中圖分類號(hào):S667.3 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A 文章編號(hào):1009-9980(2025)06-1368-05
Abstract: Puhuabai is a new mid-to-late season and white-fleshed loquat cultivar developed from the seedling populations at Jiuhua Farm in Putian City,F(xiàn)ujian Province.Its genetic lineage was verified through molecular marker analysis.An exceptional loquat seedling tree was discovered in the 1980s near the catle pen at Yanghu Headquarters of Jiuhua Farm (a state-owned farm established in 1955). This tree exhibited stable fruiting performance,yellowish-white flesh,and superior quality.From 1984 to 1996, graft propagation trials in multiple locations (e.g.,Xiazheng,Longqiao Yangxi, Xiuyu District, Dayang Keshan,and Yuanpu) revealed its stable traits,including large fruit size,excellent flavor,high yield,and good disease resistance,leading to its preliminary selection as an elite line.In 2O2o,Putian University initiated systematic breeding and temporarily named it Puhuabai. In June 2O21, It was confirmed that this cultivar originated from the natural seedling populations of loquat at Jiuhua Farm. SSR molecular marker analysis of 50 loquat germplasms demonstrated its closest genetic relationship to Jiefangzhong.Multi-regional and production trials from 2021 to 2023culminated in its official certification by the Fujian Provincial Commitee for Non-Staple Crop Variety Certification in December 2024. The trees have semi-spreading canopy with vigorous growth,robust branches and sparse lenticels. The leaves are broad-elliptic( 30.26cm×9.79cm ), tomentose,and dark green,with wedge-shaped base, rounded serrations,prominent venation and persistent stipules.The flowers are bisexual, with white petals,5 styles,30 stamens, 2.13cm in diameter, 13.95cm in inflorescence and cold tolerance (normal flowering/fruiting at 4°C ).The nearly round fruits exhibit yellowish-white peel and flesh with easy peelling feature.Key characteristics include an average fruitweight of 58.75g ,edible portion rate of 70.98% ,and 4-5 seeds per fruit. The soluble solids content is 12.87% , total soluble sugars (glucose equivalent) content is 9.54% ,and titratable acidity (citric acid equivalent) is 0.36% ,contributing to its fine-textured flesh and well-balanced sweet-sour flavor.The fruits develop for about 140 days and mature from mid-late April to early May in Dayang Township,Hanjiang District,Putian City,F(xiàn)ujian Province.The trees demonstrate vigorous growth,strong resistance to leaf spot disease,and excellent productivity with stable yields.This cultivaris recommended for cultivation in Putian,F(xiàn)ujian Province,and climatically similar regions at low-to-medium elevations.Cultivation site selection includes wel-drained and acidic soil( )with deep loamy layers,rich organic matters and gentle slopes( (lt;20° ) Planting density is 40-42 plants 666.7m-2 ( 4.0m×4.0m spacing).Dig planting holes 0.8mdeep×1.0m diameter),layer with bean stalks/weeds (2/3 depth),add decomposed manure,and backfill the holes. Optimal planting periods are mid-October (autumn) or February to March (spring). Rootstock can choose Jiefangzhong seedlings with robust root systems.Fertilization can be recommended as follows: Young trees: N-focused (N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.5:0.6 )
applications/year; Bearing trees: to control nitrogen and increase potassium N:P2O5:K2O=1:0.5:1 ,with2-3applications/year.Spring(fruit enlargement):Fast-acting fertilizer
) 25%-30% annual dose. Summer (post-harvest): Fast-acting fertilize 45%-50% annual dose. Autumn (optional):Fast-acting fertilizer
+ organic manure, 25%-30% annual dose. Pruningincludesto cutback thewhip seedlingbelow 0.7m to promote lowbranching,and maintain 0.5m interlayer spacing,with 3-4 primary branches per layer,and 2-3 secondary branches per primary branch.Post-harvest pruning focuses on removing weak/pest-damaged branches and cutting back leafless shoots. Fruit management include to thin fruits to
per cluster,and bag fruits with dual-layer \"paper bag + foam net” to improve fruit appearance. Harvest should be done at 90% maturity.
