閻蕾蕾 李黎明 田新亞 楊慧(河南省人民醫(yī)院 重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科 河南 鄭州 450000)
導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染炎癥指標(biāo)水平分析及護(hù)理措施探討
閻蕾蕾 李黎明 田新亞 楊慧
(河南省人民醫(yī)院 重癥醫(yī)學(xué)科 河南 鄭州 450000)
目的分析導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染炎癥指標(biāo)水平并探討該病最佳護(hù)理措施。方法對(duì)河南省人民醫(yī)院2014年1月至2015年12月發(fā)生導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染的234例住院患者的病歷資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,根據(jù)患者尿培養(yǎng)結(jié)果將患者分為革蘭陰性菌(G-菌)組(n=117)、革蘭陽(yáng)性菌(G+菌)組(n=57)及真菌組(n=60)。統(tǒng)計(jì)并分析各組患者血清白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、降鈣素原(PCT)、白細(xì)胞(WBC)計(jì)數(shù)等炎癥指標(biāo)水平并繪制炎癥指標(biāo)鑒別致病菌類(lèi)型的受試者工作特征(ROC)曲線,探討該病最佳護(hù)理措施。結(jié)果G-菌組患者血清IL-6水平高于G+菌及真菌組,G+菌組患者血清PCT水平高于G-菌及真菌組。當(dāng)最佳診斷臨界值設(shè)定為37.91 pg/ml時(shí),IL-6鑒別G-菌與G+菌所致感染的敏感度與特異度分別為93.3%和62.5%;當(dāng)最佳診斷臨界值設(shè)定為0.145 ng/ml時(shí),PCT鑒別G-菌與G+菌所致感染的敏感度與特異度分別為80.0%和75.0%;同時(shí)納入IL-6及PCT兩項(xiàng)指標(biāo)建立Logistic回歸方程,敏感度為93.3%,特異度為75.0%。當(dāng)最佳診斷臨界值設(shè)定為71.28 pg/ml,IL-6鑒別G-菌與真菌所致感染的敏感度與特異度分別為60.0%和78.0%。采取多方位的護(hù)理措施,可以有效降低患者導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染發(fā)生率。結(jié)論血清PCT與IL-6聯(lián)合檢測(cè),對(duì)于明確導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染致病菌類(lèi)型有一定價(jià)值;多方位、個(gè)體化的護(hù)理措施,有利于降低患者導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染的發(fā)生率,促進(jìn)患者康復(fù)。
炎癥;導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染;護(hù)理措施
尿路感染是臨床常見(jiàn)的感染性疾病,約17%的院內(nèi)獲得性感染為尿路感染,其中約80%與留置導(dǎo)尿管有關(guān)[1]。導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染(catheter-associated urinary tract infections,CAUTIs)主要是指患者留置導(dǎo)尿管后或者拔除導(dǎo)尿管48 h內(nèi)發(fā)生的泌尿系統(tǒng)感染。美國(guó)《醫(yī)療機(jī)構(gòu)導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)泌尿道感染的預(yù)防策略(2014年版)》[2]指出,12%~16%的住院患者在院期間需使用導(dǎo)尿管,留置導(dǎo)尿管期間,每日發(fā)生菌尿癥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)為3%~7%??股厥桥R床治療尿路感染的主要治療藥物,由于尿路感染在臨床發(fā)病率較高,臨床因治療尿感而過(guò)度應(yīng)用抗生素導(dǎo)致患者發(fā)生藥物不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)增加[3]。同時(shí),過(guò)度應(yīng)用抗生素還會(huì)增加致病菌發(fā)生耐藥的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)[4]。因此,尋找導(dǎo)管相關(guān)尿路感染的診斷標(biāo)志物并探討合理有效的護(hù)理干預(yù)措施,對(duì)于了解致病菌類(lèi)型、把握患者病情發(fā)展、合理用藥具有重要意義[5]。
