建筑設(shè)計：趙揚(yáng)建筑工作室

梅里雪山既下山酒店是一個改擴(kuò)建項目，其前身是季候鳥雪山旅館。項目位于云南省迪慶州德欽縣霧濃頂村，其用地屬于這個村子的第23 戶人家。季候鳥雪山旅館本身也是對一個48 柱木框架結(jié)構(gòu)的夯土藏房的改造。當(dāng)時因為荷載、防水、隔音以及消防驗收等問題，用混凝土框架結(jié)構(gòu)替代了原始的木結(jié)構(gòu)，但仍保留了夯土墻和平面中心的天井。旅館建成之后，成為通往西藏的214 國道上的重要驛站，也是眺望和觀賞梅里十三峰全景的最佳地點(diǎn)。

2015 年，行李旅宿的創(chuàng)始人賴國平先生決定把季候鳥雪山旅館改造為一個小型精品度假酒店。新的酒店將取消“季候鳥”冬季4 個月的歇業(yè)期，改為全年營業(yè)。這就是梅里雪山既下山酒店的濫觴。

場地策略

改造的第一個需求是要增加使用面積，建筑空間必須突破現(xiàn)狀大藏房的格局。大藏房南側(cè)有一片緩坡，順著坡地望下去，可以完美地俯瞰恬靜安詳?shù)撵F濃頂村。我們從大藏房南面探出一個朝向霧濃頂村的餐廳。餐廳平面呈喇叭形，喇叭嘴插入大藏房外墻上，喇叭口朝南，空間面向霧濃頂村逐漸打開；從剖面上看，餐廳內(nèi)部地面的階地形與地形坡度完全吻合，這樣，整個空間的向度就跟霧濃頂村完美鎖定，每一級階地上的餐桌都能直接觀賞到霧濃頂村的景觀。從形體外觀上看，這個三角形的餐廳與大藏房的關(guān)系相對獨(dú)立，更好地維護(hù)了大藏房單純的形體印象。

大藏房西北側(cè)和裸露的山體之間留有空隙，我們利用了這個空間增加了兩間客房。并用當(dāng)?shù)爻Ｒ姷拿瘔w覆蓋客房立面，讓這部分加建的空間給人一個擋土墻的印象。

我們把現(xiàn)狀建筑三層的露臺封閉起來用作客房空間，讓大藏房呈現(xiàn)出一個更簡單直接的立方體“完形”，之后把酒吧放到三樓屋頂上，用水平延展的挑檐覆蓋一個南、西、北3 面都透明的空間。酒吧的檐口和露臺的欄板限定了雪山水平長卷的上、下邊界，基本上可以比較有效地截取從中景的飛來寺到十三峰遠(yuǎn)景的理想畫幅。畫面沒有設(shè)定左右邊界，取消了框景，視線在完成對雪山的凝視之后會跟隨天際線向南北兩側(cè)自然轉(zhuǎn)移。

中庭

從冬季保溫的角度出發(fā)，我們把原建筑的天井覆蓋為中庭。中庭是酒店空間的核心部分，也是整個設(shè)計中最難把握的環(huán)節(jié)。首先，為了改變大堂幽暗壓抑的狀態(tài)，我們打掉中庭部分二樓的樓板，改善了大堂進(jìn)深和層高的比例關(guān)系；其次，考慮到4層高的中庭過于高聳，就把中庭部分的地面抬升到第二層，并把這個空間當(dāng)作圖書館使用。大堂和圖書館空間因此在剖面上聯(lián)系起來，到達(dá)大堂的客人比較容易被高處的中庭吸引而開始一段向上的空間游歷。最后，我們用3 段直跑樓梯把地面層的大堂、二層的圖書館和四層的酒吧連接起來。這3 段首尾相接的直跑樓梯是通往雪山酒吧距離最短、轉(zhuǎn)折最少的路徑，也是形式上最凝練的表達(dá)。從二層到四層的兩段樓梯用實體欄板隱藏了支撐樓梯跨度的鋼結(jié)構(gòu)，在中庭的東西兩側(cè)凌空斜跨，幾何的抽象感讓這兩段樓梯從日常性中抽離，又在紀(jì)念性中凸顯，一個天光下通往雪山的天梯，隱喻著一段濃縮的“朝圣”之旅。

和天窗相比，高側(cè)窗的光線相對均衡，而且可以避免正午的眩光。我們在中庭頂部東西兩側(cè)設(shè)置高側(cè)窗，同時用一個曲面的頂棚，把從兩側(cè)進(jìn)入的光線反射下去。曲面可以把直射光擴(kuò)散開，這樣可以保證中庭的光線均勻而柔和。高側(cè)窗用玻璃磚砌筑，玻璃磚也可以進(jìn)一步起到折射并柔化直射陽光的效果。