Keywords:Loquat;Newcultivar;Puhuabai;White-flesh
枇杷是原產(chǎn)我國(guó)的常綠果樹之一,栽培歷史悠久[。白肉枇杷具有肉質(zhì)細(xì)嫩、風(fēng)味佳等優(yōu)點(diǎn),其鮮食品質(zhì)顯著優(yōu)于黃肉枇杷,深受消費(fèi)者喜愛。當(dāng)前,枇杷產(chǎn)業(yè)正面臨著品種結(jié)構(gòu)調(diào)整的重要關(guān)口,白肉枇杷的市場(chǎng)需求持續(xù)增長(zhǎng),種植面積逐年擴(kuò)大,而黃肉枇杷的推廣比例呈下降趨勢(shì)。近年來,國(guó)內(nèi)高校、科研機(jī)構(gòu)相繼選育出三月白、早佳8號(hào)、粵暉[]、迎雪、華白2號(hào)、中白等優(yōu)質(zhì)白肉枇杷新品種,有效推動(dòng)了產(chǎn)業(yè)升級(jí)。莆田學(xué)院從莆田市九華農(nóng)場(chǎng)枇杷實(shí)生群體中成功選育出綜合性狀優(yōu)良的中晚熟白肉枇杷新品種莆華白(圖1),為品種結(jié)構(gòu)優(yōu)化提供了新選擇。
1選育經(jīng)過
在九華農(nóng)場(chǎng)(1955年創(chuàng)辦的國(guó)營(yíng)農(nóng)場(chǎng))洋湖舊場(chǎng)部牛欄旁,發(fā)現(xiàn)1株表現(xiàn)優(yōu)異的枇杷實(shí)生樹,該樹自1980年初開始結(jié)果,具結(jié)果性能穩(wěn)定、果肉黃白色、品質(zhì)較優(yōu)等特性。從1984年到1996年間,通過在莆田城郊下鄭和龍橋洋西、秀嶼區(qū)笏石、大洋柯山和院埔等地進(jìn)行嫁接擴(kuò)繁,觀察植物學(xué)特征、果實(shí)品質(zhì)和抗性等綜合性狀,發(fā)現(xiàn)其具有果型大、風(fēng)味佳、豐產(chǎn)性好、抗性強(qiáng)等優(yōu)點(diǎn),且性狀表現(xiàn)穩(wěn)定,遂初選為優(yōu)株。
2020年,莆田學(xué)院正式啟動(dòng)系統(tǒng)選育工作,暫定名莆華白。2021年6月經(jīng)溯源確認(rèn),該品種源于九華農(nóng)場(chǎng)枇杷自然實(shí)生群體?;?0份枇杷種質(zhì)資源的SSR分子標(biāo)記親緣關(guān)系分析證實(shí)其與解放鐘親緣關(guān)系最近(圖2)。2021—2023年開展多生態(tài)區(qū)域試驗(yàn)與生產(chǎn)性試驗(yàn),最終于2024年12月通過福建省非主要農(nóng)作物品種認(rèn)定委員會(huì)認(rèn)定(認(rèn)定編號(hào):閩認(rèn)果2024001),定名為莆華白。
2主要性狀
2.1 植物學(xué)特征
莆華白樹姿半開張,樹勢(shì)強(qiáng),枝干粗壯,皮孔稀疏;葉片橢圓形,被茸毛,葉基楔形,葉緣鋸齒圓鈍,葉脈明顯,葉片長(zhǎng) 30.26cm ,寬 9.79cm ,深綠色,抗病性強(qiáng);具托葉宿存,托葉長(zhǎng) 0.68cm ,葉柄長(zhǎng) 1.24cm 。果實(shí)近圓形,果皮具點(diǎn)狀果斑,成熟時(shí)果皮及果肉均呈黃白色,風(fēng)味酸甜。花序長(zhǎng) 13.95cm ,兩性花,花瓣白色,花柱5枚,雄蕊30枚,花徑 2.13cm ,花梗長(zhǎng)1.0cm ,耐寒性良好 4°C 左右能正常開花掛果)。
2.2 果實(shí)主要性狀
果實(shí)近圓形,成熟后果皮、果肉黃白色,易剝皮;平均單果質(zhì)量 58.75g ,平均可食率 70.98% ,種子為4~5粒,三角形;平均可溶性固形物含量 12.87% ,可溶性總糖含量(以葡萄糖計(jì)) 9.54% ,可滴定酸含量(以檸檬酸計(jì)) 0.36% ,果肉細(xì)膩,酸甜適口,品質(zhì)較優(yōu)(表1)。相較于福建省主栽黃肉枇杷解放鐘,莆華白兼具白肉枇杷的優(yōu)質(zhì)特性與黃肉枇杷的更高產(chǎn)量,高接換種后第6年每 666.7m2 產(chǎn)量達(dá) 1031.61kg 產(chǎn)量略高于解放鐘,豐產(chǎn)穩(wěn)產(chǎn)性好,適宜規(guī)?;N植。
2.3 物候期
