摘要目的:觀察藥物涂層球囊(DCB)與藥物洗脫支架(DES)治療冠狀動脈慢性完全閉塞性病變(CTO)的臨床療效對比。方法:回顧性分析2018年1月—2021年4月于鄭州大學第二附屬醫(yī)院診斷為CTO的病人資料,根據(jù)治療方式分為DCB組(98例)和DES組(116例),比較兩組治療效果及預(yù)后[包括12個月后靶血管病變處再狹窄、再閉塞及靶病變血管血運重建(靶血管血運重建)率、主要心臟不良事件(MACE)及出血事件]。結(jié)果:兩組經(jīng)傾向性評分匹配后DCB組和DES組各61例。DCB組共78處CTO病變,其中5處進行補救性支架植入,共73處病變成功植入DCB;DES組共77處CTO病變。隨訪時,兩組靶病變再狹窄、再閉塞及靶血管血運重建、靶血管急性心肌梗死、心源性死亡發(fā)生率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05);DCB組出血事件發(fā)生率低于DES組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(0.00%與9.84%,P<0.05)。結(jié)論:DCB治療CTO病變中效果不劣于DES,出血事件概率低于DES,提示在CTO病變中單純采用DCB治療可行且安全性良好。
關(guān)鍵詞慢性完全閉塞性病變;藥物涂層球囊;藥物洗脫支架;經(jīng)皮冠狀動脈介入
doi:10.12102/j.issn.1672-1349.2024.18.018
冠心病是由于冠狀動脈粥樣硬化導致的管腔狹窄痙攣或閉塞引起的心臟?。?]。冠狀動脈完全閉塞性病變(chronic total occlusions,CTO)是冠心病發(fā)展為嚴重狹窄的終末階段,指冠狀動脈完全閉塞,經(jīng)冠狀動脈造影證實心肌梗死溶栓試驗(TIMI)血流為0級,且閉塞時間≥3個月的病變,占冠狀動脈病變的18%~20%,近年來發(fā)病率逐漸升高[2-4]。CTO影響心肌供血,可并發(fā)心力衰竭、嚴重心絞痛、心肌梗死等,造成不良結(jié)局[5-7]。目前,CTO的治療方式有藥物保守治療或血運重建治療。相較于藥物保守治療,血運重建后有利于減輕病人癥狀,降低死亡率[8-12]。血運重建時,廣泛應(yīng)用的支架為藥物洗脫支架(DES),隨著支架使用數(shù)量的增加,支架內(nèi)再狹窄及其他相關(guān)不良事件逐漸被重視[13]。藥物涂層球囊(DCB)通過短時間球囊擴張迅速將抗增殖藥物輸送至病變血管壁上,相較于DES無金屬植入物殘留,可縮短術(shù)后抗血小板聚集時間,避免遠期并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生[14-15]。有研究報道了在CTO中單獨使用DCB的可行性與安全性[16];DES與DCB在急性心肌梗死中的應(yīng)用[17];DES聯(lián)合DCB在CTO中應(yīng)用療效的對比研究[18]。關(guān)于在CTO中單獨應(yīng)用DCB與DES的臨床療效對比較少。本研究旨在觀察對比DCB與DES治療CTO的臨床療效對比,以期為臨床提供參考。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料
回顧性分析2018年1月—2021年4月鄭州大學
第二附屬醫(yī)院收治的CTO病人,根據(jù)治療方式分為DCB(98例)組和DES組(116例)。納入標準:經(jīng)冠狀動脈造影證實至少1支血管存在CTO,成功開通后病支血管僅植入DES或DCB治療;在我院住院,隨訪并行冠狀動脈造影復查(隨訪時間≥6個月)。排除標準:存在其他臟器嚴重疾病;CTO病變經(jīng)DES與DCB聯(lián)合治療;血管病變復雜需外科搭橋治療;其他介入方法治療失敗。本研究獲得醫(yī)院倫理委員會批準,所有病人均簽署知情同意書。
1.2治療方法
DES組植入藥物洗脫支架(美敦力或雅培),術(shù)后服用雙聯(lián)抗血小板聚集藥物12個月;DCB組采用藥物涂層球囊(新普利、貝朗或輕舟)治療,術(shù)后口服雙聯(lián)抗血小板聚集藥物6個月。
