摘要: 目的 探索新疆南疆地區(qū)農(nóng)村人群中基于不同指南定義的單純舒張期高血壓(IDH)與心血管疾病(CVD)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)。方法 "以新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)第三師51團(tuán)常住人口作為研究對象。根據(jù)2017年美國心臟病學(xué)會/美國心臟協(xié)會(ACC/AHA)高血壓指南和2020年中國高血壓指南對IDH的定義,分別納入研究對象6 834人和8 960人。采用Log-rank檢驗(yàn)比較不同指南定義的IDH患者和血壓正常者CVD事件累積發(fā)病率的差異;使用Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型探索IDH與CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)。結(jié)果 ACC/AHA指南所定義的IDH患病率比中國指南定義者高5.4%。兩種指南定義的IDH患者與血壓正常者的CVD累積發(fā)病率差異均無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(ACC/AHA指南,χ2=0.07,P=0.80;中國指南,χ2=3.85,P=0.05);ACC/AHA指南定義的IDH患者CVD累積發(fā)病率較中國指南定義者低(6.14% vs 9.88%,χ2=5.22,P=0.02)。與血壓正常者相比,中國指南定義的IDH與CVD發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)強(qiáng)度高于ACC/AHA指南,但差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,HR(95%CI)分別為:1.411(0.999~1.993)、1.037(0.788~1.364)。結(jié)論 在新疆南疆農(nóng)村人群中,應(yīng)用2017年ACC/AHA指南定義的血壓新閾值能夠篩選出更多的IDH患者,有利于早期采取有效的防控措施。
關(guān)鍵詞:單純舒張期高血壓;心血管疾病;隊(duì)列研究;血壓
中圖分類號:中圖分類號R18文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)志碼:A文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼
Association between isolated diastolic hypertension and cardiovascular disease
based on different guideline definitions in a rural population in southern Xinjiang
CHENG "Jing1,2,SUN "Xueying1,MA "Rulin1,HE "Jia1,DING "Yusong1,RUI "Dongsheng1,LI "Yu1,
REN "Luoyi3,GUO "Shuxia1,2,GUO "Heng1,2*
(1 Department of Public Health, Shihezi University School of Medicine,Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China; 2 Key Laboratory for
Prevention and Control of Emerging Infectious Diseases and Public Health Security, the Xinjiang Production and Construction
Corps,Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000, China; 3 The First Affiliated Hospital of Shihezi University,Shihezi, Xinjiang 832000,
China)
Abstract: "Objective To explore the association between isolated diastolic hypertension (IDH) based on different guideline definitions and the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in rural areas of southern Xinjiang. Methods The resident population of the third division of the Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps was selected as the study population. According to the definition of IDH in the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association (ACC/AHA) guideline and the 2020 Chinese Hypertension Guideline, 6 834 and 8 960 study subjects were included, respectively. The Log-rank tests were used to compare the differences in the cumulative incidence of CVD events between patients with IDH defined by different guidelines and normotensive participants; Cox proportional risk regression models were used to examine the association between IDH and CVD risk. Results The prevalence of IDH as defined by the ACC/AHA guidelines was 5.4% higher than those defined by the Chinese guidelines. None of the differences in the cumulative prevalence of CVD between IDH patients with different guideline definitions and normotensive participants were statistically significant (ACC/AHA guideline, χ2=0.07, P=0.80; Chinese guideline, χ2=3.85, P=0.05). The cumulative incidence of CVD in IDH patients under the ACC/AHA guideline definition was lower than that of those under the Chinese guideline definition (6.14% vs 9.88%, χ2=5.22, P=0.02). Compared with normotensive individuals, the strength of the association between IDH and CVD risk as defined by the Chinese guideline was higher than that defined by the ACC/AHA guideline, but the difference was not statistically significant, HR (95% CI): 1.411 (0.999~1.993), 1.037 (0.788~1.364). Conclusions In the rural population of southern Xinjiang, the application of the new blood pressure threshold defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guidelines can screen out more patients with IDH, which is conducive to early and effective prevention and control measures.
