【摘要】眾所周知,每一種語言都有一些特殊的句型結構,如:英語中就有倒裝句,祈使句,強調句,省略句,There be等特殊句式,除此之外,還有一些特殊結構,如分詞的獨立主格結構,動名詞的復合結構,動詞不定式復合結構,with的復合結構等,這些特殊結構都是同學們在學習英語過程中感到困惑的部分,筆者就分詞的獨立主格結構進行詳細的解釋說明,幫助同學們走出困區(qū)。
【關鍵詞】分詞獨立主格結構;主動;被動
【作者簡介】趙彤艷(1971-),女,山西畜牧獸醫(yī)學校,英語教師,本科。
一、分詞的種類和意義
分詞分為現(xiàn)在分詞和過去分詞,在時態(tài)上現(xiàn)在分詞v+ing 表示該動作為進行;過去分詞v+ed表示該動作已完成;在語態(tài)上,現(xiàn)在分詞表主動,過去分詞表被動(多為及物動詞)。
Eg: 1 China is a developing country = a country that is developing? (developing 表示進行)
Eg: 2 America is a developed country = a country that has developed (developed 表示完成)
Eg: 3 I saw an old man crossing the road =that an old man was crossing the road.(crossing 表示主動)
Eg: 4 Tom was reading a book published in the 1980s=that was published in the 1980s. (published 表示被動)。
二、分詞獨立結構(The Nominative Absolute Cons- truction)
1.分詞獨立結構構成:邏輯主語+分詞。 分詞短語在句中做狀語時,它邏輯上的主語一般必須和句子的主語一致,但有時它可以有自己獨立的邏輯上的主語,這種結構稱為分詞獨立結構。請看下面例句:
Eg 1 Hearing the exciting news, Tom jumped up.
解釋:本句中謂語動詞為jump,非謂語動詞為hearing, hearing the exciting news為非謂語動詞短語在整個句子中作時間狀語;hearing的動作發(fā)出者(邏輯上的主語)就是句子的主語Tom.
Eg: Jack entered the classroom, wearing a pair of sunglasses.
解釋:本句中謂語動詞為enter, 非謂語動詞短語wearing a pair of sunglasses作伴隨狀語,wearing 的動作發(fā)出者(邏輯主語)和該句的主語是一致的,即Jack.
練習1 _______(be) a student, I should study hard.
分析:本句中主語為I,謂語為should study, be 為非謂語動詞,根據(jù)非謂語動詞作狀語邏輯主語須和句子主語一致,即be 的邏輯主語就是I,而I和be 之間是主動關系,故此空填入Being..
練習2________(be) a fine day, we can go camping.
分析:本句中主語為we,謂語為 can go , 而非謂語動詞be 的邏輯主語為天氣,和句子主語不一致,此時非謂語動詞要有自己邏輯上的主語,天氣用it表示,故此空應填入It being.
2.分詞獨立結構特點。
(1)獨立主格結構有獨立存在的邏輯主語。獨立主格結構邏輯主語和分詞是邏輯上的主動或被動關系。
(2)獨立主格結構一般有逗號和句子分開。
Eg: Tom rushed into the classroom, his hand holding a ball.
Eg: Homework finished, we could go swimming.
Eg: There being no bus, we had to go home on foot.
3.分詞獨立結構和狀語從句轉換。分詞獨立結構在句中作狀語,表示時間,原因,條件時可和相應的時間,原因,條件狀語從句轉換,伴隨狀語可以轉換為并列句。
Eg: Test prepared (When test was prepared), we were confident in passing it (時間).
It raining(=As it was raining), we had to stay at home.? (原因)
Weather permitting(=If weather permits), we will hold a sports meeting (條件).
The boy came into the room, his dog following him. = The boy came into the room, and his dog followed him. (并列句)
完成以下練習:
1. He rushed into the room, his face ______(cover) with sweat.
2. He has many friends, none of them ______( invite)by him.
3. There are many people in the park, some ______( sit )by the lake.
4. More time ______( give ), we would have dome it much better.
答案:1 covered; 2 invited; 3 sitting; 4 given.