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        三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法對(duì)乳腺癌術(shù)后患肢淋巴水腫患者上肢功能康復(fù)效果的網(wǎng)狀Meta分析

        2024-06-23 00:00:00黃港蔣宏宇張江福蔣正杰王鐵山
        四川體育科學(xué) 2024年3期
        關(guān)鍵詞:乳腺癌康復(fù)

        摘" 要:目的:系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法對(duì)乳腺癌術(shù)后患肢淋巴水腫患者上肢功能的康復(fù)效果。方法:計(jì)算機(jī)檢索CNKI、萬(wàn)方、維普、Web of Science、PubMed、The Cochran library、Medline、Embase等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),搜集2005年1月-2024年5月有關(guān)三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法干預(yù)乳腺癌術(shù)后患肢淋巴水腫患者上肢功能的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(RCT)。由2名研究者獨(dú)立篩選文獻(xiàn)、提取資料并評(píng)價(jià)納入研究的偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)后,采用R軟件與Addis軟件進(jìn)行網(wǎng)狀Meta分析。結(jié)果:共納入20項(xiàng)RCT,包括1736例乳腺癌術(shù)后患肢淋巴水腫患者。網(wǎng)狀Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,在乳腺癌術(shù)后患肢淋巴水腫患者手臂周徑差康復(fù)方面,三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組(Pgt;0.05);在乳腺癌術(shù)后患肢淋巴水腫患者上肢前屈康復(fù)方面,有氧訓(xùn)練干預(yù)治療[MD=20.05(11.17,28.69),P?0.05]、抗阻訓(xùn)練干預(yù)治療[MD=11.51(1.04,22.11),P?0.05]顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組的無(wú)干預(yù)治療;在乳腺癌術(shù)后患肢淋巴水腫患者上肢后伸康復(fù)方面,有氧訓(xùn)練干預(yù)治療[MD=7.72(3.67,11.54),P?0.05]、等速肌力訓(xùn)練干預(yù)治療[MD=10.79(1.65,19.64),P?0.05]顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組的無(wú)干預(yù)治療;在改善乳腺癌術(shù)后患肢淋巴水腫患者DASH評(píng)分方面,有氧訓(xùn)練干預(yù)治療[MD=22.14(6.80,35.95),P?0.05]、等速肌力訓(xùn)練干預(yù)治療[MD=11.48(1.16,22.34),P?0.05]顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組的無(wú)干預(yù)治療。結(jié)論:根據(jù)定量合并證據(jù)顯示,三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法均可有效改善乳腺癌術(shù)后患肢淋巴水腫患者上肢功能。等速肌力訓(xùn)練在干預(yù)乳腺癌術(shù)后患肢淋巴水腫患者手臂周徑差,上肢前屈,上肢后伸,有氧訓(xùn)練在降低DASH方面更具優(yōu)勢(shì)。