Key words: Isolated diastolic hypertension;Cardiovascular diseases;Cohort study;Blood pressure
心血管?。–ardiovascular Disease, CVD)是全球范圍內(nèi)造成死亡和疾病負(fù)擔(dān)的主要原因,也是我國最不容忽視的慢性非傳染性疾?。?-2],高血壓是導(dǎo)致我國居民CVD發(fā)病和死亡的首要且可改變危險(xiǎn)因素[3]。根據(jù)收縮壓(Systolic Blood Pressure, SBP)和舒張壓(Diastolic Blood Pressure, DBP)不同閾值,可將高血壓分為不同的表型。單純舒張期高血壓(Isolated Diastolic Hypertension, IDH)是SBP處于正常血壓閾值范圍內(nèi),僅DBP超過閾值的高血壓表型。一項(xiàng)來自中國百萬人群的研究結(jié)果顯示,我國35歲至75歲的成年人中,近4%的人患有IDH,與其他類型的高血壓相比,IDH患者知曉率最低[4]。我國人數(shù)眾多,由IDH造成的疾病負(fù)擔(dān)不容忽視。
2017年美國心臟病學(xué)會/美國心臟協(xié)會(American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association, ACC/AHA)發(fā)布高血壓指南(以下簡稱“ACC/AHA指南”)降低了血壓分類閾值,將IDH定義為SBPlt;130 mmHg,DBP≥80 mmHg[5];我國2020年基層高血壓防治指南(以下簡稱“中國指南”)仍沿用先前血壓閾值,將IDH定義為SBPlt;140 mmHg,DBP≥90 mmHg[6]??紤]到不同血壓閾值的定義,與將IDH定義為SBPlt;140 mmHg及DBP≥90 mmHg相比,應(yīng)用ACC/AHA指南定義提高了IDH類別患者患病率[7-9]。然而,IDH是否與CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)一直存在爭議。國內(nèi)外均有學(xué)者提出,ACC/AHA指南定義的IDH與CVD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)獨(dú)立相關(guān)[8,10-13];但也有研究表明,該定義下的IDH與CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加并無顯著關(guān)聯(lián)[7,14]。在使用先前血壓閾值定義時(shí),IDH與CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)也不一致[8,14-16]。
新疆南疆地區(qū)人群主要為維吾爾族,具有高鹽、高脂、高碳水的飲食特點(diǎn),其高血壓、肥胖及代謝綜合征患病率高,因而有較高的CVD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[17-19]。由于民族特征和心血管疾病危險(xiǎn)因素暴露的差異,有必要探索不同的血壓閾值對該人群造成的疾病影響。目前,該人群還沒有基于不同指南所定義的IDH是否與CVD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)的研究報(bào)道,針對IDH的防控將有利于在該地區(qū)采取更精準(zhǔn)的預(yù)防措施。本研究旨在評估新疆南疆人群中2017年ACC/AHA高血壓指南與2020年中國高血壓指南所定義的IDH患病率,分析不同定義下IDH與CVD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)關(guān)聯(lián),為該人群CVD一級預(yù)防提供參考。
1資料與方法
1.1研究對象
本研究在新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)第三師51團(tuán)開展,基線調(diào)查時(shí)招募了12 813名參與者。研究對象的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為:(1)維吾爾族常住居民;(2)年齡≥18歲;(3)基線信息完整且至少參與過一次隨訪調(diào)查者。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):(1)基線有CVD病史者;(2)資料不完整者。根據(jù)上述標(biāo)準(zhǔn)排除1173人后,最終將11 640名研究對象納入本次研究。根據(jù)ACC/AHA指南定義,排除收縮壓≥130 mmHg者4 806人,最終納入研究對象6 834人;根據(jù)中國高血壓防治指南定義,排除收縮壓≥140 mmHg者2 680人,最終納入研究對象8 960人。本研究由石河子大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院倫理審查委員會批準(zhǔn)(批準(zhǔn)編號:2016-121-01)。所有參與者均簽署了知情同意書。
1.2資料收集
流行病學(xué)調(diào)查:本研究采用面訪調(diào)查的方式,收集一般人口學(xué)資料、生活行為方式及疾病史等信息。人體測量數(shù)據(jù)由體檢人員使用統(tǒng)一標(biāo)準(zhǔn)測量。采用HEM-7051型電子血壓計(jì)(歐姆龍公司)測量右上臂血壓,要求測量對象在被測量前坐位休息5 min以上,間隔30s重復(fù)測量2~3次取平均值。
生化指標(biāo)檢測:受試者空腹過夜后采集肘靜脈血5mL,采用全自動生化儀Olympus AU 2700(Olympus Diagnostics, Hamburg, Germany)測量總膽固醇(Total Cholesterol, TC)、甘油三酯(Triglyceride, TG)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(High Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, HDL-C)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(Low Density Lipoprotein Cholesterol, LDL-C)等生化指標(biāo),由石河子大學(xué)第一附屬醫(yī)院檢驗(yàn)科進(jìn)行檢測。
