通信作者:王瑋,wangwei_1211@126.com(ORCID:0000-0002-3737-1492)
摘要:目的探索肝硬化門脈性肺動脈高壓(POPH)的危險因素,構建無創(chuàng)化預測模型。方法回顧性分析2013年1月—2022年8月在河北醫(yī)科大學第三醫(yī)院住院的310例肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者的臨床資料,依據(jù)超聲估測的肺動脈收縮壓是否≥40 mmHg分為POPH組(n=31)和非POPH組(n=279)。符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料2組間比較采用成組t檢驗,不符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料2組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U檢驗;計數(shù)資料2組間比較采用χ2檢驗或Fisher確切概率法。應用二元Logistic回歸分析篩選獨立危險因素,并構建列線圖預測模型,采用Bootstrap重抽樣法進行內部驗證,用C指數(shù)和校準曲線評價模型區(qū)分度和一致性。用rms包繪制列線圖。結果與非POPH組相比,POPH組平均年齡偏小,女性、肝性腦病、Child-Pugh C級占比較高,DBil、MELD評分、ALBI評分、國際標準化比值、凝血酶原時間、FIB-4指數(shù)、LOK評分、Forns指數(shù)較高,但Alb、ALT、GGT、血紅蛋白、總膽固醇、甘油三酯水平較低,差異均具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P值均lt;0.05)。多因素分析結果顯示,性別(OR=0.172,95%CI:0.064~0.462,Plt;0.001)、年齡(OR=0.944,95%CI:0.901~0.989,P=0.016)、ALBI評分(OR=3.091,95%CI:1.100~8.687,P=0.032)和肝性腦?。∣R=3.466,95%CI:1.331~9.031,P=0.011)是POPH的獨立影響因素?;谝陨衔kU因素建立的肝硬化POPH預測模型的C指數(shù)為0.796(95%CI:0.701~0.890),提示模型區(qū)分度良好,校準曲線顯示模型校準能力較好,提示模型具有一定預測效能。結論年輕女性、ALBI評分升高、合并肝性腦病是肝硬化患者發(fā)生POPH的獨立危險因素,基于上述因素建立的預測模型具有一定的臨床應用價值。
關鍵詞:肝硬化;高血壓,門靜脈;肺動脈高壓;危險因素;列線圖
Risk factors for portopulmonary hypertension in liver cirrhosis and construction of a predictive model
KUANG Jing,TENG Shuangqin,SHEN Tongtong,YAN Yiran,WANG Wei,SHEN Chuan,ZHAO Caiyan.(Department of Infectious Diseases and Hepatology,The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University,Shijiazhuang 050051,China)
Corresponding author:WANG Wei,wangwei_1211@126.com(ORCID:0000-0002-3737-1492)
Abstract:Objective To investigate the risk factors for portopulmonary hypertension(POPH)in liver cirrhosis,and to construct a noninvasive predictive model.Methods A retrospective analysis was performed for the clinical data of 310 cirrhotic patients with portal hypertension who were hospitalized in The Third Affiliated Hospital of Hebei Medical University from January 2013 to August 2022,and according to whether pulmonary artery systolic pressure was≥40 mmHg on ultrasound,the patients were divided into POPH group with 31 patients and non-POPH group with 279 patients.The independent-samples t test was used for comparison of normally distributed continuous data between two groups,and the Mann-Whitney U test was used for comparison of non-normally distributed continuous data between two groups;the chi-square test or the Fisher’s exact test was used for comparison of categorical data between two groups.A binary Logistic regression analysis was used to determine the independent risk factors for POPH,and a nomogram prediction model was constructed.The Bootstrap resampling method was used for internal validation,and C-index and calibration curve were used to assess the discriminatory ability and consistency of the model.The rms package was used to plot the nomogram.Results Compared with the non-POPH group,the POPH group had a significantly younger age,a significantly higher proportion of women or patients with hepatic encephalopathy or Child-Pugh class C disease,and significantly higher levels of direct bilirubin,Model for End-Stage Liver Disease score,albumin-bilirubin(ALBI)score,international normalized ratio,prothrombin time,F(xiàn)IB-4 index,LOK score,and Forns index,as well as significantly lower levels of serum albumin,alanine aminotransferase,gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase,hemoglobin,total cholesterol,and triglycerides(all Plt;0.05).The multivariate analysis showed that sex(odds ratio[OR]=0.172,95%confidence interval[CI]:0.064—0.462,Plt;0.001),age(OR=0.944,95%CI:0.901—0.989,P=0.016),ALBI score(OR=3.091,95%CI:1.100—8.687,P=0.032),and hepatic encephalopathy(OR=3.466,95%CI:1.331—9.031,P=0.011)were independent risk factors for POPH.A predictive model for POPH in liver cirrhosis was established based on the above independent risk factors,with a C-index of 0.796(95%CI:0.701—0.890),suggesting that the model had good discriminatory ability,and the calibration curve showed that the model had good calibration ability,suggesting that the model had certain predictive efficacy.Conclusion Young female individuals,elevated ALBI score,and comorbidity with hepatic encephalopathy are independent risk factors for POPH in patients with liver cirrhosis,and the predictive model established based on these factors has a certain clinical application value.
