【摘要】 目的 分析肺炎支原體肺炎 (MPP) 進展為塑型性支氣管炎 (PB) 患兒的臨床特點,并探討其危險因素。方法 選取387例行支氣管鏡檢查的MPP患兒,按照鏡下是否有塑型性支氣管管型形成分為MPP進展PB組和MPP組,比較2組的特征差異,分析患兒進展為PB的危險因素。結(jié)果 MPP進展PB組影像學(xué)改變(表現(xiàn)為肺不張、肺壞死、大量胸腔積液、支氣管狹窄或閉塞)的比例、混合感染率、中性粒細(xì)胞百分比、淋巴細(xì)胞百分比、中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比率 (NLR)、降鈣素原、C-反應(yīng)蛋白、乳酸脫氫酶(LDH)水平均高于MPP組(均P lt; 0.05)。多因素Logistic回歸分析顯示,NLRgt;3.15 ng/L [OR(95%CI)=2.084(1.155,3.759)]、LDHgt;408.5 U/L [OR(95%CI)= 3.469(1.797,6.696)]、影像學(xué)改變[OR(95%CI)=2.707(1.241,5.907)]及混合感染[OR(95%CI)=4.517(2.201,9.271)]是MPP進展為PB的獨立危險因素。結(jié)論 特征性影像學(xué)改變、混合感染、較高的LDH和NLR是MPP進展為PB的危險因素,臨床醫(yī)師早期識別這些因素有助于盡早進行干預(yù)。
【關(guān)鍵詞】 肺炎支原體肺炎;塑型性支氣管炎;炎癥指標(biāo);乳酸脫氫酶;中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比率
Risk factors of the progression of Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia into plastic bronchitis in children
LI Li, KONG Chengxiang, YAN Rui, XU Jinji
(Department of Pediatrics, Shenzhen Baoan Women’ s and Children’ s Hospital, Shenzhen 518102, China)
Corresponding author: XU Jinji, E-mail: xvjj0101@163.com
【Abstract】 Objective To analyze the clinical characteristics of children with Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MPP) who progress into plastic bronchitis (PB) and identify the associated risk factors. Methods A total of 387 children diagnosed with MPP who underwent bronchoscopy were included in the study. They were divided into the MPP progressing into PB group and the MPP group based on the presence of plastic bronchial casts observed under microscopy. Clinical characteristics between two groups were compared, and the risk factors of the progression into PB were analyzed. Results The imaging findings, particularly from chest CT scans, revealed a higher incidence of atelectasis, lung necrosis, massive pleural effusion, bronchial stenosis or bronchial occlusion in the MPP progressing to PB group. Similarly, the occurrence of mixed infections, the levels of neutrophil percentage, lymphocyte percentage, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), procalcitonin, C-reactive protein and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) in the MPP progressing into PB group were significantly higher than those in the MPP group (all P lt; 0.05). Multivariate logistic regression analysis demonstrated that NLR gt;3.15 ng/L [OR (95% CI) =2.084 (1.155, 3.759)], LDH levels gt;408.5 U/L [OR (95% CI) =3.469 (1.797, 6.696)], imaging changes [OR (95% CI) =2.707 (1.241, 5.907)], and mixed infections [OR (95% CI) =4.517 (2.201, 9.271)] were the independent risk factors of MPP progressing into PB. Conclusions Characteristic imaging changes, mixed infections, and elevated levels of LDH and NLR are the independent risk factors for the progression of MPP into PB. Early identification of these factors by clinicians can enable prompt intervention.