在莆田市涵江區(qū)大洋鄉(xiāng),其物候期為春梢1月初萌動(dòng),2月初抽生,3月中下旬春梢葉轉(zhuǎn)深綠;夏梢5月初萌發(fā),6月初老熟;秋稍8月底萌動(dòng);花序9月中下旬出現(xiàn)。初花期10月中旬(早花占比約 10% ),晚花期持續(xù)到11月下旬至12月上旬。果實(shí)4月中旬始熟,一般持續(xù)到4月下旬末至5月初,果實(shí)發(fā)育期約 140d 9
2.4 抗逆性與適應(yīng)性
莆華白適應(yīng)性強(qiáng),果皮厚韌,抗日灼和裂果能力強(qiáng)。田間調(diào)查顯示,在大洋鄉(xiāng)瑞云村莆華白和解放鐘的葉斑病病情指數(shù)分別為1.50和4.26(表1),莆華白抗葉斑病能力強(qiáng),葉斑病病情指數(shù)顯著低于解放鐘;對(duì)其他病蟲害抗性與解放鐘相當(dāng)。
3 栽培技術(shù)要點(diǎn)
3.1 建園定植
宜選擇在交通便利、土壤肥沃、酸堿度適中的(pH值 5.5~6.5) 土壤建園,在土層深厚、排水良好、土質(zhì)疏松、含有機(jī)質(zhì)多的紅壤與黃壤土、坡度 lt;20° 的緩坡地上種植生長(zhǎng)結(jié)果更佳;適宜在年平均氣溫大于 18°C 、極端最低氣溫大于 0°C 、年降水量1200mm 以上的地區(qū)種植。每 666.7m2 種植40~42株,株行距以 4.0m×4.0m 為宜,挖深 0.8m 直徑1.0m 左右定植穴,鋪?zhàn)愣苟?、雜草約2/3深度,再施加腐熟土雜肥或廐肥后填土。每 666.7m2 施雞、鴨糞等有機(jī)肥 1000~2000kg 。10月中旬秋定植或翌年2-3月春定植。定植時(shí)保證種植質(zhì)量,踏實(shí)、澆水,樹盤覆蓋,縛竹防風(fēng)吹倒等。砧木以樹勢(shì)強(qiáng)且根系較發(fā)達(dá)的解放鐘實(shí)生苗為佳。
3.2 肥水管理
以有機(jī)-無機(jī)肥配施為原則。幼年樹施肥,以氮為主,磷、鉀施肥量為氮的 50%~60% ,以 N,P2O5 、K2O 質(zhì)量比 1:0.5:0.6 為宜,年施肥4~6次。結(jié)果樹施肥,莆華白樹勢(shì)強(qiáng)健,偏施氮肥將導(dǎo)致結(jié)果母枝抽穗率不高,注意控氮增鉀,在果實(shí)采后至花芽生理分化前,適當(dāng)控制氮肥的施用量利于花芽分化,以N、P2O5,K2O 質(zhì)量比1:0.5:1為宜,年施肥2~3次。其中春肥(壯果肥):在疏果后和幼果迅速膨大期,施入N,P2O5,K2O 質(zhì)量比3:2:2.5速效肥,占全年施肥量25%~30% ,促果實(shí)膨大和成熟以及春梢和根系的生長(zhǎng)。施肥深度宜淺,以免傷根。夏肥:果實(shí)采后1周至花芽生理分化前,施入 N,P2O5,K2O 質(zhì)量比3:2:3.5的速效肥和優(yōu)質(zhì)有機(jī)肥,宜早不宜遲,占全年施肥量 45%~50% ,以利采后樹勢(shì)恢復(fù)及促發(fā)健壯夏梢和花芽分化。秋肥:根據(jù)樹勢(shì)強(qiáng)弱來定施秋肥或不施,通常在開始抽生花穗時(shí),施入 N,P2O5,K2O 質(zhì)量比5:2.5:5的速效肥和有機(jī)肥,施肥量占全年施肥量的 25%~30% 。
3.3 整形修剪
莆華白樹勢(shì)較強(qiáng),一般在 0.7m 處定干,促進(jìn)低位分枝,層間距 0.5m ,各層選留3~4個(gè)主枝且層間互不重疊,每主枝選留2~3個(gè)副主枝并結(jié)合拉枝、適當(dāng)回縮等手段,培育成開心、矮冠樹形,便于果園管理和采收,可減少勞動(dòng)、生產(chǎn)成本,提高枇杷種植效益。采果后需進(jìn)行一次重要的修剪,主要疏除衰弱枝、病蟲枯枝、交叉重疊枝,短截?zé)o葉枝條,回縮果痕枝、下垂枝等,11月上旬結(jié)合疏花也可進(jìn)行一次修剪。
3.4花果管理
適度疏花與疏果。莆華白坐果率較高,若不疏果,果實(shí)大小不一。每穗根據(jù)樹勢(shì)強(qiáng)弱,可留果實(shí)3~8個(gè)。宜采用“外紙袋 + 內(nèi)泡沫網(wǎng)\"雙層套袋,未套袋果實(shí)外觀品質(zhì)下降。果實(shí)宜九成熟時(shí)采收。
致謝:莆田市農(nóng)業(yè)科學(xué)研究所劉國(guó)強(qiáng)、莆田市涵江區(qū)閩中銀杏開發(fā)示范場(chǎng)沈志國(guó)、莆田市城廂區(qū)龍橋街道洋西村枇杷園林國(guó)棟參加了該新品種的選育工作,特此感謝!
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