這個曲面頂棚西高東低，從剖面上跟最后一段“天梯”傾斜的趨勢正相吻合。我們希望這個曲面給人柔軟懸掛的印象，而不是一個僵硬的造型。再加上對反射效果的考慮，就想到用若干銅板串接成一張靠重力自然懸垂的“掛毯”。恰好大理旁邊的鶴慶就以加工手打銅銀的工藝聞名，與工匠交流后，我們決定用1364 塊20cm 見方的鑲金箔的紫銅板錯縫串接成一張54.6m2的“紫銅掛毯”，懸垂于兩端高側(cè)窗的頂部。手工打制的銅板表面有密集的凹坑，這也是為了進(jìn)一步散射光線，讓中庭內(nèi)部通體光明。

其實千里迢迢地來看卡瓦格博就是朝圣。從這個意義上講，這個酒店就是為朝圣者準(zhǔn)備的，它的真身是供奉神山的廟宇，酒店只是化身，它要影響朝圣者面對雪山的姿態(tài)和心態(tài)。在金頂?shù)墓饷⑾屡逝捞焯荻咏┥骄褪且环N儀式，經(jīng)歷了這份莊嚴(yán)再看卡瓦格博，面對雪山的凝視就不再只是一個“國家地理”式的眺望了。

材料與建造

現(xiàn)狀的夯土墻外表面有一層用于防止墻體剝落的水泥抹灰，為了恢復(fù)夯土墻原初的外觀，并滿足未來酒店的使用要求。我們拆除并回收了現(xiàn)狀夯土墻的泥土，并在內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)改造完成后，再摻入適量水泥和固土劑重新夯一遍，相當(dāng)于把夯土墻當(dāng)作一件羽絨服套在已經(jīng)用混凝土砌塊填充過的主體框架結(jié)構(gòu)之外。這樣的夯土墻當(dāng)然就不再有透氣效果，但強(qiáng)度和耐久性都明顯提高。改造后客房的窗戶擴(kuò)大到1.5m 寬，遠(yuǎn)遠(yuǎn)超出了傳統(tǒng)木窗套的跨度極限，于是我們決定用現(xiàn)澆混凝土窗套來替代傳統(tǒng)的木窗套做法，并在澆筑完成后打磨成磨石的表面效果，細(xì)膩光滑的窗套與粗糲的夯土形成別致的反差。為了讓客房的景觀不受干擾，我們把窗戶的開啟扇設(shè)計在每扇落地窗的底部。用老榆木制作的窗框因為混凝土窗套的保護(hù)也規(guī)避了變形開裂的后顧之憂。

緊貼后山的“山房”立面用當(dāng)?shù)爻Ｒ姷拿瘬跬翂︼椕?，其色調(diào)基本和山坡融為一體。為了讓餐廳和雪山酒吧的屋面看上去盡可能輕薄，與大藏房厚重的外表形成對比，我們最后決定用鋁鎂錳合金板來包裹這兩個空間的外皮，包括屋頂和立面。這樣省去了屋面額外的防水處理，合金板的背面也便于粘貼保溫材料，同時也使這兩個明顯加建出來的空間更有臨時建筑的感覺。□

項目信息/Credits and Data

地點(diǎn)/Location:中國云南省迪慶藏族自治州德欽縣霧濃頂村/Wunongding Village,Deqin County,Diqing Autonomous Prefecture,Yunnan Province,China

客戶/Client:行李旅宿酒店集團(tuán)/Travelling with Hotel Management Co.,Ltd.

建筑設(shè)計/Architects:趙揚(yáng)建筑工作室/Zhao yang Architects

設(shè)計團(tuán)隊/Design Team:趙揚(yáng)，王典，李樂，David Dufourcq，白皓文，丁鄉(xiāng)，張楠，周怡靜，劉桔，簡雪蓮/ZHAO Yang,WANG Dian,LI Le,David Dufourcq,BAI Haowen,DING Xiang,ZHANG Nan,ZHOU Yijing,LIU Ju,JIAN Xuelian

室內(nèi)設(shè)計/Interior Design:謝柯（尚壹揚(yáng)）/XIE Ke (Shang Yi Yang)

結(jié)構(gòu)設(shè)計/Structure Design:馬智剛/MA Zhigang

機(jī)電設(shè)計/Electromechanical Design:北京卡林建筑設(shè)計有限責(zé)任公司/Beijing Kalin Architectural Design Co.,Ltd.