【Key words】 Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia; Plastic bronchitis; Inflammation index; Lactate dehydrogenase;
Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio
肺炎支原體(Mycoplasma pneumoniae,MP)是引起兒童社區(qū)獲得性肺炎(community acquired pneumonia,CAP)最常見的病原體之一,大約3%~10%的兒童呼吸道感染由MP引起[1],MP肺炎(Mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia,MPP)占住院兒童CAP的10%~40%[2]。塑型性支氣管炎(plastic bronchitis,PB)是一種內(nèi)源性異物局部或廣泛阻塞支氣管,導(dǎo)致肺部分或完全通氣功能障礙的疾?。?]。感染引起的PB臨床表現(xiàn)包括反復(fù)發(fā)熱、呼吸急促,并可迅速進展為急性呼吸困難和呼吸衰竭,甚至危及生命的呼吸和循環(huán)衰竭,支氣管鏡去除塑型后可迅速緩解[4-6]。MPP引起PB的報道逐漸增多[7],其次是由病毒和細(xì)菌引起的PB,其中病毒主要為流感病毒和腺病毒[8]。目前,呼吸道感染導(dǎo)致PB的機制尚不完全清楚,但文獻報道涉及3個方面:炎癥細(xì)胞浸潤和炎癥介質(zhì)釋放,炎癥介質(zhì)引起呼吸道黏液分泌增加并難以清除,氣道炎癥增加淋巴管通透性并促進管型的形成[9-10]。PB的發(fā)生增加了MPP治療的難度,因此,早期識別PB并盡早完善支氣管鏡檢查,取出塑型物,保持呼吸道通暢,對于促進疾病恢復(fù)至關(guān)重要。
全血細(xì)胞計數(shù)是一種簡單、快速且廉價的檢查。白細(xì)胞計數(shù)、中性粒細(xì)胞水平、淋巴細(xì)胞水平、C反應(yīng)蛋白(C-reactive protein,CRP)等通常用作炎癥標(biāo)志物和疾病嚴(yán)重程度的指標(biāo)。中性粒細(xì)胞與淋巴細(xì)胞比率(neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio,NLR)是系統(tǒng)性紅斑狼瘡、闌尾炎、潰瘍性結(jié)腸炎和惡性腫瘤等疾病的可靠炎癥標(biāo)志物[11-12]。已有研究表明,NLR在重癥MPP的診斷中有較高的靈敏度和特異度,并可作為預(yù)測難治性MPP不良預(yù)后的系統(tǒng)性炎癥生物標(biāo)志物[13-14]。NLR、中性粒細(xì)胞水平和CRP均為難治性MPP的獨立危險因素,其中NLR的相對危險程度最高,NLR升高與中性粒細(xì)胞增加及淋巴細(xì)胞減少密切相關(guān)[15]。本研究擬通過對MPP進展PB與未進展PB患者的臨床特征、NLR、炎癥指標(biāo)、影像學(xué)結(jié)果及混合感染情況進行分析,探索MPP進展為PB的危險因素,旨在為PB的早期診療提供參考。
1 對象與方法
1.1 研究對象
選取2023年1月至12月在深圳市寶安區(qū)婦幼保健院兒科病房行纖維支氣管鏡檢查的MPP患兒,按照鏡下是否有塑型性支氣管管型形成,分為MPP進展PB組和MPP組。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①1個月至14歲的肺炎住院患兒;②兒童MPP、重癥和危重癥MPP診斷符合《兒童肺炎支原體肺炎診療指南(2023年版)》中的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[16],MPP符合MP感染肺炎的臨床和影像學(xué)表現(xiàn),并且滿足肺泡灌洗液MP-DNA陽性;③符合PB診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),經(jīng)支氣管鏡取出樹枝樣、條狀置于生理鹽水中呈質(zhì)韌的塑型物[17];④符合纖維支氣管鏡的適應(yīng)證且行相關(guān)檢查[18-19]。