        關(guān)鍵詞:運(yùn)動(dòng)療法;乳腺癌術(shù)后患肢淋巴水腫患者;上肢功能;網(wǎng)狀meta分析

        A reticulated Meta-analysis of the Effect of Three Exercise

        Therapies on Functional Rehabilitation of the Upper Extremity

        in Patients with Postoperative Lymphedema of the

        Affected Extremity after Breast Cancer

        Abstract: Objective:To systematically evaluate the rehabilitation effect of three exercise therapies on upper limb function in patients with lymphoedema of the affected limb after breast cancer surgery. METHODS: Computer searches of CNKI, Wanfang, Wipu, Web of Science, PubMed, The Cochran library, Medline, Embase and other databases were conducted to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) from January 2005 to May 2024 on the intervention of three exercise therapies on the function of the upper limbs of patients with postoperative lymphedema of the affected limbs after breast cancer surgery ( RCT). After 2 investigators independently screened the literature, extracted the information and evaluated the risk of bias of the included studies, a net Meta-analysis was performed using R software with Addis software. RESULTS: A total of 20 RCTs were included, including 1736 patients with lymphoedema in the affected limb after breast cancer surgery. The results of reticulated Meta-analysis showed that all three exercise therapies were superior to the control group in the rehabilitation of arm circumference difference in patients with postoperative lymphoedema of the affected limb after breast cancer (Pgt;0.05); in the rehabilitation of upper limb forward flexion in patients with postoperative lymphoedema of the affected limb after breast cancer, aerobic training intervention therapy [MD=20.05(11.17, 28.69), P?0.05], resistance training intervention therapy [ MD=11.51 (1.04, 22.11), P?0.05] were significantly better than no intervention treatment in the control group; in terms of upper limb posterior extension rehabilitation in patients with postoperative breast cancer lymphoedema of the affected limb, aerobic training intervention treatment [MD=7.72 (3.67, 11.54), P?0.05], isokinetic muscle strength training intervention treatment [MD=10.79 (1.65. 19.64), P?0.05] were significantly better than the no-intervention treatment in the control group; in terms of improving the DASH scores of the patients with postoperative lymphoedema of the affected limbs after breast cancer surgery, the aerobic training intervention treatment [MD=22.14 (6.80, 35.95), P?0.05], isokinetic plyometrics training intervention treatment [MD=11.48 (1.16, 22.34), P?0.05] was significantly better than no intervention treatment in the control group. CONCLUSION: All three exercise therapies are effective in improving upper extremity function in patients with postoperative breast cancer lymphoedema of the affected extremity, according to quantitative combined evidence. Isometric plyometric training was more advantageous in intervening with poor arm circumference, forward flexion of the upper extremity, and backward extension of the upper extremity, and aerobic training was more advantageous in reducing DASH in patients with postoperative breast cancer lymphoedema of the affected extremity.

        Key words: Exercise therapy; Patients with lymphedema of the affected limb after breast cancer surgery; Upper limb function; Reticulated meta-analysis

        中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):G804.55""""""""""""""""" 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A

        乳腺癌是全球女性中最為常見(jiàn)的癌癥[1]。每年新發(fā)乳腺癌病例約210萬(wàn),位居女性癌癥發(fā)病之首[1-3]。盡管目前乳腺癌的診療逐步完善,但乳腺癌幸存者仍存在術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的問(wèn)題,其中乳腺癌患肢水腫(Breast Cancer Related Lymphedema,BCRL)是乳腺癌術(shù)后引發(fā)的最嚴(yán)重并發(fā)癥之一[4]。BCRL是由于手術(shù)、化療等原因令淋巴系統(tǒng)遭到破壞,淋巴液回流受阻的患肢肢體發(fā)生長(zhǎng)期、持久性的組織腫脹[5]。研究表明,乳腺癌術(shù)后患BCRL的發(fā)生率高達(dá)50%[6]。淋巴水腫一旦形成,會(huì)導(dǎo)致BCRL患者患肢腫脹、活動(dòng)功能受限(如前屈和后伸)、肌肉疼痛、肌力喪失、生活質(zhì)量降低,且難以治愈[7]。