Key words:Liver Cirrhosis;Hypertension,Portal;Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension;Risk Factors;Nomograms
門脈性肺動脈高壓(portopulmonary hypertension,POPH)是指在門靜脈高壓基礎上發(fā)生的肺動脈高壓(pulmonary artery hypertension,PAH),最常見于各種原因所致的肝炎肝硬化。該病在人群中患病率低,流行數(shù)據(jù)缺乏。據(jù)統(tǒng)計,在晚期肝病等待肝移植的患者中POPH占5.3%~8.5%[1],而截至2017年,全球約有1 060萬失代償期肝硬化患者[2],若按此比例,世界范圍內將有大量POPH患者。POPH的危險因素存在一定爭議,若能明確危險因素,將有助于降低其發(fā)病率和死亡率。此外,該病臨床表現(xiàn)缺乏特異性,診斷需靠有創(chuàng)的右心導管檢查(right heart catheterization,RHC),臨床上多用經胸多普勒超聲心動圖(transthoracic doppler echocardiography,TDE)篩查,但準確性不及RHC。POPH治療困難,肝移植是最有效的方法。然而,PAH嚴重程度與肝移植成功率密切相關,肝移植前肺血管阻力≥1.6 Woods時,死亡風險增加1倍以上,當平均肺動脈壓≥50 mmHg時,病死率高達100%[3]。可見,POPH的管理仍面臨巨大挑戰(zhàn)。因此,本研究通過探究該病的危險因素,建立無創(chuàng)化預測模型,有助于臨床早期識別POPH,為早期肝移植創(chuàng)造機會,提高患者存活率。
1資料與方法
1.1研究對象本研究為回顧性病例對照研究,選取2013年1月—2022年8月在本院住院的肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者,根據(jù)TDE結果分為POPH組和非POPH組。
1.2納入標準(1)依據(jù)2019年《肝硬化診治指南》[4],診斷符合肝硬化門靜脈高壓;(2)行TDE檢查,參考2009年美國心臟病學會專家共識[5],TDE估測的肺動脈收縮壓≥40 mmHg診斷為PAH。
1.3排除標準(1)排除非肝硬化導致的門靜脈高壓,如肝小靜脈閉塞癥、布加綜合征等;(2)排除肺源性、心源性、結締組織病等可致PAH的疾病;(3)排除合并感染、休克、肝移植術后、年齡lt;18周歲、臨床資料不完整的患者。1.4觀察指標(1)人口學資料:性別、年齡等;(2)實驗室檢查:血常規(guī)、血生化、凝血指標;(3)TDE結果;(4)計算肝功能相關評分:依據(jù)2019年《肝硬化診治指南》[4]及相關文獻[6],計算Child-Pugh分級,終末期肝病模型(MELD)評分,ALBI評分=0.66×log10[TBil(μmol/L)]-0.085×[Alb(g/L)]。
1.5門靜脈高壓和肝纖維化預測評分參考國內外相關文獻[7-8]:APRI=(AST/正常值上限×100)/血小板計數(shù);LOK評分=?5.56-0.008 9×血小板計數(shù)+1.26×(AST/ALT)+5.27×國際標準化比值;FIB-4指數(shù)=年齡×AST/(血小板計數(shù)×);S指數(shù)=1 000×GGT/(血小板計數(shù)×Alb2);Forns指數(shù)=7.811-3.131×ln(血小板計數(shù))+0.781×ln(GGT)+3.467×ln(年齡)-0.014×(總膽固醇)。
