李仁杰
[摘 要] 目的:觀察肩前外側(cè)經(jīng)三角肌入路內(nèi)固定在肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位合并肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折中的效果,總結(jié)臨床應(yīng)用體會(huì)。方法:回顧85例肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位合并肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折患者臨床資料。接受肩前外側(cè)經(jīng)三角肌入路微型鋼板螺釘內(nèi)固定者為觀察組(n=39),接受傳統(tǒng)肩前三角肌、胸大肌入路肱骨近端解剖鋼板螺釘內(nèi)固定者為對(duì)照組(n=46),比較兩組手術(shù)情況、恢復(fù)情況及并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況,并評(píng)價(jià)其術(shù)后9個(gè)月肩關(guān)節(jié)功能優(yōu)良率。結(jié)果:觀察組切口長(zhǎng)度、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量均低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。與術(shù)后1 d相比,兩組患者術(shù)后3~10 d患肩根部周徑逐漸下降,觀察組術(shù)后1~7 d患肩根部周徑均低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。兩組骨折愈合時(shí)間差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。觀察組術(shù)后肩峰下撞擊綜合征發(fā)生率為5.13%(2/39),低于對(duì)照組的10.87%(5/46);觀察組術(shù)后9個(gè)月肩關(guān)節(jié)功能優(yōu)良率為87.18%,高于對(duì)照組的56.52%,差異均有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論:與傳統(tǒng)入路相比,肩前外側(cè)經(jīng)三角肌入路能夠進(jìn)一步降低手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、縮短手術(shù)時(shí)間、降低術(shù)后肩峰下撞擊綜合征發(fā)生率、促進(jìn)早期恢復(fù),是一種安全、可靠的新型入路方案。
[關(guān)鍵詞] 肩前外側(cè);三角肌入路;內(nèi)固定;肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位;肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折
中圖分類(lèi)號(hào):R684.7 文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A 文章編號(hào):2095-5200(2017)05-106-03
DOI:10.11876/mimt201705044
The use of internal fixation of shoulder anterolateral by the deltoid approach in the shoulder joint dislocation combined with the greater tuberosity of humerus LI Renjie. (Department of Orthopedic Surgery,Meishan Second Peoples Hospital, Meishan 620500, china)
[Abstract] Objective: The objective of this study was to observe the effect of internal fixation of shoulder anterolateral by the deltoid approach in the shoulder joint dislocation combined with the greater tuberosity of humerus. Methods: A total of 85 cases of shoulder joint dislocation combined with the large tuberosity of the humerus were collected. The patients who received the internal fixation of shoulder anterolateral by the deltoid approach in the shoulder joint dislocation combined with the greater tuberosity of humerus were divided into observation group (n=39) , while the patients who were treated with traditional fixation of deltoid and pectoralis major muscle by proximal plate screw were considered as control group (n=46). The operation, recovery and complication condition of two groups were compared and their shoulder joint function 9 months after operation were evaluated. Results: The length of incision, the length of operation and the volume of blood loss during the operation of observation group were lower than that of control group, and the difference was statistically significant ( P<0.05). The shoulder suffering diameter of two groups 3~10 days were smaller than that of 1 day after operation, while the shoulder suffering diameter of observation group 1~7 days after operation were smaller than that of control group, and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). The time taken to dislocation recover was not statistically significant ( P>0.05). The occurrence rate of subacromial impingement syndrome after operation of observation group [5.13%(2/39)] was lower than that of control group[10.87%(5/46)]; the excellence rate of shoulder joint function 9 months after operation of observation group (87.18%) was higher than that of the control group (56.52%), and the differences were statistically significant ( P<0.05). Conclusions: Compared to the traditional treatment, internal fixation of shoulder anterolateral by the deltoid approach can further reduce the operative trauma and time and the incidence of complications, which is a novel and reliable therapy.
[Key words] shoulder anterolateral; deltoid approach; internal fixation; shoulder joint dislocation; greater tuberosity of humerus
肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折多由高能量損傷所致外傷性肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位引發(fā),手法復(fù)位往往難以取得滿(mǎn)意效果,多數(shù)患者需接受外科治療[1]。既往臨床常用的肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位合并肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折治療方式路以肩前三角肌、胸大肌入路為主[2],但存在手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷大、術(shù)后恢復(fù)慢、并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率高的弊端,故近年來(lái)臨床開(kāi)始采用肩前外側(cè)經(jīng)三角肌入路[3],但目前關(guān)于兩種入路的橫向比較較為缺乏,故對(duì)我院2014年8月至2016年7月救治的85例骨折患者進(jìn)行分析。
1 資料與方法
患者均有明確外傷史,經(jīng)影像學(xué)檢查明確診斷[4],病例資料完整且隨訪時(shí)間≥9個(gè)月;按照術(shù)式將接受肩前外側(cè)經(jīng)三角肌入路微型鋼板螺釘固定者納入觀察組(n=39),將接受傳統(tǒng)肩前三角肌、胸大肌入路肱骨近端解剖鋼板固定者納入對(duì)照組(n=46),對(duì)照組以肩前內(nèi)側(cè)喙突為標(biāo)志,向外上延長(zhǎng)至肩鎖關(guān)節(jié),向下延伸至三角前緣中下1/3處,作一長(zhǎng)約15 cm的切口,使肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折斷端顯露,行骨折復(fù)位[5];觀察組以肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)體表處為中心,作一長(zhǎng)約3.5 cm切口,逐層切開(kāi)皮膚、皮下組織,鈍性分離,使肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折斷端顯露,行骨折復(fù)位,而后于肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)外側(cè)方安置合適的微型鋼板螺釘[6]。兩組術(shù)后患肢均參照相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)方法開(kāi)展肩關(guān)節(jié)功能康復(fù)鍛煉[7]。
觀察術(shù)后1 d、3 d、7 d、10 d患肢腫脹程度(以患肩根部周徑與傷后6 h之差計(jì)算)以及骨折愈合時(shí)間(以連續(xù)骨痂形成時(shí)間計(jì)),以(x±s)表示,t檢驗(yàn)。術(shù)后9個(gè)月參照Neer評(píng)分系統(tǒng)[8] 評(píng)價(jià)肩關(guān)節(jié)功能:優(yōu):≥90分;良:80~89分;中:70~79分;差:<70分;優(yōu)良率=(優(yōu)+良)/總例數(shù)×100%。優(yōu)良率等計(jì)數(shù)資料以(n/%)表示,χ2檢驗(yàn),以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義。
2 結(jié)果
兩組患者年齡、性別、受傷至手術(shù)時(shí)間、受傷部位、受傷原因、合并傷等一般臨床資料比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05),本臨床研究具有可比性。
觀察組切口長(zhǎng)度、手術(shù)時(shí)間、術(shù)中出血量均低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
與術(shù)后1 d相比,兩組患者術(shù)后3~10 d患肩根部周徑逐漸下降,觀察組術(shù)后1~7 d患肩根部周徑均低于對(duì)照組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。觀察組骨折愈合時(shí)間為(60.13±6.87)d,與對(duì)照組的(59.64±7.30)d
比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。
觀察組術(shù)后肩峰下撞擊綜合征發(fā)生率為5.13%(2/39),低于對(duì)照組的10.87%(5/46),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05),兩組患者均未見(jiàn)切口感染、延遲愈合、內(nèi)固定物失效等其他并發(fā)癥發(fā)生。
觀察組術(shù)后9個(gè)月34例肩關(guān)節(jié)功能優(yōu)良,優(yōu)良率為87.18%,高于對(duì)照組的56.52%(26/46),差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。
3 討論
肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)處由岡上肌、岡下肌及小圓肌附著,受外力直接打擊或肩袖諸肌猛然收縮牽拉時(shí),常出現(xiàn)大結(jié)節(jié)骨折[9]。隨著撕脫骨塊向后上方肩峰下的逐漸移位,肱骨頭關(guān)節(jié)面上可出現(xiàn)大量骨塊,進(jìn)而引發(fā)外展、上舉功能受限 [10]。與此同時(shí),若患者骨塊未得到全面解剖復(fù)位,骨折畸形痊愈后,岡上肌、岡下肌、小圓肌長(zhǎng)度往往明顯縮短,在導(dǎo)致收縮力下降的同時(shí),還可造成關(guān)節(jié)、滑囊攣縮粘連[11]。 本研究對(duì)照組46例患者即接受傳統(tǒng)入路股骨近端解剖鋼板內(nèi)固定治療,其切口長(zhǎng)度、手術(shù)時(shí)間及術(shù)中出血量均高于觀察組,術(shù)后1~7 d患肢腫脹更為明顯,且術(shù)后肩峰下撞擊綜合征發(fā)生率高達(dá)10.87%。這一入路的弊端在于所需切口較長(zhǎng)、內(nèi)固定物較為粗大,且鋼板螺釘孔距邊緣較遠(yuǎn)[12],為確保拉力的充分性及固定的可靠性,鋼板位置往往偏高,故無(wú)法促進(jìn)肢體腫脹的早期消退,亦難以降低術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[13]。本研究對(duì)照組患者術(shù)后9個(gè)月肩關(guān)節(jié)功能優(yōu)良率為56.52%,與Ogawa等[14]報(bào)道結(jié)果接近,說(shuō)明術(shù)后早期明顯的肢體腫脹與較高的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率均對(duì)患者康復(fù)鍛煉造成了嚴(yán)重影響,因此,即便傳統(tǒng)入路方案能夠獲得可靠的固定效果,患者肩關(guān)節(jié)功能恢復(fù)質(zhì)量仍不夠理想。
關(guān)于內(nèi)固定物的選擇,多數(shù)認(rèn)為可吸收螺釘能夠發(fā)揮其創(chuàng)傷小、無(wú)需二次取出的優(yōu)勢(shì)[15],但也有學(xué)者指出,可吸收螺釘在擰入時(shí)極易因炸裂而失效,且單枚可吸收螺釘抗拔出力低,早期肩關(guān)節(jié)功能鍛煉時(shí)極易發(fā)生骨塊再移位甚至內(nèi)固定失效,固定功能有限[16]。本研究中觀察組患者均在接受肩前外側(cè)經(jīng)三角肌入路的基礎(chǔ)上,以微型鋼板螺釘內(nèi)固定骨折斷端,結(jié)果表明,得益于微型鋼板螺釘體積小、厚度薄的優(yōu)點(diǎn)[17],患者術(shù)后肩峰下撞擊綜合征發(fā)生率明顯降低,說(shuō)明這一入路的安全性也優(yōu)于傳統(tǒng)入路。察組患者術(shù)后9個(gè)月肩關(guān)節(jié)功能優(yōu)良率也達(dá)到87.18%,說(shuō)明該入路不僅能夠減少手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷、保證治療安全性,還可提高固定的可靠性,為術(shù)后早期功能鍛煉的合理開(kāi)展奠定良好基礎(chǔ)。需要注意的是,術(shù)中切口應(yīng)避免向下過(guò)度延長(zhǎng),即應(yīng)局限在肩峰下5 cm內(nèi),以避免腋神經(jīng)損傷所致患側(cè)三角肌萎縮、肩關(guān)節(jié)功能障礙[18]。
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