1.1一般資料對(duì)河南省人民醫(yī)院2014年1月至2015年12月發(fā)生導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染的234例住院患者的病歷資料進(jìn)行回顧性分析,所有患者均符合2009IDS《導(dǎo)管相關(guān)性尿路感染指南》[6]中相關(guān)診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn),根據(jù)患者尿培養(yǎng)結(jié)果將患者分為革蘭陰性菌(G-菌)組(n=117)、革蘭陽(yáng)性菌(G+菌)組(n=57)及真菌組(n=60)。見(jiàn)表1。
1.2觀察指標(biāo)統(tǒng)計(jì)并分析各組患者血清白細(xì)胞介素-6(IL-6)、C-反應(yīng)蛋白(CRP)、降鈣素原(PCT)、白細(xì)胞(WBC)計(jì)數(shù)等炎癥指標(biāo)水平。研究標(biāo)本由檢驗(yàn)科生物實(shí)驗(yàn)室采用BD Phoenix全自動(dòng)細(xì)菌鑒定藥敏系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行病原菌鑒定,同一患者剔除相同部位的重復(fù)菌株,實(shí)驗(yàn)室結(jié)果通過(guò)杏林系統(tǒng)和醫(yī)生工作站系統(tǒng)提取。
表1 主要致病菌分布情況
注:a其他菌包括異型枸櫞酸桿菌、產(chǎn)酸克雷伯菌、粘質(zhì)沙雷菌、嗜麥芽寡氧單胞菌等;b其他菌包括溶血葡萄球菌等;c其他菌包括近平滑念珠菌等。
2.1炎癥指標(biāo)水平G-菌組IL-6水平高于G+菌組及真菌組,G+菌組PCT水平高于G-菌組及真菌組,差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P均<0.05);3組患者CRP、WBC水平比較,差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見(jiàn)表2。
表2 3組患者各炎癥指標(biāo)水平比較
2.2炎癥指標(biāo)鑒別致病菌類(lèi)型
2.2.1G-菌與 G+菌鑒別 當(dāng)最佳診斷臨界值設(shè)定為37.91 pg/ml時(shí),IL-6鑒別G-菌與G+菌所致感染的敏感度與特異度分別為93.3%和62.5%;當(dāng)最佳診斷臨界值設(shè)定為0.145 ng/ml時(shí),PCT鑒別G-菌與G+菌所致感染的敏感度與特異度分別為80.0%和75.0%;同時(shí)納入IL-6及PCT兩項(xiàng)指標(biāo)建立Logistic回歸方程,敏感度為93.3%,特異度為75.0%,AUCIL-6聯(lián)合PCT>AUCIL-6>AUCPCT。見(jiàn)表3。
表3 IL-6與PCT單獨(dú)及聯(lián)合檢測(cè)預(yù)測(cè)致病菌類(lèi)型效果比較
2.2.2G-菌與真菌鑒別 當(dāng)最佳診斷臨界值設(shè)定為71.28 pg/ml,IL-6鑒別G-菌與真菌所致感染的敏感度與特異度分別為60.0%和78.0%,AUC=0.763(95%CI:0.565~0.961)。
有研究認(rèn)為,65%~70%的導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染通過(guò)有效的控制措施是可以防治或避免發(fā)生的[7]。目前,護(hù)理人員主要采取共性策略和針對(duì)性策略相結(jié)合的方法來(lái)預(yù)防和控制導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染的發(fā)生,具體如下。
3.1共性策略①?lài)?yán)格遵守手衛(wèi)生操作,護(hù)理導(dǎo)尿管部位或操作導(dǎo)尿管器械前后均應(yīng)進(jìn)行手衛(wèi)生[8]。②住院環(huán)境消毒,制定有效的干預(yù)措施,阻斷病原微生物院內(nèi)傳播[9]。③提高護(hù)理水平,提高護(hù)理人員的護(hù)理水平對(duì)預(yù)防和控制感染有重要意義[10-11]。
3.2針對(duì)性策略
3.2.1適應(yīng)證明確 在對(duì)患者進(jìn)行留置導(dǎo)尿管操作時(shí),需要有明確的導(dǎo)管置入適應(yīng)證;在對(duì)患者進(jìn)行導(dǎo)尿管置入操作后,醫(yī)護(hù)人員需注意密切觀察有無(wú)導(dǎo)管相關(guān)并發(fā)癥發(fā)生,此外,還需密切關(guān)注患者病情變化,在病情允許的前提下盡早拔管[12]。
3.2.2個(gè)體化選擇 根據(jù)患者病情為其選擇最佳材質(zhì)的導(dǎo)尿管[13]。目前市場(chǎng)上有使用消毒劑和抗菌藥物浸漬的導(dǎo)管,抗菌藥物導(dǎo)管通常表面包裹有呋喃西林、米諾環(huán)素或利福平等藥物。有研究顯示,銀質(zhì)導(dǎo)尿管能夠降低留置導(dǎo)尿管時(shí)間少于7 d的成年患者無(wú)癥狀菌尿的發(fā)生率[14],但目前尚無(wú)明確證據(jù)表明銀質(zhì)導(dǎo)尿管能夠預(yù)防CAUTIs的發(fā)生。