設(shè)計時間/Design Period:2015.10-2016.05

施工時間/Construction Period:2016.06-2018.11

總建筑面積/Floor Area:1961 m2

攝影/Photos:陳顥/CHEN Hao，雷壇壇/Jonathan Leijonhufvud

1 遠(yuǎn)景中的梅里雪山與位于中景右側(cè)的酒店/Meili Snow Mountain in the distance with the hotel on the right in the middle view

2 首層平面/Ground floor plan

Sunyata Hotel in Meili Snow Mountain is a renovation and extension project.It's renovated from Migratory Bird Inn.The hotel is located at Wunongding village of Deqin county,Diqing autonomous prefecture of Tibetan minority.The land belongs to the 23rd family of the village.Migratory Bird Inn itself was renovated from a vernacular Tibetan house,which had an orthogonal timber frame of 48 columns.Considering the potential problem of load,waterproof,sound insulation and fire protection,the timber structure had been removed and replaced by a concrete frame structure.However,the fa?ade made from rammed earth had been kept,and the square plan layout with a courtyard at its centre had been inherited too.After its completion,Migratory Bird Inn had become a important landmark along the 214 national highway.It has been celebrated as the location with the best vista towards the snow mountain of Kawakarpo,the first of the eight sacred mountains of Tibet.

In 2015,Mr.LAI Guoping (founder of Travelling with Co.) decided to transform Migratory Bird Inn into a small boutique hotel.The new hotel will overcome the severe winter and operates year-round.

Site Strategy

The first priority was to increase the floor area of the project.Therefore,we had to break the limit of the rigid square plan of the rammed–earth house.The gentle slope to the south leads our view to the village that is several hundred meters away.We attach a triangular shaped restaurant to the south fa?ade of the original building.The section of the restaurant fits the inclination of the topography,directing the view of the interior to the village far and bellow.As a result,dining tables arranged on every terrace of the restaurant enjoys the view with ease.

We took the advantage of the gap space between the original building and the rugged edge of the topography to the north,and added two rooms and some service spaces with a fa?ade made from the local masonry.The appearance of this part gives am impression of a retaining wall.

We enclosed the roof terrace on the third floor of the original building and transformed this area into guest rooms.And the lounge with the panoramic view towards the snow mountain was raised to the fourth floor and covered by a horizontal eave and enveloped by giant glass sliding doors.The periphery of the eave and the balustrade of the new roof terrace define the upper and lower boundary of the vista,but the gaze along the horizon drifts smoothly,thanks to the 270°transparency of the lounge.

The Atrium

In order to protect the building from the extreme weather in winter,we covered the courtyard of the original building and transformed it into an atrium.This atrium is the heart of the hotel and also the most difficult part of the design.Firstly,we removed part of the floor of the second floor,and improved the proportion of the lobby space.Secondly,we raised the floor of the atrium to the second floor and created a little library at the bottom of the atrium.The library and the lobby is therefore spatially related on the section,and the arriving guests can be attracted to start a vertical journey from below.Finally,we use three flights of stairs to connect the lobby,the library and the lounge on the top floor.This arrangement of vertical circulation is the most direct and compact design of the stairs we could think of.Especially the two flights from the library to the fourth floor appear almost iconic.The steel truss hiding in the stucco balustrade overcomes the span of the stairs.The abstract form of the stairs creates a moment shifting from the everyday life of a hotel and a sense of monumentality of a religious architecture.We consider a metaphor of a pilgrimage route would be appropriate for the stair leading to the view of a sacred mountain.

We introduced two clerestory windows at the east and west side at the top of the atrium,and a tapestry made from 1364 copper plates is suspended at both ends of the atrium's roof.Therefore,daylight is evenly introduced into the atrium with the help of the reflection from tapestry's gold foil surface.

Considering the remoteness of the hotel,the journey to see the Kawakarpo mountain is itself a pilgrimage.In a way,the hotel can be regarded as a temple worshiping the sacred mountain.It just functions as a hotel.After climbing the ladder in the awe-inspiring space of the atrium,contemplating Kawakarpo is far more than an overlook of the"National Geographic" style.

Material and Construction

The original rammed-earth of the fa?ade was covered and protected by a layer of concrete mortar.In order to fulfil the requirement of the new hotel,we demolished the original fa?ade and recycled its soil.The new rammed-earth facade is solidified by a small portion of fixing agent and cement and is therefore more robust and enduring.The window on the fa?ade is 1.5 m wide,far beyond the capacity of traditional wood window casing.The new window case is made from cast concrete with polished surface.In order to maximise the purity of the view,we put the operable part of the window at its bottom side.The deep recess of the concrete window casing protects the wood window frame from most of the rain,snow and direct sunshine.

We used steel frame structure and metal jacket to erect and envelope the restaurant and the roof lounge.The lightness of structure and materiality give the appearance of these two extension parts a look of temporariness.□

3 從“山房”屋頂看主體建筑西立面/View of the west elevation of the main building from the roof of the "Hill House"

4 從酒店頂層酒吧看梅里雪山/View of Meili Snow Mountain from the hotel's top floor bar

5.6 剖面/Sections

7 從大堂通往圖書館的樓梯/Stairs leading from the lobby to the library

8 從二樓圖書館到四樓雪山酒吧的空間序列/The sequence of spaces from the library on the first floor to the Snow Hill Bar on the third floor

9 從客房窗戶看雪山/View of the snow-capped mountains from the guest room window

10 金頂與中庭/Golden Dome and atrium