觀察隨訪和終點(diǎn)事件的確定:本課題組2016年9月進(jìn)行了現(xiàn)場流行病學(xué)調(diào)查,收集有關(guān)問卷、體格檢查及血生化指標(biāo)信息,并分別于 2019年—2022年進(jìn)行4次隨訪,隨訪內(nèi)容與基線調(diào)查保持一致。同時(shí)收集2016年—2022年期間研究人群的社保及住院信息。本研究將首次發(fā)生CVD事件作為終點(diǎn)事件,觀察終止時(shí)間為2022年12月。研究隊(duì)列中CVD事件根據(jù)醫(yī)院醫(yī)療記錄、社保記錄和調(diào)查對象的自我報(bào)告記錄,自我報(bào)告需附臨床診斷證明。
1.3診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)及相關(guān)定義
CVD診斷:本研究中CVD事件的確定參考全球疾病負(fù)擔(dān)(GBD)研究[2],根據(jù)國際疾病分類第10版修訂代碼(ICD-10)主要包括以下類型:缺血性心臟?。↖20-I25)、腦卒中(I60-I69)、高血壓心臟?。↖11)及風(fēng)濕性心臟?。↖01、I02、I05-09)等。
體重指數(shù)(Body Mass Index, BMI)=體重(kg)÷身高(m2)。吸煙:在接受調(diào)查前吸煙總支數(shù)超過100支或連續(xù)吸煙累計(jì)6個(gè)月[20]。飲酒:飲用酒精性飲料(啤酒、白酒和紅酒等)不少于每月2次,并持續(xù)飲用[21]。
糖尿病診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):根據(jù)《中國2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)》標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[22],典型糖尿病癥狀(煩渴多飲、多尿、多食、不明原因體重下降)加上隨機(jī)血糖≥11.1mmol·L-1;或加上空腹血糖≥7.0mmol·L-1;或加上OGTT 2h血糖≥11.1mmol·L-1;或加上HbA1c≥6.5%。無糖尿病典型癥狀者,需改日復(fù)查確認(rèn)。
血脂異常診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn):《中國成人血脂異常防治指南(2016年修訂版)》中規(guī)定[23],以下4項(xiàng)有1項(xiàng)或1項(xiàng)以上可被診斷為血脂異常,總膽固醇(TC)≥6.22mmol·L-1,甘油三酯(TG)≥2.26mmol·L-1,低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)≥4.14mmol·L-1,或高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)lt;1.04mmol·L-1。
IDH:按照2017年ACC/AHA高血壓指南,IDH定義為基線SBPlt;130 mmHg,DBP≥80 mmHg;按照2020年中國高血壓指南,IDH定義為基線SBPlt;140 mmHg,DBP≥90 mmHg。
1.4統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用SPSS 26.0和R4.2.2統(tǒng)計(jì)軟件進(jìn)行數(shù)據(jù)分析。按不同指南所定義的IDH及正常血壓,對研究對象進(jìn)行分組比較。連續(xù)性變量以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差(±s)表示,組間比較采用成組t檢驗(yàn);分類變量以例(%)表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗(yàn)。采用Log-rank檢驗(yàn)比較各組CVD累積發(fā)病率的差異。使用Cox比例風(fēng)險(xiǎn)回歸模型分析IDH與CVD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián);分別按照年齡中位數(shù)、性別、BMI、腰圍、婚姻狀況及受教育水平將研究對象分組,以及排除血脂異?;颊?、糖尿病患者后進(jìn)行亞組分析。以P值lt;0.05(雙側(cè)檢驗(yàn))為差異具有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2結(jié)果
2.1研究對象的基線特征
根據(jù)ACC/AHA指南定義共納入研究對象6 834例,平均年齡(39.55±11.64)歲,男性3 156人(46.2%),其中IDH患者977例(14.3%);根據(jù)中國指南定義共納入研究對象8 960例,平均年齡(40.78±12.29)歲,男性4 406人(49.2%),其中IDH患者344例(3.8%)。ACC/AHA定義的IDH患病率比中國指南定義者高5.4%。
與血壓正常者相比,2種指南定義的IDH患者均具有較高的BMI、腰圍、SBP及DBP(均有Plt;0.05);與中國指南定義的IDH患者相比,ACC/AHA指南定義的IDH患者具有較低的年齡、腰圍、SBP、DBP,性別、受教育程度及糖尿病患者比例之間的差異也均存在統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(均有Plt;0.05)。內(nèi)容詳見表1。
2.2研究對象CVD累積發(fā)病率的比較
ACC/AHA指南定義的研究對象隨訪期間共發(fā)生CVD事件408例,其中IDH患者發(fā)生CVD 60例(6.14%);中國指南定義的研究對象隨訪期間共發(fā)生CVD事件642例,其中IDH患者發(fā)生CVD 34例(9.88%)(表2)。
2種指南定義的IDH患者與血壓正常者的CVD累積發(fā)病率差異無統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(ACC/AHA指南,χ2=0.07,P=0.80;中國指南,χ2=3.85,P=0.05)(圖1A、圖1B)。與中國指南定義相比,ACC/AHA指南定義的IDH患者CVD累積發(fā)病率較低(χ2=5.22,P=0.02)(圖1C)。