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①既往復(fù)發(fā)性呼吸道感染、哮喘、慢性肺病、心臟病手術(shù)后、嚴(yán)重血液系統(tǒng)疾病或免疫缺陷??;②吸入型異物;③住院數(shù)據(jù)不完整。本研究獲深圳市寶安區(qū)婦幼保健院醫(yī)學(xué)倫理委員會批準(zhǔn)(批件號:LLSC2024-01-04-18-KS),因本研究為回顧性分析既往臨床診療記錄資料,豁免知情同意。
1.2 數(shù)據(jù)收集
收集2組患兒性別、年齡、身高、體質(zhì)量、纖維支氣管鏡檢查前病程、入院前抗生素使用情況、入院后實驗室檢查結(jié)果[白細(xì)胞(white blood cell,WBC)、血紅蛋白(haemoglobin,HB)、血小板(platelet,PLT)、中性粒細(xì)胞計數(shù)(neutrophil count,N)、淋巴細(xì)胞計數(shù)(lymphocyte count,L)、中性粒細(xì)胞百分比(neutrophil percentage,N%)、淋巴細(xì)胞百分比(lymphocyte percentage,L%)、NLR]、炎癥指標(biāo)[CRP、降鈣素原(procalcitonin,PCT)]、乳酸脫氫酶(lactate dehydrogenase,LDH)、混合感染(通過檢測鼻咽拭子、肺泡灌洗液、痰、血液等明確合并病毒或細(xì)菌感染)情況、影像學(xué)改變(胸部CT表現(xiàn)為肺不張、肺壞死、大量胸腔積液、支氣管狹窄或閉塞)及纖維支氣管鏡檢查結(jié)果等。
1.3 統(tǒng)計學(xué)方法
統(tǒng)計分析采用SPSS 26.0。正態(tài)分布的連續(xù)型變量以表示,2組間比較采用獨立樣本t檢驗;非正態(tài)分布的連續(xù)型變量用M(P25,P75)表示,2組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗;計數(shù)資料用n(%)表示,組間比較行χ 2檢驗或Fisher精確檢驗;連續(xù)型變量同時采用受試者操作特征(receiver operating characteristic,ROC)曲線進行分析,根據(jù)最佳截斷值,轉(zhuǎn)成分類變量;將差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的變量納入多因素Logistic回歸分析。以雙側(cè)P lt; 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié) 果
2.1 2組患兒基本情況
共納入387例MPP患兒,其中MPP進展PB組67例(17.3%),MPP組320例(82.7%),2組患兒年齡、身高、體質(zhì)量、性別構(gòu)成、入院前抗生素使用患者占比、抗生素使用種類(除多西環(huán)素外)、是否使用2種及以上抗生素、入院前病程差異對比均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P gt; 0.05)。其中,2組多西環(huán)素使用率雖有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,但比例均較低。MP進展PB組重癥患兒和危重癥患兒占比均高于對照組(均P lt; 0.001),見表1。
2.2 MPP進展PB組患兒纖維支氣管鏡下塑型物分布特點
纖維支氣管鏡下可見痰栓堵塞管口,吸出白色或黃白色樹枝樣塑型物,堵塞部位以累及2個及以上肺葉最多見,占比64.2%,其次是右下葉,占比11.9%,見表2。
2.3 MPP進展PB組與MPP組患兒混合感染情況比較