1.6統(tǒng)計學方法使用SPSS 26.0軟件分析數(shù)據(jù)。符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以±s表示,2組間比較采用成組t檢驗;不符合正態(tài)分布的計量資料以M(P25~P75)表示,2組間比較采用Mann-Whitney U秩和檢驗。計數(shù)資料2組間比較采用χ2檢驗或Fisher確切概率法。篩選Plt;0.05的因素,并進行多重共線性診斷,將不存在多重共線性的指標進行二元Logistic回歸分析,篩選獨立危險因素,基于獨立危險因素構建肝硬化POPH預測模型。在R 4.2.2軟件中用Bootstrap法進行內部驗證,根據(jù)C指數(shù)和校準曲線評價模型區(qū)分度和一致性。利用rms包繪制列線圖。Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結果
2.1肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者的一般臨床特征共篩選肝硬化門靜脈高壓患者2 000例,符合入組條件者310例,男198例(63.9%),女112例(36.1%),平均年齡(55.77±9.87)歲。其中POPH組31例,平均年齡(52.39±13.00)歲,肺動脈收縮壓中位數(shù)為47 mmHg;非POPH組279例,平均年齡(56.14±9.41)歲。與非POPH組相比,POPH組平均年齡偏小,女性、肝性腦病、Child-Pugh C級占比較高,DBil、MELD評分、ALBI評分、國際標準化比值、凝血酶原時間、FIB-4指數(shù)、LOK評分、Forns指數(shù)較高,但Alb、ALT、GGT、血紅蛋白、總膽固醇、甘油三酯水平較低,差異均具有統(tǒng)計學意義(P值均lt;0.05),提示POPH組肝功能、凝血功能較差。兩組患者的肝病病因相似,以慢性乙型肝炎最多見(表1)。
2.2肝硬化POPH多因素分析結果將單因素分析Plt;0.05的因素納入多因素分析,篩選策略選擇Enter法,由于Alb與ALBI評分存在多重共線性(VIFgt;10),故舍棄Alb,結果顯示性別、年齡、ALBI評分和肝性腦病是肝硬化POPH的獨立影響因素(P值均lt;0.05)(表2)。
2.3肝硬化POPH預測模型的構建、驗證與評價基于性別、年齡、ALBI評分、肝性腦病4個獨立影響因素構建預測模型,利用Bootstrap法進行內部驗證,結果顯示C指數(shù)為0.796(95%CI:0.701~0.890),提示預測模型區(qū)分度良好。校準曲線如圖1所示,圖中校準曲線與理想標準曲線較為接近,提示預測模型校準度較好。同樣,該模型經Hosmer-Lemeshow擬合優(yōu)度檢驗,χ2=9.748,P=0.283,說明模型擬合程度高,符合校準曲線圖中的結果。
2.4肝硬化POPH預測模型的可視化利用rms包繪制列線圖(圖2),圖中的“Points”為單項得分,表示自變量在不同取值下的得分,所有自變量得分總和即為圖中“Total Points”,據(jù)此可對應獲取發(fā)生POPH的概率。
3討論
既往研究[9-10]認為年齡小、女性、自身免疫性肝炎的患者更易患POPH,本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)年齡小、女性是肝硬化POPH的危險因素,尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)與自身免疫性肝病相關,這可能與樣本量大小和分布有關。年齡小、女性患者POPH風險增加與雌激素水平及免疫紊亂有關。年輕女性雌激素水平較高,且慢性肝病時雌激素滅活減少,由此形成的高雌激素水平將增加自身免疫性疾病發(fā)病[11],從而增加POPH風險。此外,編碼雌激素受體1基因多態(tài)性[12]、雌激素及其代謝物水平均與POPH風險相關[13]。