2.3IDH與CVD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)
單因素Cox回歸模型結(jié)果顯示,與血壓正常者相比,2種指南定義的IDH均與CVD發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無關(guān)[HR(95%CI)分別是:ACC/AHA指南:1.037(0.788~1.364)、中國指南:1.411(0.999~1.993)];在缺血性心臟病,腦卒中及其他心臟病類型中也得到類似的結(jié)果。與ACC/AHA指南定義相比,中國指南定義的IDH患者CVD發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加了1.625倍[HR(95%CI)1.625(1.067~2.476)],但模型2、3結(jié)果顯示,這種關(guān)聯(lián)在校正其他混雜因素后消失(表3)。
2.4IDH與CVD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的亞組分析
分別按照年齡中位數(shù)、性別、BMI、腰圍、婚姻狀況及受教育水平將研究對象分組,以及排除血脂異常患者、糖尿病患者后重復(fù)單因素Cox回歸模型進(jìn)行亞組分析,結(jié)果顯示與血壓正常者相比,除個(gè)別亞組外,2種指南定義的IDH與CVD發(fā)病風(fēng)險(xiǎn)均無相關(guān)性(圖2)。中國指南定義的研究對象在腰圍正常組和受教育水平為初中組時(shí),與血壓正常者相比,IDH患者與CVD發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān),HR(95%CI)分別為:1.78(1.07~2.94)、2.35(1.14~4.86)。
3討論
本研究結(jié)果表明,在新疆南疆地區(qū)農(nóng)村人群中,2017年ACC/AHA指南定義的IDH患病率比中國指南定義者高5.4%,ACC/AHA指南定義降低了血壓分類的閾值,從而增加了IDH患者人數(shù)。中國指南定義的IDH與CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)強(qiáng)度高于ACC/AHA指南定義,但這種關(guān)聯(lián)在校正混雜因素后消失。
目前,IDH是否與CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)獨(dú)立相關(guān)尚無定論。Mcevoy等[7]一項(xiàng)納入8 703名美國成年人的縱向分析,以及Mcgrath等[14]對英國生物銀行數(shù)據(jù)庫中151 831名英國成年人的研究結(jié)果均表明,ACC/AHA指南定義的IDH與CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的增加無顯著關(guān)聯(lián),這與我們的研究結(jié)果基本一致。然而,一項(xiàng)來自日本醫(yī)療數(shù)據(jù)中心納入1 746 493人的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),ACC/AHA指南定義的IDH與較高的CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)獨(dú)立相關(guān)[12];由6 424 090名年齡在20歲至39歲之間的成年人組成的隊(duì)列研究,在中位隨訪13.2年后也得到了類似的結(jié)果[24]。使用先前血壓閾值定義時(shí)(140/90 mmHg),IDH 與CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的關(guān)聯(lián)同樣也不一致[8,14,16]??紤]上述研究與本研究結(jié)果相反的原因可能有:樣本量大小不同,IDH是否與CVD發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)相關(guān)可能需要在具有足夠統(tǒng)計(jì)能力的大數(shù)據(jù)研究中獲得驗(yàn)證[13];研究人群不同,一項(xiàng)關(guān)于動脈粥樣硬化多種族研究(MESA)的Meta分析指出,不同種族中ACC/AHA定義的IDH與CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)性并不一致[16];隨訪時(shí)間不同,本研究平均隨訪時(shí)間為(6.11±0.83)年,可能不足以充分觀察到終點(diǎn)事件的發(fā)生。此外,研究設(shè)計(jì)、治療措施及結(jié)局事件的定義等,都有可能是造成研究結(jié)果有差異的原因。
亞組分析結(jié)果顯示,本人群中不同年齡組均與CVD發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)無關(guān)聯(lián)。而危險(xiǎn)因素的基線分布特征表明,ACC/AHA定義的IDH患者較中國指南定義的IDH患者更為年輕(平均年齡:39.28±10.99 vs 42.54±11.67)。在既往研究中,舒張期高血壓在青年人群中與CVD風(fēng)險(xiǎn)的相關(guān)性被一再證實(shí)。一項(xiàng)弗雷明翰心臟研究結(jié)果顯示,在50 歲以下人群中DBP是冠心病的最佳預(yù)測因子[25]?,F(xiàn)有研究也表明,相比老年人群,年輕人群的IDH與CVD事件風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加顯著相關(guān)[26-27];應(yīng)用2017年ACC/AHA指南定義的血壓分類閾值可能有助于識別CVD發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)較高的年輕人,實(shí)現(xiàn)并保持該血壓目標(biāo)可以預(yù)防更多的 CVD 事件[28-29]。
