張文軍
摘要:在多年的英語教學(xué)中,我發(fā)現(xiàn)學(xué)生對(duì)一些語言現(xiàn)象和表達(dá)方式感到疑惑不解,難以分辨。就此,我在大量相關(guān)的句子中經(jīng)過比較篩選,并根據(jù)個(gè)人的理解和在實(shí)際教學(xué)實(shí)踐中取得的良好效果做了一些梳理、歸納分辨和解釋,以期讀者從中受益。
關(guān)鍵詞:英語教學(xué);疑難點(diǎn);區(qū)別;辨析
一、 差比句型中否定意義的區(qū)別
1. He is not better than you.(否定前者肯定后者)
2. He is no better than you.(前后都否定)
3. He is not richer than you.(絕對(duì)意義)
4. He is less rich than you.(相對(duì)意義)
二、 表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義或性狀的其他一些結(jié)構(gòu)
1. 以 -able或-ible等結(jié)尾的具有被動(dòng)意義的形容詞作表語時(shí)。例如:
1) The scene I witnessed the other day is unforgettable.
2) His proposal is acceptable.
3) The elements in the water is invisible.
2. 介詞短語under加一些具有動(dòng)作含義的抽象名詞作表語時(shí)(相當(dāng)于進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語態(tài))。
例如:
1) The plan to build another science laboratory is under discussion.
2) A bridge connecting the two parts of the city is now under construction.
3) We cant drive there because the road is under repair.
4) The plane is under control and we are all safe now.
3. 以easy,difficult,hard,comfortable,possible等形容詞作表語,后面接不定式to do構(gòu)成的系表結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)性狀時(shí)(不定式不能用被動(dòng)形式)。
例如:
1) The work is easy to finish in time.
2) His dream to be a scientist is possible to realize.
3) This armchair is comfortable to sit in.
4) Those apples on the tree are too high to reach.
4. 一些固定短語,如in (the) charge of,in (the)possession of等作表語時(shí),不加定冠詞表主動(dòng)意義;加定冠詞表被動(dòng)意義。
例如:
1) He is in charge of the project.比較:The project is in the charge of him.
2) The welldressed woman is in possession of the factory.
比較:The factory is in the possession of the welldressed woman.
5. 有些動(dòng)詞,如sell,wash,read,write,cut等在表達(dá)某物的性狀時(shí),不能用被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)。
例如:
1) His book sells well.
2) This kind of cloth washes easily.
3) His article doesnt read easily.
4) The ballpen writes smoothly.
5) The knife cuts well.
6. 某物作主語,謂語是need,want,require等表示“需要”的動(dòng)詞時(shí),后面接動(dòng)名詞一般式的主動(dòng)形態(tài)doing表示一般事物的性狀,不表示動(dòng)作,表示動(dòng)作時(shí)要換成不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)to be done。
例如:
1) My computer needs repairing.(=My computer needs to be repaired.)
2) The newlybuilt laboratory wants decorating.(=The newlybuilt laboratory wants to be decorated.)
7. 某物作主語,謂語動(dòng)詞是wont shut,wont start等的時(shí)候表示性狀,不能用被動(dòng)式。
例如:
1) The door wont shut.I dont know why.
2) He has tried many times but his car wont start,which makes him very worried.
三、 對(duì)照和區(qū)別以下由it引起的易混句型
1. It is important/our task that we should learn every subject well.(it為形式主語,真正的主語是that從句。類似的句型還有It is said/thought/believed/reported等加that從句。)
2. It was midnight/ 12 oclock when he came home.(it指時(shí)間,when引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,譯為“他回到家時(shí)已經(jīng)午夜時(shí)分/十二點(diǎn)了?!保?/p>
3. It was at midnight/at 12 oclock that he came home.(it是引導(dǎo)詞,引起強(qiáng)調(diào)句,強(qiáng)調(diào)句中的時(shí)間狀語at midnight/at 12 oclock,譯為“他是午夜時(shí)分/十二點(diǎn)才回家的?!保?/p>
4. It is/has been 2 years since he came here.(it指時(shí)間,since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,譯為“他來這兒有兩年了?!?,即“自從他來到這兒已有兩年時(shí)間了?!?,注意從句中謂語動(dòng)詞是終止性的。)
注:It has been 2 years since he stayed here.(it指時(shí)間,since引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,但要譯為“他離開這兒或不住在這兒有兩年了?!保础八谶@兒居住過,距今已過去兩年了。”,注意從句中謂語動(dòng)詞是延續(xù)性的。)
5. It will (wont) be 2 months before he recovers.(it指時(shí)間,before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,譯為“要過(要不了)兩個(gè)月他才會(huì)(他就會(huì))康復(fù)的。”)
注:1)It was (wasnt) 3 weeks before they rebuilt the damaged house.(it指時(shí)間,before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,譯為“過了(沒過)三周他們才(他們就)修復(fù)了受損房屋。”,結(jié)構(gòu)與5)相同,只不過是時(shí)態(tài)不同而已。)
2)It seemed (didnt seem) long before he finished the tough task.(it指時(shí)間,before引導(dǎo)時(shí)間狀語從句,譯為“似乎過了(沒過)很久他們才(他們就)完成了這個(gè)艱難的任務(wù)?!?,結(jié)構(gòu)與5)相同,只不過是主句中謂語換成了半系動(dòng)詞seem以及時(shí)態(tài)不同而已。)
6. It is (was) the first time that I have (had) seen such a splendid building.(it指時(shí)間,that引導(dǎo)定語從句,it有時(shí)候可以換成this,譯為“這是我第一次看到如此壯觀的建筑物?!弊⒁鈺r(shí)態(tài)的不同搭配,即現(xiàn)在范疇的搭配;過去范疇的搭配。)
7. It is (high) time that we decided/should decide when to start.(it指時(shí)間,that引導(dǎo)定語從句,譯為“我們?cè)缭摏Q定何時(shí)動(dòng)身了。”,注意從句中的謂語動(dòng)詞可以有變化。)
8. It seems (to me) that it is going to rain.(it 指某一情況或稱引導(dǎo)詞,引起主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的句型,that 引導(dǎo)表語從句。)
9. It seemed as if the lady had been bullied by someone.(it 指某一情況或稱引導(dǎo)詞,引起主系表結(jié)構(gòu)的句型,as if 引導(dǎo)表語從句,從句用的是虛擬語氣,表示推測(cè)。但是,如果接近事實(shí),可以用陳述語氣,如It seemed as if the lady was an expert.)
參考文獻(xiàn):
[1]王錦霞.談高中英語寫作教學(xué)中教師的介入[J].山東師范大學(xué)外國語學(xué)院學(xué)報(bào)(基礎(chǔ)英語教育),2011(04).
[2]膝春紅.英語語法與寫作——對(duì)美國堪薩斯大學(xué)中國留學(xué)生英文水平的調(diào)查[J].外語教學(xué)與研究,1993(04).