[摘" "要]" "目的:研究類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的危險因素,并建立列線圖預(yù)測模型。方法:共納入283例RA患者,以8∶2的比例隨機(jī)分成建模組(n=226)和驗(yàn)證組(n=57),分析RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的危險因素,建立預(yù)測模型。采用Bootstrap法對模型進(jìn)行內(nèi)部驗(yàn)證,驗(yàn)證組進(jìn)行外部驗(yàn)證。利用ROC曲線的AUC和校準(zhǔn)曲線對預(yù)測模型進(jìn)行評價。結(jié)果:性別(P=0.046)、年齡(P=0.016)、病程(P=0.004)、紅細(xì)胞沉降率(erythrocyte sedimentation rate, ESR)(Plt;0.001)和鈣離子(calcium ion, Ca2+)濃度(P=0.004)是RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的獨(dú)立危險因素(Plt;0.05)。根據(jù)以上危險因素,建立預(yù)測RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的列線圖模型。校準(zhǔn)曲線提示,建模組和驗(yàn)證組的預(yù)測值與實(shí)測值基本相符。建模組AUC為0.83,95%CI:0.78~0.88,驗(yàn)證組AUC為0.86,95%CI:0.78~0.88,表明此模型具有較好的預(yù)測效果。結(jié)論:以年齡、性別、病程、ESR及Ca2+為預(yù)測因子構(gòu)建的列線圖模型可有效預(yù)測RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的概率。
[關(guān)鍵詞]" "類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎;骨質(zhì)疏松癥;危險因素;預(yù)測模型
[中圖分類號]" "R593.22" " " " " " " "[文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼]" "A" " " " " " " "[文章編號]" "1674-7887(2024)02-0140-05
Analysis of risk factors and establishment of a risk prediction model for osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis patients*
XU Rui1**, SHI Yannan1, ZHOU Zhe2, DA Zhanyun1***" " " " (1Department of Rheumatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Jiangsu 226001; 2Department of Rheumatology, Suzhou Ninth People′s Hospital)
[Abstract]" "Objective: To investigate the risk factors for osteoporosis in rheumatoid arthritis(RA) patients and establish a alignment diagram prediction model. Methods: A total of 283 RA patients were included, and they were randomly divided into a modeling group(n=226) and a validation group(n=57) in an 8∶2 ratio. Independent risk factors for osteoporosis in RA patients were analyzed, and a alignment diagram prediction model was established. The model was internally validated using Bootstrap, and external validation was performed on the validation group. The prediction model was evaluated using the ROC curve AUC and calibration curve. Results: Gender(P=0.046), age(P=0.016), disease duration(P=0.004), erythrocyte sedimentation rate(ESR)(Plt;0.001), and calcium ion(Ca2+) concentration(P=0.004) were independent risk factors for osteoporosis in RA patients(Plt;0.05). Based on these risk factors, a alignment diagram prediction model for RA-related osteoporosis was established. The calibration curve indicated that the predicted values in both the modeling and validation groups were in good agreement with the observed values. The AUC for the modeling group was 0.83 with 95%CI of 0.78-0.88, and for the validation group, it was 0.86(95%CI: 0.78-0.88), demonstrating that the model had a good predictive performance. Conclusion: The alignment diagram prediction model based on age, gender, disease duration, ESR, and Ca2+ effectively predicts the probability of osteoporosis in RA patients.
[Key words]" "rheumatoid arthritis; osteoporosis; risk factors; prediction model
