胡成誠
在英語中,我們常用“It is/was + 被強調部分+that/who/whom+ 句子其他部分”這一句型結構來突出強調句子的某一成分,但是在教學中發(fā)現學生對強調句型是“學起來容易但真正掌握卻很難”,出現很多各種各樣的使用錯誤。下面就對強調句型的重難點和易錯點作一個歸納和點撥:
1. 誤選強調句型結構詞
由于受從句等影響,學生在使用it強調句型時往往在選擇結構詞時出現錯誤。那么如何才能正確選擇結構詞呢?記住這規(guī)則:不管被強調部分是什么,都可以用that來構成強調句型,但當被強調部分指人時,可以用who(m)來代替that,whom作賓語。
(1)被強調部分為時間狀語、地點狀語或者原因狀語等情況時不能誤用when、where或why等,只能用that。
It was in the street that I met him yesterday.
(2)被強調部分既包括人又包括物,用that不用who(m)。
It was the good teachers and the latest equipment that we talked about yesterday.
正確選擇結構詞的關鍵還在于要能夠正確判斷“it強調句型”,可采用“還原法”判斷:若去掉“It is/was——that”剩下的可以重組成一個句子時是強調句型。試比較:
It was in 1949 that the PRC was founded.(it強調句型)
It was 1949 when the PRC was founded.(when時間狀語從句)
2. 萬能化強調句型
強調句型的功能很強大但它不是萬能的,不可以強調句子的任何成分。強調句型通常用來強調句子的主語、賓語和狀語。下面列舉不適宜用it強調句型的常見情形:
(1)it強調句型不能強調句子的謂語部分
英語中可用“助動詞do、does、did+原形動詞”來強調謂語。
He did go to the airport yesterday, but he didnt find you.
(2)某些狀語從句不適宜使用it強調句型強調
① 不能強調條件、讓步狀語從句。
It is if it rains that we wont go out. (ⅹ)
It is though we are short of money that well try to do it well. (ⅹ)
② 可強調because引導的原因狀語從句,但通常不能強調由since或as引導的原因狀語從句。
It was because he loved my money that he married me. (√)
It is since he can walk around without my help that he is better today. (ⅹ)
③ 可強調so that引起的目的狀語從句,但不能強調so that 引起的結果狀語從句。例如:He didnt plan his time well, so that he didnt do well in his subjects.這一句子中so that引導的從句表示結果,不可以用強調句型強調。
3. 不清楚強調until時間狀語(從句)的特別點
強調“not...until...”結構中的時間狀語時強調句型結構為“It is not until...that...(直到……才……)”,即在強調until時間狀語(從句)時要注意否定前移:若主句為否定句要把謂語動詞的否定詞not提到until之前,主句由否定句改為肯定句。例如:He didnt go to bed until his father came back. 變?yōu)閺娬{句型為:It was not until his father came back that he went to bed.
4. 錯用被強調的人稱代詞的格
被強調的部分為主語或賓語且其為人稱代詞時,應注意其格的形式仍用主格或賓格形式。
【錯誤】It was her that told me the news.
→改正:It was she that told me the news. (“她”作主語)
【錯誤】It is I who the teacher has criticized.
→改正:It is me whom the teacher has criticized. (“我”作賓語)
5. 混淆強調句型中的主謂一致
(1)it后的be動詞有兩種時態(tài)變化,沒有數的變化,不管被強調的部分是單數還是復數只能用單數形式is 或was:強調句型原句的謂語是現在時或將來時的各種形式,就用it is—,是過去時的各種形式,則用it was—。
I studied at this school three years ago.
→It was at this school that I studied three years ago.
Tomorrow were going to have a party.
→It is tomorrow that were going to have a party.
(2)強調主語時,who 或that后面的謂語形式須與被強調的主語保持一致。
【錯誤】It is you who is wrong.
→【正確】It is you who are wrong. (are與you保持一致)
【錯誤】It is my friends that helps me with English.
→【正確】It is my friends that help me with English.(help與my friends保持一致)
6. 總結
以上是對it強調句型的重難點和易錯點的總結和分析點撥。雖然這些“很好懂”,但還是非常需要多多練習、不斷使用,才能全面正確掌握。
參考文獻
[1]張道真. 實用英語語法[M]. 外語教學與研究出版社, 2002.
[2]薄冰. 高級英語語法[M]. 商務印書館, 2018.
(作者單位:山東省無棣第一中學)