        目前,國(guó)際淋巴水腫學(xué)會(huì)[8]和《中國(guó)抗癌協(xié)會(huì)乳腺癌診治指南與規(guī)范(2017年版)》[9]均建議將運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉作為治療BCRL的有效方法。研究表明,缺乏運(yùn)動(dòng)或鍛煉的患者患BCRL的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較之于經(jīng)常鍛煉的患病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)要高1.24倍[10]。運(yùn)動(dòng)鍛煉作為康復(fù)治療的有效手段,即通過(guò)“運(yùn)動(dòng)”提高患者生活質(zhì)量和減少治療后可能出現(xiàn)的并發(fā)癥。但前人進(jìn)行的相關(guān)系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)研究中,納入評(píng)價(jià)的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)方式不一且均為間接比較,難以厘清其最佳的運(yùn)動(dòng)療法,如陳贊香[11]的研究只納入了有氧訓(xùn)練,劉陽(yáng)[12]的研究除運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)外還伴隨著淋巴按摩,有其他因素?cái)_動(dòng)可能對(duì)干預(yù)效果產(chǎn)生一定影響,周楊[13]的論述并未得出最佳的運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)建議。因此,本研究擬對(duì)BCRL患者運(yùn)動(dòng)干預(yù)的隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究進(jìn)行篩查,探討有氧訓(xùn)練(Aerobic Training,AT)、抗阻訓(xùn)練(Resistance training,RT)、等速肌力訓(xùn)練(Isometric exercise,IE)三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法對(duì)BCRL患者患肢淋巴水腫上肢功能的康復(fù)效果進(jìn)行探討,以期為后續(xù)的運(yùn)動(dòng)康復(fù)提供可參考的循證依據(jù)。

        1" 研究方法

        根據(jù)循證醫(yī)學(xué)研究方法,使用PRISMA聲明PICOS研究設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)作為納入依據(jù)[14]。International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols的唯一識(shí)別號(hào)為INPLASY202230060。

        1.1" 檢索策略

        計(jì)算機(jī)檢索CNKI、萬(wàn)方、維普、Web of Science、PubMed、The Cochran library、Medline、Embase等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),檢索時(shí)限均為2005年1月-2024年5月,收集三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法干預(yù)BCRL患者上肢功能的隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn)(Randomized Controlled Trial,RCT)。通過(guò)PubMed醫(yī)學(xué)主題術(shù)語(yǔ)確定主題詞,檢索策略為主題詞與自由詞組合。英文檢索式以The Cochran library為例(見(jiàn)圖1)。

        1.2" 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)

        1.2.1" 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)" (1)2005年1月-2024年1月在國(guó)內(nèi)外公開(kāi)發(fā)表的RCT;(2)實(shí)驗(yàn)之前,實(shí)驗(yàn)組和對(duì)照組被試無(wú)顯著性差異;(3)納入文獻(xiàn)的結(jié)局指標(biāo)相同或類(lèi)似;(4)研究對(duì)象為BCRL患者;(5)實(shí)驗(yàn)組運(yùn)動(dòng)療法包含以下一種或幾種,對(duì)照組采用常規(guī)護(hù)理(Control group,CG)(表1)。

        1.2.2" 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)" (1)非隨機(jī)對(duì)照試驗(yàn);(2)缺乏對(duì)照組;(3)結(jié)局指標(biāo)不符合本次研究要求;(4)研究對(duì)象患有其他疾病或并發(fā)癥;(5)實(shí)驗(yàn)組不符合以下三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法,對(duì)照組不符合常規(guī)護(hù)理(表1)。

        1.3" 文獻(xiàn)篩選與數(shù)據(jù)提取

        由兩名研究人員對(duì)檢索所得文獻(xiàn)下載導(dǎo)入NoteExpress逐步資格審查(見(jiàn)圖2),亦對(duì)確定納入文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)提?。ㄒ?jiàn)圖2)。

        1.4" 偏倚風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)估

        由兩名研究人員按照Cochrane手冊(cè)對(duì)單個(gè)RCT方法學(xué)進(jìn)行獨(dú)立評(píng)價(jià)[18],評(píng)價(jià)結(jié)果如下(見(jiàn)圖3):

        1.5" 納入研究基本特征

        共納入20項(xiàng)RCT,包括1736名BCRL患者,具體情況如下(表2):

        1.6" 統(tǒng)計(jì)分析

        R軟件編程啟動(dòng)net-meta程序,通過(guò)相關(guān)指令調(diào)用貝葉斯Markov Chain Monte Carlo算法對(duì)隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型數(shù)據(jù)結(jié)果實(shí)現(xiàn)網(wǎng)狀關(guān)系圖。ADDIS統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)軟件進(jìn)行隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型的數(shù)據(jù)評(píng)估與處理后,以 P<0.05和95%置信區(qū)間(Confidence intervals,95% CI)作為統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)差異標(biāo)準(zhǔn),繪制軼排序圖[39]。