1.3觀察指標
收集并記錄病人一般資料和手術(shù)資料。術(shù)后隨訪12個月,記錄并比較兩組病變再狹窄、靶病變再閉塞、靶血管血運重建、靶血管急性心肌梗死、心源性死亡、出血事件發(fā)生情況。
1.4統(tǒng)計學處理
采用SPSS 22.0統(tǒng)計軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析。符合正態(tài)分布和方差齊性的定量資料以均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,采用獨立樣本t檢驗或修正方差齊性后t′檢驗;定性資料以例數(shù)、百分比(%)表示,采用χ2檢驗。病人基線資料采用傾向性評分匹配法,以消除基線資料差異。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1兩組一般資料比較
為避免兩組基線差異對結(jié)果的影響,通過傾向性評分匹配方法,將兩組病人按1∶1匹配。匹配后,兩組一般資料比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(P>0.05)。詳見表1。
2.2兩組手術(shù)資料比較(見表2)
2.3兩組隨訪結(jié)果比較
兩組均未發(fā)生靶血管急性心肌梗死及心源性死亡。DCB組出血事件發(fā)生率低于DES組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P<0.05)。詳見表3。
3討論
CTO嚴重影響心肌供血,進一步引起心臟收縮功能障礙,部分CTO病人接受了冠狀動脈旁路移植術(shù)(CABG)或PCI等血管重建術(shù)[19-20]。DES作為治療CTO的常用方法,血運重建后雖可改善心絞痛癥狀和心肌缺血現(xiàn)象,但DES仍存在風險,如支架內(nèi)血栓形成、再閉塞等[21]。DCB可向血管壁均勻輸送藥物,實現(xiàn)冠狀動脈介入無植入,降低因抗栓治療造成的出血風險[22]。為CTO的介入治療提供了新思路。
本研究比較了單獨使用DES與DCB治療CTO的臨床療效,隨訪中,DCB組病變再狹窄出現(xiàn)9處,再狹窄率為14.75%,與相關(guān)研究結(jié)果[23]一致;DES組病變再狹窄出現(xiàn)11處,再狹窄率為18.03%,高于Colmenarez等[24]研究結(jié)果的10.65%。本研究結(jié)果顯示,DCB組靶病變再閉塞2處,再閉塞率為3.28%,Kln等[16]研究DCB治療CTO的再閉塞率為5.9%;DES組再閉塞1處,再閉塞率為1.64%,與Colmenarez等[24]研究結(jié)果的2.97%接近。
本研究中DCB組與DES組靶血管血運重建率分別為8.20%與6.56%。Lee等[25]研究顯示,DES治療CTO的靶血管血運重建率為4.3%。韓旭飛等[26]單獨應(yīng)用DCB治療CTO的研究中,DCB組靶血管血運重建率為6.7%。本研究中DCB組未發(fā)生出血事件,DES組6例發(fā)生出血事件。Finn等[27]研究中CTO經(jīng)DES治療后出血事件概率為14.2%。分析原因可能與DES組使用雙聯(lián)抗血小板聚集藥物時間更長有關(guān)。本研究中未發(fā)生靶血管急性心肌梗死及心源性死亡病人。
綜上所述,DCB治療CTO療效并不劣于DES,單獨應(yīng)用DCB治療CTO有良好的應(yīng)用前景。本研究中納入的病例病變相對簡單,針對復雜的CTO病人DCB的治療效果還需進一步深入研究,且隨訪時間為12個月,對DCB治療CTO的長期療效需進一步觀察。本研究為單中心回顧性研究,樣本量有限,相關(guān)結(jié)論需更多大規(guī)模、多中心研究證實。
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(收稿日期:2023-02-01)
(本文編輯薛妮)