類風(fēng)濕關(guān)節(jié)炎(rheumatoid arthritis, RA)是一種慢性、全身性自身免疫性疾病,主要表現(xiàn)為對稱性關(guān)節(jié)軟骨破壞、骨侵蝕、關(guān)節(jié)滑膜炎,可引起關(guān)節(jié)畸形和功能喪失,也可伴有關(guān)節(jié)外臟器受累[1]。骨質(zhì)疏松癥是RA患者的嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥之一,但由于早期骨質(zhì)疏松的臨床表現(xiàn)缺乏特異性,易被忽視,一旦發(fā)現(xiàn)脆性骨折將給家庭和社會帶來沉重的負(fù)擔(dān)。本研究旨在分析RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的獨(dú)立危險因素,并建立列線圖預(yù)測模型,為臨床診療提供指導(dǎo)和建議。
1" "對象與方法
1.1" "研究對象" "納入2022年1月—2023年7月于南通大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院風(fēng)濕免疫科住院且資料完整的283例RA患者作為研究對象,平均年齡(61.52±11.15)歲。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)符合2010版美國風(fēng)濕病學(xué)院/歐洲抗風(fēng)濕病聯(lián)盟(2010版)RA診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[2];(2)臨床資料完善。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)合并其他自身免疫性疾病者;(2)未成年發(fā)病患者,結(jié)核、重要臟器損害、腫瘤、精神疾病及資料不完善者。
1.2" "研究方法
1.2.1" "資料收集" "采用回顧性研究,收集患者的一般資料:年齡、性別、病程、糖皮質(zhì)激素使用史、雙能X線骨密度;實(shí)驗(yàn)室指標(biāo):血紅蛋白(hemogolobin, Hb)、PLT計(jì)數(shù)、平均血小板體積(mean platelet volume, MPV)、血清鐵蛋白(serum ferritsn, SF)、紅細(xì)胞沉降率(ery-throcyte sedimentation rate, ESR)、CRP、骨鈣素(bone-γ-carboxyglutamic acid-containing protein, BGP)、25-羥基維生素D[25-hydroxy-vitamin, 25-(OH)-D]、白蛋白(albumin, ALB)、血清鈣離子(calcium ion, Ca2+)濃度、尿素氮(blood urea nitrogen, BUN)、堿性磷酸酶(alkaline phosphatase, ALP)等指標(biāo)。
1.2.2" "數(shù)據(jù)分組" "采用隨機(jī)抽樣法,按照8∶2的比例分為建模組和驗(yàn)證組,建模組納入226例患者,驗(yàn)證組納入57例。將建模組按照是否發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松,分為骨質(zhì)疏松組(110例)和非骨質(zhì)疏松組(116例),驗(yàn)證組按照是否發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松也分為骨質(zhì)疏松組(32例)和非骨質(zhì)疏松組(25例)。按照不同性別RA患者ESR的測量結(jié)果分為:A組,ESR在正常范圍內(nèi)(男性≤10 mm/h,女性≤15 mm/h);B組,ESR高于正常值范圍值但不到1倍(男性>10~20 mm/h,女性>15~30 mm/h);C組,ESR高于正常值范圍值1倍但不到2倍(男性>20~30 mm/h,女性>30~45 mm/h);D組,ESR高于正常值范圍值2倍但不到3倍(男性>30~40 mm/h,女性>45~60 mm/h);E組,ESR高于正常值范圍值3倍及以上(男性gt;40 mm/h,女性gt;60 mm/h)。
1.3" "統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法" "應(yīng)用SPSS 25.0和R.4.3.1統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件分析,以±s表示計(jì)量數(shù)據(jù),使用獨(dú)立樣本t檢驗(yàn);以n(%)表示計(jì)數(shù)數(shù)據(jù),使用χ2檢驗(yàn);通過二元Logistic回歸分析RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的獨(dú)立危險因素;利用R語言rms程序包建立列線圖模型;內(nèi)部驗(yàn)證使用Bootstrap方法(B=1 000),外部驗(yàn)證使用校準(zhǔn)曲線和ROC曲線AUC,以Plt;0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2" "結(jié)" " " 果
2.1" "RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的基線資料" "建模組中納入226例,骨質(zhì)疏松組110例,占48.67%,骨質(zhì)疏松組中,女性與男性患者比例為19∶3(表1)。
2.2" "單因素分析RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的危險因素" "在建模組中,骨質(zhì)疏松組與非骨質(zhì)疏松組患者相比,年齡、性別、病程、糖皮質(zhì)激素使用史、Hb、PLT、ESR、CRP、ALB、Ca2+差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均Plt;0.05),而MPV、SF、BGP、25-(OH)-D、BUN、ALP差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均Pgt;0.05,表1~2)。
2.3" "多因素分析RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的危險因素" "將有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義的單因素納入二元Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,女性、年齡大、病程長、ESR高、血清Ca2+濃度低是RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的獨(dú)立危險因素(Plt;0.05,表3)。