綜上,就南疆人群而言,應(yīng)用2017年ACC/AHA指南定義降低了血壓分類的閾值,提高了IDH類別患者的患病率,能夠篩選出更多的IDH患者,有助于早期采取針對性的防控措施,降低CVD發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
參考文獻(xiàn)(References)
[1]ROTH G A, MENSAH G A, JOHNSON C O, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 76(25): 2982-3021.
[2]LIU S, LI Y, ZENG X, et al. Burden of cardiovascular diseases in China, 1990-2016: findings from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease Study[J]. JAMA Cardiol, 2019, 4(4): 342-352.
[3]中華醫(yī)學(xué)會心血管病學(xué)分會, 中國康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)會心臟預(yù)防與康復(fù)專業(yè)委員會, 中國老年學(xué)和老年醫(yī)學(xué)會心臟專業(yè)委員會, 等. 中國心血管病一級預(yù)防指南[J]. 中華心血管病雜志, 2020, 48(12): 1000-1038.
Chinese Society of Cardiovascular Disease, Chinese Society of Rehabilitation Medicine, Chinese Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Chinese Society of Gerontology and Geriatrics, Cardiac Specialty Committee, et al. Guidelines for primary prevention of cardiovascular disease in China[J]. Chinese Journal of Cardiovascular Disease, 2020,48(12):1000-1038.
[4]MAHAJAN S, ZHANG D, HE S, et al. Prevalence, awareness, and treatment of isolated diastolic hypertension: insights from the China PEACE Million Persons Project[J]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2019, 8(19): e012954.
[5]WHELTON P K, CAREY R M, ARONOW W S, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/AphA/ASH/ASPC/
NMA/ PCNA guideline for the prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association task force on clinical practice guidelines[J]. Circulation, 2018, 138(17): e426-e483.
[6]國家心血管病中心, 國家基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)項(xiàng)目基層高血壓管理辦公室, 國家基層高血壓管理專家委員會. 國家基層高血壓防治管理指南2020版[J]. 中國循環(huán)雜志, 2021, 36(3): 209-220.
National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases;The National Essential Public Health Service Program Office for Management of Hypertension in Primary Health Care;National Committee on Hypertension Management in Primary Health Care. National Clinical Practice Guidelines on the Management of Hypertension in Primary Health Care in China (2020)[J].Chin Circul J,2021,36(3):209-220.
[7]MCEVOY J W, DAYA N, RAHMAN F, et al. Association of isolated diastolic hypertension as defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA blood pressure guideline with incident cardiovascular outcomes[J]. JAMA, 2020, 323(4): 329-338.
[8]WU S, JI C, SHI J, et al. Isolated diastolic hypertension as defined by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline and incident cardiovascular events in Chinese[J]. J of Hypertens, 2021, 39(3): 519-525.
[9]CHO S, LEE H, KIM H C. Differences in prevalence of hypertension subtypes according to the 2018 Korean Society of Hypertension and 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guidelines: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2007-2017 (KNHANES Ⅳ-Ⅶ)[J]. Clin Hypertens, 2019, 25(1): 26.