MPP進展PB組混合感染率高于MPP組[21例(31.3%)vs. 24例(7.5%),P lt; 0.001],見表3。21例MPP進展PB患兒中,11例為病毒感染(腺病毒9例、甲型流感病毒1例、副流感病毒Ⅲ1例),13例為細(xì)菌感染(流感嗜血桿菌4例、肺炎鏈球菌2例、金黃色葡萄球菌2例、銅綠假單胞菌2例、百日咳鮑特桿菌1例、化膿性鏈球菌1例、陰溝腸桿菌1例),其中3例為細(xì)菌病毒混合感染,均為細(xì)菌合并腺病毒感染。
2.4 MPP進展PB組與MPP組患兒影像學(xué)改變情況比較
MPP進展PB組胸部CT表現(xiàn)為肺不張、肺壞死、大量胸腔積液、支氣管狹窄或閉塞15例(22.4%),MPP組30例(9.4%),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P = 0.002)。15例MPP進展PB患兒中,肺不張8例(其中4例進展支氣管閉塞),支氣管閉塞3例,壞死性肺炎2例,大量胸腔積液1例,支氣管狹窄1例。
2.5 MPP進展PB組與MPP組患兒實驗室檢查結(jié)果比較
2組患兒實驗室檢查結(jié)果如WBC、HB、PLT、N、L差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(均P gt; 0.05)。N%、L%、NLR、PCT、CRP、LDH等差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義,利用ROC曲線下面積最大時對應(yīng)的cutoff值將NLR、PCT、CRP、LDH轉(zhuǎn)變?yōu)槎诸愖兞亢筮M行2組比較。見表4。
2.6 MPP進展PB的多因素分析
以MPP是否進展PB為因變量,混合感染情況、影像學(xué)改變以及實驗室檢查結(jié)果中差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的變量為自變量,進行多因素Logistic回歸分析,變量賦值如下:有混合感染為1、無為0,有影像學(xué)改變(肺不張、肺壞死、中大量胸腔積液、支氣管狹窄或閉塞為1,無為0;NLR≤3.15 ng/L為0,gt;3.15 ng/L為1;PCT≤0.17 ng/mL為0,gt;0.17 ng/mL為1;CRP≤21.3 mg/L為0,gt;21.3 mg/L為1;LDH≤408.5 U/L為0;gt;408.5 U/L為1。結(jié)果顯示,NLRgt;
3.15 ng/L、LDHgt;408.5 U/L、影像學(xué)改變及混合感染是MPP進展PB的獨立危險因素,Hosmer-Lemeshow檢驗P = 0.542,說明Logistic回歸模型擬合度較好。見表5。
3 討 論
PB是一種相對罕見的呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病,可導(dǎo)致嚴(yán)重的呼吸系統(tǒng)并發(fā)癥,如呼吸衰竭和死亡[6]。研究表明,呼吸道感染是我國PB的主要病因,而MP是引起PB的主要致病菌[7, 10]。本研究分析了PB患兒的塑型物分布特點,結(jié)果顯示,以≥2個肺葉和右下葉最為多見,這與既往研究結(jié)果一致[17]。此外,我們對MPP進展為PB的危險因素進行了分析,結(jié)果顯示,影像學(xué)改變、混合感染、LDH水平高于408.5 U/L、NLR高于3.15 ng/L是MPP進展為PB的獨立危險因素。
實驗室檢測是一種簡便實用的評估PB嚴(yán)重程度的方法。在本研究中,MPP進展PB組N%、NLR、CRP、PCT、LDH水平均升高,而L%水平降低,與既往研究一致[20-21]。既往研究顯示,重癥肺炎患者CRP和PCT的水平越高,病情越嚴(yán)重,且在死亡組中明顯高于病情好轉(zhuǎn)組[22]。NLR是神經(jīng)內(nèi)分泌應(yīng)激和免疫炎癥反應(yīng)強度最合適、最簡單、最可靠的參數(shù),它能夠很好地表達中性粒細(xì)胞(先天免疫系統(tǒng))和淋巴細(xì)胞(適應(yīng)性免疫系統(tǒng))這2個基本免疫能力白細(xì)胞亞群之間的緊密功能關(guān)系。NLR的正常范圍為1~2,成人NLR高于3.0或低于0.7均為病理性的。