜桃新品種,適宜在上海市郊區(qū)及相似氣候地區(qū)栽培。
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