3.2.3導(dǎo)管管理 導(dǎo)尿管置入過(guò)程要嚴(yán)格遵守?zé)o菌操作,同時(shí)需避免因損傷尿道黏膜導(dǎo)致的繼發(fā)感染的發(fā)生;導(dǎo)尿過(guò)程中需注意維持持續(xù)的密閉無(wú)菌引流系統(tǒng),不隨意分離導(dǎo)尿管和引流管;留置導(dǎo)尿管期間,應(yīng)注意定期清潔和沖洗尿道口[15]。
3.2.4心理護(hù)理 留置導(dǎo)尿管會(huì)造成部分患者心理不適,留置導(dǎo)尿管時(shí)間較長(zhǎng)時(shí)患者又容易產(chǎn)生對(duì)導(dǎo)尿管的依賴(lài)性,因此,護(hù)理人員應(yīng)加強(qiáng)對(duì)患者的心理護(hù)理[16]。針對(duì)患者及家屬提出的問(wèn)題要給予及時(shí)合理的解釋?zhuān)桓鶕?jù)患者性別、年齡、受教育程度及從事職業(yè)的不同,給予患者不同程度的引導(dǎo),增強(qiáng)患者的就醫(yī)舒適感。
目前導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染的診斷及抗菌藥物的選擇主要依賴(lài)于尿培養(yǎng)病原體的分離和鑒定。IL-6、WBC、CRP以及PCT水平是評(píng)價(jià)炎癥反應(yīng)程度的重要指標(biāo)[17-18]。大量研究表明,上述指標(biāo)水平在感染性疾病的診斷和治療中具有重要意義。在感染后6~8 h,CRP開(kāi)始迅速增高,24~48 h可達(dá)到高峰,是人體急性時(shí)相蛋白中最主要、最敏感的標(biāo)志物之一[19];PCT半衰期較長(zhǎng)(20~24 h),可用于致病菌種類(lèi)的早期估計(jì)和感染嚴(yán)重程度的評(píng)價(jià)[20];IL-6是一種多效性細(xì)胞因子,有多重生物活性,包括介導(dǎo)前感染反應(yīng)和細(xì)胞保護(hù)功能[20];WBC是外周血的有核細(xì)胞,WBC升高是抵御炎癥的一種表現(xiàn)。
留置導(dǎo)尿管患者尿路感染的診斷必須參考尿培養(yǎng)結(jié)果,即必須有微生物學(xué)的陽(yáng)性結(jié)果才可診斷為CAUTIs,但由于細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)的陽(yáng)性率低,臨床上有許多確診為感染的病例而最終的細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)結(jié)果為陰性,因此,找到能夠提示尿路感染存在的炎癥指標(biāo)可為臨床醫(yī)師準(zhǔn)確選擇抗感染治療方案提供參考。本研究結(jié)果顯示,G-菌組患者血清IL-6水平高于G+菌及真菌組,G+菌組患者血清PCT水平高于G-菌及真菌組;同時(shí)納入IL-6及PCT兩項(xiàng)指標(biāo)建立Logistic回歸方程,鑒別G+菌和G-菌的敏感度和特異度均大于兩項(xiàng)指標(biāo)單獨(dú)測(cè)定,當(dāng)最佳診斷臨界值設(shè)定為71.28 pg/ml,IL-6鑒別G-菌與真菌所致感染的敏感度與特異度分別為60.0%和78.0%。
導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染不僅延長(zhǎng)患者住院天數(shù),增加患者精神和經(jīng)濟(jì)負(fù)擔(dān),同時(shí)還不利于患者原發(fā)病的康復(fù)。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),護(hù)理人員在導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染的預(yù)防和控制中能夠發(fā)揮重要作用。護(hù)理人員通過(guò)嚴(yán)格掌握導(dǎo)尿管置入指征,嚴(yán)格遵守手衛(wèi)生和無(wú)菌操作技術(shù)規(guī)范,根據(jù)患者情況選擇合適的尿管材質(zhì),接受感染教育培訓(xùn),提升護(hù)理工作水平,及時(shí)與患者及家屬溝通等途徑,發(fā)揮在導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染預(yù)防和控制中的積極作用。在臨床實(shí)踐中不斷總結(jié),不斷進(jìn)步,有效緩解患者痛苦,減輕患者精神壓力,促進(jìn)患者病情康復(fù)。
綜上所述,血清PCT與IL-6聯(lián)合檢測(cè),對(duì)于明確導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染致病菌類(lèi)型有一定價(jià)值,但單純通過(guò)炎癥指標(biāo)水平鑒別尿路感染致病菌種類(lèi)在臨床上應(yīng)用還存在一定局限性,仍需借助細(xì)菌培養(yǎng)、癥狀、體征及其他實(shí)驗(yàn)室檢查等為臨床用藥提供依據(jù)。為住院患者提供多方位、個(gè)體化的護(hù)理措施,有利于降低患者導(dǎo)尿管相關(guān)尿路感染的發(fā)生率,促進(jìn)患者快速康復(fù)。