2.4" "RA患者不同ESR組別變化特點(diǎn)" "統(tǒng)計(jì)ESR分組中RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松與非骨質(zhì)疏松的例數(shù),觀察兩組患者隨ESR變化的特點(diǎn),由表4可知,骨質(zhì)疏松組占比隨ESR水平的升高呈上升趨勢,非骨質(zhì)疏松組占比隨ESR水平的升高呈下降趨勢。C~E組RA患者與A組患者骨密度相比差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(表4)。
2.5" "RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型建立及評價" "建立回歸方程:Logistic(P)=6.586+0.837×性別+0.038×年齡+0.005×病程+0.022×ESR-5.011×Ca2+,基于篩選出的5項(xiàng)獨(dú)立危險因素,構(gòu)建預(yù)測RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的列線圖預(yù)測模型(圖1)。建模組及驗(yàn)證組校準(zhǔn)曲線均提示,實(shí)測值曲線與預(yù)測值曲線相似(圖2)。ROC曲線AUC建模組為0.829(95%CI: 0.78~0.88),最佳切點(diǎn)為0.098,特異度為81.9%,靈敏度為71.8%,驗(yàn)證組AUC 0.860(95%CI: 0.78~0.88),表明此模型具有較好的判別效果(圖3)。
3" "討" " " 論
骨質(zhì)疏松癥是常見的骨骼疾病,是一種以骨量低,骨組織微結(jié)構(gòu)損壞,導(dǎo)致骨脆性增加,易發(fā)生骨折為特征的全身性骨病[3],多種因素可誘導(dǎo)RA患者骨質(zhì)疏松癥患病率的增加,其中比較重要的是持續(xù)炎癥、糖皮質(zhì)激素的使用、老年和殘疾導(dǎo)致的體力活動減少以及改善病情抗風(fēng)濕藥物的使用[4]。雙能X線吸收儀測量的骨密度作為診斷骨質(zhì)疏松癥的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)之一,能較好地監(jiān)測骨質(zhì)疏松狀況,做出有效的風(fēng)險評估[5]。既往研究[6-9]報道,RA患者與同期健康人群相比較,不僅骨質(zhì)疏松的患病率呈上升趨勢,且RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松骨折的風(fēng)險也明顯升高。
本研究單因素分析結(jié)果顯示,年齡、病程、性別、ESR和血清Ga2+濃度為RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的獨(dú)立危險因素,與以往研究結(jié)果[10-12]相一致。J.J.TONG等[13-14]研究顯示,年齡和病程是RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的危險因素,隨著年齡的增長和病程的延長,RA患者發(fā)生椎體骨折的風(fēng)險逐年升高。人體的骨骼隨著年齡的增長逐漸失去鈣和其他重要礦物質(zhì),從而導(dǎo)致骨密度下降。一項(xiàng)回顧性研究[15]發(fā)現(xiàn)RA患者骨質(zhì)疏松的發(fā)生率與性別和絕經(jīng)時間存在密切聯(lián)系,絕經(jīng)后女性骨質(zhì)疏松概率明顯高于絕經(jīng)前女性及男性患者。絕經(jīng)后女性雌激素水平下降,導(dǎo)致關(guān)節(jié)組織缺乏保護(hù)作用,從而增加了骨質(zhì)疏松的風(fēng)險。此外,關(guān)于糖皮質(zhì)激素使用史,與以往研究不同,本研究結(jié)果顯示骨質(zhì)疏松組與非骨質(zhì)疏松組差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。可能與納入數(shù)據(jù)相關(guān),本研究中偶有使用激素和服用藥物是否含激素不詳?shù)幕颊呔暈闊o激素使用史,所納入有激素使用史者均為規(guī)律使用激素藥物gt;1個月。
ESR是非特異性炎癥指標(biāo),而ESR升高異常則被認(rèn)為是一種慢性炎癥狀態(tài),會影響骨代謝和骨密度。劉文等[16]發(fā)現(xiàn),隨著ESR的升高,RA患者椎體骨質(zhì)疏松性骨折的患病率也在增加。一項(xiàng)病例對照研究[17]提示,RA患者骨質(zhì)疏松患病率(45.1%)遠(yuǎn)高于健康人群(9.5%),且在單因素分析中,ESR水平與RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的概率呈正相關(guān)。L.J.BIAN等[18]亦指出,當(dāng)DSA28-ESR評分gt;3.2時,RA患者的骨質(zhì)疏松風(fēng)險會顯著增加。因此臨床應(yīng)及早對ESR超出正常范圍值的患者行骨密度檢查,以減少骨質(zhì)疏松患病率,預(yù)防骨折發(fā)生。
足夠的鈣攝入有助于維持骨密度,從而降低骨折和骨質(zhì)疏松的風(fēng)險。尚靜靜[19]發(fā)現(xiàn)RA患者中血清鈣水平與骨密度之間存在負(fù)相關(guān)關(guān)系,即血清鈣水平降低,骨密度減少。同時,H.G.RATERMAN等[20]建議,對于骨折風(fēng)險高的RA患者,除了進(jìn)行規(guī)律抗骨質(zhì)疏松治療外,還應(yīng)補(bǔ)充足量的鈣和維生素D。
RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的治療中,除了補(bǔ)充鈣和維生素D外,還可使用雙磷酸鹽類藥物[21]抑制骨質(zhì)疏松的進(jìn)展,減少骨質(zhì)流失??寡姿幬锶绶晴摅w抗炎藥可以減輕炎癥,有助于改善骨密度。對于嚴(yán)重的RA患者,生物制劑如抗TNF藥物可以被使用[22]。RA患者應(yīng)定期進(jìn)行骨密度檢查,以便及時發(fā)現(xiàn)骨質(zhì)疏松并采取相應(yīng)的治療措施。
本研究不僅分析了RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的危險因素,建立了列線圖預(yù)測模型,較好地個體化預(yù)測RA患者發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的概率,且繪制了校準(zhǔn)曲線和ROC曲線評價風(fēng)險預(yù)測模型的準(zhǔn)確性與區(qū)分度,均提示該模型具有良好的預(yù)測精度。通過向RA患者傳達(dá)這些因素對骨質(zhì)疏松的影響,可以提高患者的健康意識,并鼓勵其積極采取預(yù)防措施,如飲食改進(jìn)和體育鍛煉等。
綜上所述,RA患者的性別、年齡、病程、ESR、血清Ca2+濃度是發(fā)生骨質(zhì)疏松的獨(dú)立危險因素,可以幫助臨床醫(yī)師更好地制定個體化治療方案。
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[收稿日期] 2023-11-02