[10]GAO J, DAI Y, XIE Y, et al. The association of stage 1 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline with stroke and its subtypes among elderly Chinese[J]. Biomed ResInt, 2020, 2020: 4023787.
[11]ZHANG S, LIU S, JIAO Y, et al. Association of isolated diastolic hypertension based on different guideline definitions with incident cardiovascular risk in a Chinese rural cohort[J]. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2022, 24(1): 18-25.
[12]KANEKO H, ITOH H, YOTSUMOTO H, et al. Association of isolated diastolic hypertension based on the cutoff value in the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guidelines with subsequent cardiovascular events in the general population[J]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2020, 9(19): e017963.
[13]LEE H, YANO Y, CHO S M, et al. Cardiovascular risk of isolated diastolic hypertension defined by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline: a nationwide age-stratified cohort study[J]. Hypertension, 2020, 76(6): e44-e46.
[14]MCGRATH B P, KUNDU P, DAYA N, et al. Isolated diastolic hypertension in the UK Biobank: comparison of ACC/AHA and ESC/NICE guideline definitions[J]. Hypertension, 2020, 76(3): 699-706.
[15]STRANDBERG T E, SALOMAA V V, VANHANEN H T, et al. Isolated diastolic hypertension, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure as predictors of mortality during a follow-up of up to 32 years[J]. J Hypertens, 2002, 20(3): 399-404.
[16]JACOBSEN A P, AL R M, ARPS K, et al. A cohort study and meta-analysis of isolated diastolic hypertension: searching for a threshold to guide treatment[J]. Eur Heart J, 2021, 42(21): 2119-2129.
[17]HE J, GUO S, LIU J, et al. Ethnic differences in prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity among low-income rural Kazakh and Uyghur adults in far western China and implications in preventive public health[J]. Plos One, 2014, 9(9): e106723.
[18]WANG Y, ZHANG J, DING Y, et al. Prevalence of hypertension among adults in remote rural areas of Xinjiang, China[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2016, 13(6):524.
[19]TAO J, MA Y T, XIANG Y, et al. Prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors and adverse risk profiles among three ethnic groups in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, China[J]. Lipids Health Dis, 2013, 12: 185.
[20]CENTERS F D C A. Cigarette smoking among adults — united states, 1992, and changes in the definition of current cigarette smoking[J]. MMWR. Morbidity and mortality weekly report, 1994, 43(19): 342-346.
[21]SUN K, REN M, LIU D, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of prospective studies[J]. Clin Nutr, 2014, 33(4): 596-602.
[22]中華醫(yī)學(xué)會糖尿病學(xué)分會. 中國2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)(上)[J]. 中國實(shí)用內(nèi)科雜志, 2021, 41(8): 668-695.
Chinese Diabetes Society. Guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China (2020 edition) (Part 1)[J]. Chin J Pract Intern Med, 2021,41(8):668-695.
[23]諸駿仁, 高潤霖, 趙水平, 等. 中國成人血脂異常防治指南(2016年修訂版)[J]. 中國循環(huán)雜志, 2016, 31(10): 937-953.
ZHU J R, GAO R L, ZHAO S P, et al. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemia in Chinese adults (2016 revised edition)[J]. Chin Circul J, 2016,31(10):937-953.
[24]LEE H, YANO Y, CHO S, et al. Cardiovascular risk of isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension in young adults[J]. Circulation, 2020, 141(22): 1778-1786.
[25]FRANKLIN S S, LARSON M G, KHAN S A, et al. Does the relation of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with aging? The Framingham Heart Study[J]. Circulation, 2001, 103(9): 1245-1249.
[26]HUANG M, LONG L, TAN L, et al. Isolated diastolic hypertension and risk of cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies with 489,814 participants[J]. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2022, 8: 810105.
[27]CHRYSANT S G. The clinical significance of isolated diastolic hypertension[J]. Postgrad Med, 2020,132(7): 624-628.
[28]YANO Y, REIS J P, COLANGELO L A, et al. Association of blood pressure classification in young adults using the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline with cardiovascular events later in life[J]. JAMA, 2018, 320(17): 1774-1782.
[29]BRESS A P, COLANTONIO L D, COOPER R S, et al. Potential cardiovascular disease events prevented with adoption of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline[J]. Circulation, 2019, 139(1): 24-36.
[1]ROTH G A, MENSAH G A, JOHNSON C O, et al. Global burden of cardiovascular diseases and risk factors, 1990-2019: update from the GBD 2019 study[J]. J Am Coll Cardiol, 2020, 76(25): 2982-3021.