[1] 尿路感染診斷與治療中國(guó)專(zhuān)家共識(shí)編寫(xiě)組.尿路感染診斷與治療中國(guó)專(zhuān)家共識(shí)(2015版)——復(fù)雜性尿路感染[J].中華泌尿外科雜志,2015,36(4):241-244.
[2] 鄒鶴娟,李光輝.成人導(dǎo)管相關(guān)尿路感染的診斷、預(yù)防和治療——2009年美國(guó)感染病學(xué)會(huì)國(guó)際臨床實(shí)踐指南[J].中國(guó)感染與化療雜志,2010,10(5):321-324.
[3] Matthew B,Syed Z.Nosocomial bacteriuria in elderly inpatients may be leading to considerable antibiotic overuse: an audit of current management practice in a secondary level care hospital in New Zealand[J].Infect Drug Resist,2014,13(7):301-308.
[4] Sanchez G V,Master R N,Karlowsky J A,et al.In vitro antimicrobial resistance of urinary Escherichia coli isolates among U.S. outpatients from 2000 to 2010[J].Antimicrob Agents Chemother,2012,56(4):2181-2183.
[5] 劉丁,陳萍,成瑤,等.留置導(dǎo)尿管患者泌尿道感染前瞻性研究[J].中國(guó)感染與化療雜志,2007,7(6):432-434.
[6] Hooton T M,Bradley S F,Cardenas D D,et al.Diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of catheter-associated urinary tract infection in adults: 2009 international clinical practice guidelines from the Infectious Diseases Society of America[J].Clin Infect Dis,2010,50(5):625-663.
[7] Umscheid C A,Mitchell M D,Doshi J A,et al.Estimating the proportion of healthcare-associated infections that are reasonably preventable and the related mortality and costs[J].Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol,2011,32(2):101-114.
[8] Pittet D,Allegranzi B,Boyce J.The World Health Organization Guidelines on Hand Hygiene in Health Care and their consensus recommendations[J].Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol,2009,30(7):611-622.
[9] Boyce J M.Environmental contamination makes an important contribution to hospital infection[J].J Hosp Infect,2007,65(Suppl 2):50-54.
[10] Nichols A B,Badger B.An investigation of the division between espouse and actual practice in infection control and of the knowledge sources that may underpin this division[J].British Journal of Infection Control,2008,9(4):11-15.
[11] Britt M R,Schleupner C J,Matsumiya S.Severity of underlying disease as a predictor of nosocomial infection. Utility in the control of nosocomial infection[J].JAMA,1978,239(11):1047-1051.