        2" 結(jié)" 果

        2.1" 網(wǎng)狀關(guān)系與一致性分析

        三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法的網(wǎng)狀關(guān)系圖如(圖4)所示。每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)代表不同的運(yùn)動(dòng)療法,其中節(jié)點(diǎn)愈大,就表示參與該運(yùn)動(dòng)療法的樣本量愈多。實(shí)線將干預(yù)措施與直接比較聯(lián)系起來(lái),其厚度與試驗(yàn)的數(shù)量成正比。由于各運(yùn)動(dòng)療法之間未形成閉合環(huán),故無(wú)須進(jìn)行不一致性比較。針對(duì)各運(yùn)動(dòng)療法分別進(jìn)行一致性分析,節(jié)點(diǎn)分析顯示P-Value均大于0.5,提示收斂性良好。

        2.2" 網(wǎng)狀Meta分析結(jié)果

        2.2.1" 手臂周徑差總評(píng)分 "10項(xiàng)納入研究[19、26-27、30-36]報(bào)告了手臂周徑差總評(píng)分,以MD為效應(yīng)量,95%CI作分析統(tǒng)計(jì),其他運(yùn)動(dòng)療法兩兩比較無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05,表3)。

        2.2.2" 上肢前屈評(píng)分" 15項(xiàng)納入研究[19-25、27-29、32-33、35、37-38]報(bào)告了上肢前屈總評(píng)分,以MD為效應(yīng)量,95%CI作分析統(tǒng)計(jì),各干預(yù)措施分別與無(wú)干預(yù)作比較,AT干預(yù)治療[MD=20.05(11.17,28.69),P?0.05]、RT干預(yù)治療[MD=11.51(1.04,22.11),P?0.05]優(yōu)于對(duì)照組的無(wú)干預(yù)治療,差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,其他運(yùn)動(dòng)療法兩兩比較無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05,表3)。

        2.2.3" 上肢后伸評(píng)分" 13項(xiàng)研究[19、21-25、27-29、32-33、35、38]報(bào)告了上肢后伸總評(píng)分,以MD為效應(yīng)量,95%CI作分析統(tǒng)計(jì),各干預(yù)措施分別與無(wú)干預(yù)作比較,AT干預(yù)治療[MD=7.72(3.67,11.54),P?0.05]、IE干預(yù)治療[MD=10.79(1.65,19.64),P?0.05]顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組的無(wú)干預(yù)治療,差異均具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,其他運(yùn)動(dòng)療法兩兩比較無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05,表3)。

        2.2.4 "DASH評(píng)分" DASH評(píng)分是評(píng)估和監(jiān)測(cè)乳腺癌患者上肢功能的可靠工具,可有效測(cè)定上肢功能障礙[40]。6項(xiàng)納入研究[19-20、26-27、29、35]報(bào)告了DASH總評(píng)分,以MD為效應(yīng)量,95%CI作分析統(tǒng)計(jì),各干預(yù)措施分別與無(wú)干預(yù)作比較,AT干預(yù)治療[MD=22.14(6.80,35.95),P?0.05]、IE干預(yù)治療[MD=11.48(1.16,22.34),P?0.05]顯著優(yōu)于對(duì)照組的無(wú)干預(yù)治療,其他運(yùn)動(dòng)療法兩兩比較無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(Pgt;0.05,表3)。