目前,大多數(shù)研究[9,14]認為POPH的發(fā)生與肝功能嚴重程度(Child-Pugh評分、MELD評分)無關。但近期一項研究[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)ALBI評分、MELD評分均與POPH的嚴重程度呈正相關。本研究中POPH與ALBI評分獨立相關,尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)與MELD評分和Child-Pugh分級獨立相關,但POPH組MELD評分升高、Child-Pugh C級占比增加,因此,不同的肝功能評分對POPH的預測能力不同。ALBI評分基于Alb和膽紅素,最早用于評估肝癌患者的肝功能和預后[16],近年發(fā)現(xiàn)其對慢性丙型肝炎肝纖維化分期和預后[17]、原發(fā)性膽汁性膽管炎預后[18]、慢性乙型肝炎預后[19]等均具有較好的預測能力。與Child-Pugh分級相比,ALBI評分消除了主觀因素對腹水、肝性腦病判定的影響,能更客觀地評估肝功能[20],而MELD評分主要用于評估晚期慢性肝病患者。Alb具有抗氧化的功能,慢性肝病患者Alb下降、膽紅素升高會降低抗氧化能力,激活芳香烴受體,從而促進POPH的發(fā)生[15]。
本研究還發(fā)現(xiàn)肝性腦病是肝硬化POPH的獨立危險因素(OR=3.466,P=0.011),在列線圖中具有較高權重。和健康對照組、無肝性腦病的肝硬化患者相比,肝性腦病患者腸道微生物組明顯改變[21],內毒素水平明顯升高[22],腸道微生物的代謝產物變化如短鏈脂肪酸減少、三甲胺-N-氧化物和血清素增加等通過激活信號通路促進肺血管炎癥和重塑,導致PAH的發(fā)生,長期而嚴重的PAH可導致腸靜脈淤血,進一步加重腸道菌群失調,形成惡性循環(huán)。另外,在PAH動物模型和患者中同樣觀察到腸道菌群改變,提示腸道菌群改變促進PAH的發(fā)展[23]。因此,肝性腦病患者PAH風險增加。
目前尚不清楚門靜脈高壓及肝硬化嚴重程度與POPH的關系,已開發(fā)出的APRI、FIB-4指數(shù)[24]、Forns指數(shù)、LOK評分[7]、S指數(shù)[8]等對門靜脈高壓和肝纖維化具有一定的預測能力,本研究探究了上述無創(chuàng)化評分與POPH的關系,差異無統(tǒng)計學意義,側面說明門靜脈高壓和肝纖維化嚴重程度可能與POPH無關。
POPH危險因素不明確,無創(chuàng)化診斷困難,疾病發(fā)展累及心肺時死亡率高,預后差。因此,對于門靜脈高壓患者,尤其是年輕女性、ALBI評分高、合并肝性腦病的患者,POPH發(fā)生風險增加,應積極改善肝功能,預防肝性腦病。此外,應積極探索POPH更多的特異性指標,進一步優(yōu)化預測模型,提高診斷效能,更好地服務于臨床。
本研究具有一定的局限性:(1)PAH的診斷采用TDE,準確性不及RHC,但由于RHC為有創(chuàng)性檢查,應用較少,故TDE仍為首選方法。(2)由于POPH發(fā)病率低,研究納入例數(shù)較少,導致兩組人群例數(shù)相差較大,結果可能存在偏倚。(3)門靜脈高壓與PAH共存時,POPH的診斷需結合RHC檢查等進一步綜合評估,并除外心肺疾病的潛在病因,如特發(fā)性PAH。(4)該預測模型僅進行內部驗證,未進行外部驗證,故模型推廣應用受限。
倫理學聲明:本研究于2023年4月27日經由河北醫(yī)科大
學第三醫(yī)院倫理委員會審查通過,批號:科2023-047-1。
利益沖突聲明:本文不存在任何利益沖突。
作者貢獻聲明:匡競負責查閱文獻,分析數(shù)據(jù),撰寫文章;滕雙芩、申彤彤、閆怡然負責查閱文獻,收集數(shù)據(jù);王瑋負責論文修改及審校;申川、趙彩彥負責論文審校。
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收稿日期:2023-12-31;錄用日期:2024-02-01
本文編輯:劉曉紅
引證本文:KUANG J, TENG SQ, SHEN TT, et al. Risk factors for portopulmonary hypertension in liver cirrhosis and construction of a predictive model[J]. J Clin Hepatol, 2024, 40(9): 1802- 1806.
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