[12] Jain P,Parada J P,David A,et al.Overuse of the indwelling urinary tract catheter in hospitalized medical patients[J].Arch Intern Med,1995,155(13):1425-1429.
[13] Johnson J R,Kuskowski M A,Wilt T J.Systematic review: antimicrobial urinary catheters to prevent catheter-associated urinary tract infection in hospitalized patients[J].Ann Intern Med,2006,144(2):116-126.
[14] Schumm K,Lam T B.Types of urethral catheters for management of short-term voiding problems in hospitalized adults: a short version Cochrane review[J].Neurourol Urodyn,2008,27(8):738-746.
[15] Chenoweth C,Saint S.Preventing catheter-associated urinary tract infections in the intensive care unit[J].Crit Care Clin,2013,29(1):19-32.
[16] 李艾蓮.患者留置導(dǎo)尿的心理護(hù)理[J].中外醫(yī)療,2012,31(25):135,137.
[17] 杜愛(ài)國(guó).聯(lián)合檢測(cè)CRP、PCT、WBC在兒科感染中的臨床應(yīng)用[J].中國(guó)實(shí)用醫(yī)藥,2015,10(35):36-37.
[18] 張靈玲.APOM、IL-6等炎癥指標(biāo)與細(xì)菌感染的相關(guān)性分析及聯(lián)合診斷研究[D].成都:成都中醫(yī)藥大學(xué),2015.
[19] Naher B S,Mannan M A,Noor K,et al.Role of serum procalcitonin and C-reactive protein in the diagnosis of neonatal sepsis[J].Bangladesh Med Res Counc Bull,2011,37(2):40-46.
[20] Mokart D,Merlin M,Sannini A,et al.Procalcitonin, interleukin 6 and systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS): early markers of postoperative sepsis after major surgery[J].Br J Anaesth,2005,94(6):767-773.
Analysisofthelevelsofinflammatorymarkersofcatheter-associatedurinarytractinfectionsandthenursingmeasures
Yan Leilei, Li Liming, Tian Xinya,Yang Hui
(DepartmentofIntensiveCareUnit,HenanProvincialPeople’sHospital,Zhengzhou450003,China)
ObjectiveTo analyze the levels of inflammatory markers of catheter-associated urinary tract infections and the nursing measures.MethodsTwo hundred and thirty four patients with catheter-associated urinary tract infections who were treated in Henan Provincial People’s Hospital from January of 2014 to December of 2015 were enrolled in this retrospective study. All patients were divided into three groups according to the result of urine bacteria culture, one hundred and seventeen cases in Gram-positive bacteria group(G+group), 57 cases in Gram-negative bacteria group(G-group) and 60 cases in fungal infection group.the levels of the biomarkers, including IL-6, CRP, PCT and WBC were analyzed and the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was drew to determine the best positive inflammatory markers reference values and the best combination of inflammatory markers to distinguish the disease-causing strains, and the best nursing measures were also discussed in this study.ResultsThe level of IL-6 was higher in G-group than G+group and fungal infection group, and the level of PCT was higher in G+group than the other two groups. The sensitivity was 93.3% and the secificity was 62.5% when the cut-off value of IL-6 was 37.91 pg/ml to differentiate G+infection and G-infection. The sensitivity was 80.0% and the secificity was 75.0% when the cut-off value of PCT was 0.145 ng/ml to differentiate G+infection and G-infection. The sensitivity was 93.3% and the secificity was 75.0% when IL-6 and PCT were loaded into a series of regression of binary logistic at the same time. The sensitivity was 60.0% and the secificity was 78.0% when the cut-off value of IL-6 was 71.28 pg/ml to differentiate G-infection and fungal infection. The incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections could be decreased with the taken of omni-directional nursing measures.ConclusionCombined detection of PCT and IL-6 can help to distinguish the disease-causing strains of catheter-associated urinary tract infections, and the taken of omni-directional and individual nursing measures is helpful for dicreasing the incidence of catheter-associated urinary tract infections which is good for the patient's recovery.
inflammatory markers; catheter-associated urinary tract infections; nursing measures
R 473
10.3969/j.issn.1004-437X.2017.23.004
2017-05-11)