        2.3 "概率排序

        針對(duì)三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法干預(yù)BCRL患者上肢功能的有效性進(jìn)行概率排序,上肢前屈、上肢后伸指標(biāo)的總評(píng)分皆以Rank 1為最優(yōu)概率排序,Rank 1值愈大排序名次愈優(yōu);手臂周徑差、DASH總評(píng)分以Rank 4為最優(yōu)概率排序,Rank 4值越大排序名次越優(yōu)。改善手臂周徑差評(píng)分優(yōu)劣順序依次為IEgt;RTgt;ATgt;CG,改善上肢前屈評(píng)分優(yōu)劣順序依次為IEgt;ATgt;RTgt;CG,改善上肢后伸評(píng)分優(yōu)劣順序依次為IEgt;ATgt;RTgt;CG,而DASH指標(biāo)評(píng)分的概率排序則為ATgt;IEgt;RTgt;CG(見(jiàn)表3、表4和圖5)。

        3" 討論與分析

        近年來(lái),運(yùn)動(dòng)作為一種非藥物治療方法,已成為替代醫(yī)學(xué)領(lǐng)域的研究熱點(diǎn)。BCRL的誘因,是因?yàn)槊?xì)血管過(guò)濾與組織引流不平衡,導(dǎo)致大量的蛋白液體在組織間隙內(nèi)堆積,造成淋巴管負(fù)荷過(guò)大,淋巴液的容量超過(guò)淋巴管的運(yùn)輸載荷,繼而引發(fā)患肢水腫、疼痛、皮膚感染、炎性反應(yīng)等一系列問(wèn)題[41]。除此之外,肌肉淋巴引流泵功能學(xué)說(shuō)指出,肌肉淋巴引流是BCRL患者上肢淋巴液的主要引流通路,當(dāng)肌肉受損后,皮下組織引流量超負(fù)荷,是造成BCRL患病的主要原因[42]。運(yùn)動(dòng)通過(guò)刺激骨骼肌收縮為BCRL患者提供肌肉泵機(jī)制,刺激淋巴管收縮,促進(jìn)淋巴液向心性回流;同時(shí)亦為BCRL患者患肢關(guān)節(jié)的屈伸活動(dòng)提供關(guān)節(jié)泵機(jī)制,刺激淋巴結(jié)加強(qiáng)防御功能,清除淋巴管內(nèi)淋巴液代謝廢物,促進(jìn)淋巴管運(yùn)動(dòng)[43]。雙泵機(jī)制協(xié)同作用促進(jìn)淋巴液轉(zhuǎn)運(yùn),淋巴管的負(fù)荷下降,促進(jìn)淋巴運(yùn)輸?shù)臅惩?,減輕淋巴系統(tǒng)的承載,疏散聚集在組織間隙內(nèi)的蛋白質(zhì)液體,從而恢復(fù)BCRL上肢功能[44]。

        根據(jù)本次定量合并的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果顯示,與常規(guī)康復(fù)治療相比,AT、IE、RT三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法在降低BCRL患者手臂周徑差方面,以IE排列首位。其因?yàn)镮E在保持恒定訓(xùn)練速度情況下具備其特有的順應(yīng)性阻力,使BCRL患者在各角度、各方面、各方位均經(jīng)受相應(yīng)的最大阻力,積聚更多的運(yùn)動(dòng)單位動(dòng)員,令肌肉產(chǎn)生最大張力和力矩輸出[45],患肢內(nèi)側(cè)的絕大部分肌肉能更大程度地刺激淋巴管收縮;相較于AT和RT的小范圍關(guān)節(jié)活動(dòng),IE能更大范圍利用關(guān)節(jié)泵機(jī)制對(duì)血液及淋巴系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行規(guī)律地?cái)D壓,加速組織液和淋巴液向心性回流[46],積聚更多地運(yùn)動(dòng)單位動(dòng)員數(shù)量,合理增大肌肉橫截面積及體積,改善BCRL患者手臂周徑差[47]。