[2]LIU S, LI Y, ZENG X, et al. Burden of cardiovascular diseases in China, 1990-2016: findings from the 2016 Global Burden of Disease Study[J]. JAMA Cardiol, 2019, 4(4): 342-352.
[3]中華醫(yī)學(xué)會心血管病學(xué)分會, 中國康復(fù)醫(yī)學(xué)會心臟預(yù)防與康復(fù)專業(yè)委員會, 中國老年學(xué)和老年醫(yī)學(xué)會心臟專業(yè)委員會, 等. 中國心血管病一級預(yù)防指南[J]. 中華心血管病雜志, 2020, 48(12): 1000-1038.
Chinese Society of Cardiology of Chinese Medical Association, Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Rehabilitation Committee of Chinese Association of Rehabilitation Medicine, Cardiovascular Disease Committee of Chinese Association of Gerontology and Geriatrics, et al. Chinese guideline on the primary prevention of cardiovascular diseases[J]. Chin J Cardiol, 2020,48(12):1000-1038.
[4]MAHAJAN S, ZHANG D, HE S, et al. Prevalence, awareness, and treatment of isolated diastolic hypertension: insights from the China PEACE Million Persons Project[J]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2019, 8(19): e012954.
[5]WHELTON P K, CAREY R M, ARONOW W S, et al. 2017 ACC/AHA/AAPA/ABC/ACPM/AGS/AphA/ASH/ASPC/NMA/PCNA guideline for the "prevention, detection, evaluation, and management of high blood pressure in adults: executive summary: a report of the American college of cardiology/American heart association task force on clinical practice guidelines[J]. Circulation, 2018, 138(17): e426-e483.
[6]國家心血管病中心, 國家基本公共衛(wèi)生服務(wù)項(xiàng)目基層高血壓管理辦公室, 國家基層高血壓管理專家委員會. 國家基層高血壓防治管理指南2020版[J]. 中國循環(huán)雜志, 2021, 36(3): 209-220.
National Center for Cardiovascular Diseases, The National Essential Public Health Service Program Office for Management of Hypertension in Primary Health Care, National Committee on Hypertension Management in Primary Health Care. National clinical practice guidelines on the management of hypertension in primary health care in China (2020)[J]. China Circul J, 2021,36(3):209-220.
[7]MCEVOY J W, DAYA N, RAHMAN F, et al. Association of isolated diastolic hypertension as defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA blood pressure guideline with incident cardiovascular outcomes[J]. JAMA, 2020, 323(4): 329-338.
[8]WU S, JI C, SHI J, et al. Isolated diastolic hypertension as defined by the 2017 American college of cardiology/American heart association blood pressure guideline and incident cardiovascular events in Chinese[J]. J Hypertens, 2021, 39(3): 519-525.
[9]CHO S, LEE H, KIM H C. Differences in prevalence of hypertension subtypes according to the 2018 Korean Society of hypertension and 2017 American college of cardiology/American heart association guidelines: the korean national health and nutrition examination survey, 2007-2017 (KNHANES Ⅳ-Ⅶ)[J]. Clin Hypertens, 2019, 25(1): 26.
[10]GAO J, DAI Y, XIE Y, et al. The association of stage 1 hypertension defined by the 2017 ACC/AHA guideline with stroke and its subtypes among elderly Chinese[J]. Biomed Res Int, 2020, 2020: 4023787.
[11]ZHANG S, LIU S, JIAO Y, et al. Association of isolated diastolic hypertension based on different guideline definitions with incident cardiovascular risk in a Chinese rural cohort[J]. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich), 2022, 24(1): 18-25.
[12]KANEKO H, ITOH H, YOTSUMOTO H, et al. Association of isolated diastolic hypertension based on the cutoff value in the 2017 American college of cardiology/American heart association blood pressure guidelines with subsequent cardiovascular events in the general population[J]. J Am Heart Assoc, 2020, 9(19): e017963.
[13]LEE H, YANO Y, CHO S, et al. Cardiovascular risk of isolated diastolic hypertension defined by the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline: a nationwide age-stratified cohort study[J]. Hypertension, 2020, 76(6): e44-e46.
[14]MCGRATH B P, KUNDU P, DAYA N, et al. Isolated diastolic hypertension in the UK biobank: comparison of ACC/AHA and ESC/NICE guideline definitions[J]. Hypertension, 2020, 76(3): 699-706.