NLR 2.3~3.0為中間水平,可作為癌癥、動脈粥樣硬化、感染、炎癥、精神疾病和壓力等病理狀態(tài)或過程的早期預(yù)警,并且NLR升高是細(xì)菌感染的預(yù)測指標(biāo)[23]。此外,持續(xù)性淋巴細(xì)胞減少與重癥患者的死亡率和繼發(fā)感染增加有關(guān)[24-25]。已有研究發(fā)現(xiàn),難治性MPP患兒與普通MPP患兒相比具有更高的NLR水平,并且高NLR患兒的壞死性肺炎發(fā)展得更早、發(fā)生率更高[26-27]。陸泳等[28]構(gòu)建的MPP患兒發(fā)生PB的風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型中,NLR是重要的預(yù)測因子,他們推測是中性粒細(xì)胞引起的強烈炎癥反應(yīng)引起淋巴細(xì)胞凋亡,從而導(dǎo)致NLR升高。盡管兒童與成人外周血白細(xì)胞分類水平不盡相同,但已有多個文獻報道NLR在預(yù)測兒童不同病原感染肺炎中起到關(guān)鍵作用[29-30],一項回顧性研究顯示NLRgt;3.92可能對6歲以上兒童的難治性MPP具有重要的預(yù)測價值[31]。在本研究中,NLRgt;3.15是PB的獨立危險因素,說明PB患兒體內(nèi)具有更激烈的炎癥反應(yīng),NLR是預(yù)測PB的可靠因子。
LDH是一種廣泛存在于各種重要器官中的細(xì)胞質(zhì)酶,在能量代謝和氧化應(yīng)激過程中發(fā)揮著重要作用。既往研究發(fā)現(xiàn),MPP進展PB患者LDH水平較單純難治性MPP患者明顯升高,且LDH是PB有力的預(yù)測指標(biāo)[32]。這與機體過度的免疫炎癥反應(yīng)導(dǎo)致大量炎癥因子釋放有關(guān)[33]。這些炎癥因子進一步引起嚴(yán)重的氣道黏膜損傷、清除功能障礙以及上皮細(xì)胞脫落,最終形成黏液栓并阻塞氣道[34]。在本研究中,LDH亦被證實為PB的獨立危險因素,與上述研究結(jié)果一致。此外,本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)胸部CT表現(xiàn)為肺不張、肺壞死、大量胸腔積液、支氣管狹窄或支氣管閉塞的患兒,其發(fā)生PB的風(fēng)險也增加,這與既往研究一致,表明MP誘導(dǎo)的PB病例的局部免疫應(yīng)答比非PB病例更強烈[21]。有研究指出,與單純MP感染相比,合并感染可導(dǎo)致難治性MPP患兒的疾病嚴(yán)重程度更高,且腺病毒感染是重癥MPP的危險因素[35-36],相關(guān)研究報道,在難治性MPP肺炎中,合并細(xì)菌感染的比例明顯升高,其中最常見的細(xì)菌是肺炎鏈球菌,其次是流感嗜血桿菌[37]。在本研究中,混合感染亦被發(fā)現(xiàn)是PB的預(yù)測指標(biāo)之一,而位居首位的細(xì)菌是流感嗜血桿菌,這可能與不同地域流行細(xì)菌種類的差異有關(guān)。
本研究存在一些局限性。首先,這是一項單中心研究,結(jié)果可能受到特定醫(yī)療環(huán)境和患者群體的影響,未來需要開展多中心大樣本研究進一步驗證結(jié)果。此外,本研究為回顧性分析,可能存在選擇偏倚等,影響結(jié)果的普遍性和準(zhǔn)確性,未來可進一步開展前瞻性研究,優(yōu)化風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型,并探討早期干預(yù)措施對PB發(fā)生率的影響。
綜上所述,本研究引入了NLR作為MPP患兒發(fā)生PB的危險因素之一,并進行了多因素分析,獲得了MPP進展為PB的4個獨立危險因素,該4個因素在住院患者中均易于獲取。該研究結(jié)果可以幫助臨床醫(yī)師早期識別MPP進展為PB的高?;颊卟⒓皶r進行干預(yù),以降低疾病進展風(fēng)險。
利益沖突聲明:本研究未受到企業(yè)、公司等第三方資助,不存在潛在利益沖突。
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