        在上肢前屈、后伸評(píng)分方面,三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,概率排序顯示IE更優(yōu)。其原因?yàn)椋涸诟涡g(shù)后,胸大肌和胸小肌是損傷最嚴(yán)重的,其功能主要是內(nèi)收肩關(guān)節(jié)和上肢后伸,直接影響上肢前屈和后伸活動(dòng)度。IE特有的順應(yīng)性阻力[48]使肌肉牽拉力度適宜,對(duì)三角肌、背闊肌產(chǎn)生持續(xù)、溫和、穩(wěn)定刺激,替代受損的胸大肌、胸小肌工作,實(shí)現(xiàn)肩部?jī)?nèi)收、外展、內(nèi)旋、外旋等動(dòng)作,改善肩關(guān)節(jié)的活動(dòng)度。IE不僅能增加肩關(guān)節(jié)的活動(dòng)度,更為重要的是神經(jīng)調(diào)節(jié)機(jī)制會(huì)促進(jìn)神經(jīng)活動(dòng)過(guò)程中的協(xié)調(diào)來(lái)改善運(yùn)動(dòng)單位的同步性,促進(jìn)肩關(guān)節(jié)主動(dòng)肌與拮抗肌的協(xié)調(diào)性,使拮抗肌協(xié)同主動(dòng)肌完成動(dòng)作時(shí)更為穩(wěn)定,提高上肢前屈、后伸的活動(dòng)度[49]。

        DASH評(píng)分方面,三種運(yùn)動(dòng)療法均優(yōu)于對(duì)照組,概率排序顯示AT更優(yōu)。原因是該運(yùn)動(dòng)療法通過(guò)肌群的代償運(yùn)動(dòng)恢復(fù)功能,以主動(dòng)助力運(yùn)動(dòng),反復(fù)多次牽拉上肢肩關(guān)節(jié),產(chǎn)生塑性延長(zhǎng),促進(jìn)上肢功能恢復(fù)[50]。AT根據(jù)BCRL患者肩功能障礙解剖學(xué)特性,通過(guò)軀體、頸部、健側(cè)上肢輔助小幅度范圍內(nèi)患側(cè)上肢內(nèi)收、外展、環(huán)繞各方向運(yùn)動(dòng)時(shí),逐步緩慢牽拉患側(cè)腋部纖維組織瘢痕粘連,充分發(fā)揮肩部肌肉作用來(lái)替代腋下淋巴組織功能,使肌間淋巴管內(nèi)的淋巴液通過(guò)瓣膜的作用逐步向心移動(dòng)[51],促進(jìn)淋巴液、血液向心性回流,利于無(wú)菌性炎癥的消退,有效緩解患側(cè)上肢腫脹。AT亦通過(guò)持續(xù)性力量訓(xùn)練,加速機(jī)體的血液循環(huán),使骨骼肌得到更多營(yíng)養(yǎng)供給,有效建立側(cè)支循環(huán),利用肌肉泵、關(guān)節(jié)泵促進(jìn)患側(cè)上肢細(xì)胞代謝,利于骨骼肌生長(zhǎng),改善肌力,增強(qiáng)上肢功能[52]。

        本研究的局限性:(1)研究在人群特征和隨訪時(shí)間上有所不同,但根據(jù)節(jié)點(diǎn)分析顯示,在隨訪時(shí)間、各基線指標(biāo)之間,結(jié)果并無(wú)顯著差異(P>0.05)(表3)。(2)雖然概率排序顯示在手臂周徑差評(píng)分方面IE最優(yōu),在DASH評(píng)分方面AT最優(yōu),但干預(yù)措施的兩兩直接比較均無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,故結(jié)論應(yīng)用仍需結(jié)合其他臨床證據(jù)綜合考量。

        統(tǒng)計(jì)分析結(jié)果表明,等速肌力訓(xùn)練(IE)在降低BCRL患者手臂周徑差,上肢前屈,上肢后伸,有氧訓(xùn)練(AT)在降低DASH方面更具優(yōu)勢(shì)。受納入研究數(shù)量和質(zhì)量的限制,上述結(jié)論尚待更多高質(zhì)量研究予以驗(yàn)證。

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