[15]STRANDBERG T E, SALOMAA V V, VANHANEN H T, et al. Isolated diastolic hypertension, pulse pressure, and mean arterial pressure as predictors of mortality during a follow-up of up to 32 years[J]. J Hypertens, 2002, 20(3): 399-404.
[16]JACOBSEN A P, AL R M, ARPS K, et al. A cohort study and meta-analysis of isolated diastolic hypertension: searching for a threshold to guide treatment[J]. Eur Heart J, 2021, 42(21): 2119-2129.
[17]HE J, GUO S, LIU J, et al. Ethnic differences in prevalence of general obesity and abdominal obesity among low-income rural Kazakh and Uyghur adults in far western China and implications in preventive public health[J]. PloS One, 2014, 9(9): e106723.
[18]WANG Y, ZHANG J, DING Y, et al. Prevalence of hypertension among adults in remote rural areas of Xinjiang, China[J]. Int J Environ Res Public Health, 2016, 13(6):524.
[19]TAO J, MA Y T, XIANG Y, et al. Prevalence of major cardiovascular risk factors and adverse risk profiles among three ethnic groups in the Xinjiang Uygur autonomous region, China[J]. Lipids Health Dis, 2013, 12: 185.
[20]Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(CDC). Cigarette smoking among adults — United States, 1992, and changes in the definition of current cigarette smoking[J]. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep, 1994, 43(19): 342-346.
[21]SUN K, REN M, LIU D, et al. Alcohol consumption and risk of metabolic syndrome: a meta-analysis of prospective studies[J]. Clin Nutr, 2014, 33(4): 596-602.
[22]中華醫(yī)學(xué)會糖尿病學(xué)分會. 中國2型糖尿病防治指南(2020年版)(上)[J]. 中國實(shí)用內(nèi)科雜志, 2021, 41(8): 668-695.
Chinese Diabetes Society. Guideline for the prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China (2020 edition) (Part 1)[J]. Chin J Pract Intern Med, 2021,41(8):668-695.
[23]諸駿仁, 高潤霖, 趙水平, 等. 中國成人血脂異常防治指南(2016年修訂版)[J]. 中國循環(huán)雜志, 2016, 31(10): 937-953.
ZHU J R, GAO R L, ZHAO S P, et al. Guidelines for the prevention and treatment of dyslipidaemia in Chinese adults (2016 revised edition)[J]. Chin Circul J, 2016,31(10):937-953.
[24]LEE H, YANO Y, CHO S, et al. Cardiovascular risk of isolated systolic or diastolic hypertension in young adults[J]. Circulation, 2020, 141(22): 1778-1786.
[25]FRANKLIN S S, LARSON M G, KHAN S A, et al. Does the relation of blood pressure to coronary heart disease risk change with aging? The framingham heart study[J]. Circulation, 2001, 103(9): 1245-1249.
[26]HUANG M, LONG L, TAN L, et al. Isolated diastolic hypertension and risk of cardiovascular events: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies with 489,814 participants[J]. Front Cardiovasc Med, 2022, 8: 810105.
[27]CHRYSANT S G. The clinical significance of isolated diastolic hypertension[J]. Postgrad Med, 2020, 132(7): 624-628.
[28]YANO Y, REIS J P, COLANGELO L A, et al. Association of blood pressure classification in young adults using the 2017 American college of cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline with cardiovascular events later in life[J]. JAMA, 2018, 320(17): 1774-1782.
[29]BRESS A P, COLANTONIO L D, COOPER R S, et al. Potential cardiovascular disease events prevented with adoption of the 2017 American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association blood pressure guideline[J]. Circulation, 2019, 139(1): 24-36.
(責(zé)任編輯:編輯唐慧)
收稿日期:中文收稿日期2023-12-06
基金項(xiàng)目:新疆生產(chǎn)建設(shè)兵團(tuán)重點(diǎn)領(lǐng)域科技攻關(guān)計(jì)劃(2021AB030)
作者簡介:程靜(1997—),女,碩士研究生,專業(yè)方向?yàn)榱餍胁∨c衛(wèi)生統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)。
*通信作者:郭恒(1980—),男,副教授,從事慢性病流行病學(xué)研究,e-mail:guoheng@shzu.edu.cn。
DOI:10.13880/j.cnki.65-1174/n.2024.22.016
文章編號:1007-7383(2024)03-0342-07