談炎歡,李俊晨
南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬常熟醫(yī)院 放射科,江蘇 常熟 215500
全身彌散加權(quán)成像與PET-CT及顱腦MRI在肺癌分期診斷中的對照研究
談炎歡,李俊晨
南京中醫(yī)藥大學(xué)附屬常熟醫(yī)院 放射科,江蘇 常熟 215500
目的確定全身磁共振彌散加權(quán)成像(Whole Body Diffusion Weighted Imaging, WB-DWI)肺癌分期的診斷性能是否優(yōu)于PET-CT聯(lián)合顱腦MRI。方法用于肺癌分期與術(shù)前PET-CT聯(lián)合顱腦MRI和WB-DWI檢查的肺癌患者30例。其中鱗癌22例,腺癌6例,小細(xì)胞癌2例。對肺癌分期的準(zhǔn)確性采用McNemar檢驗和卡方檢驗進(jìn)行統(tǒng)計分析。結(jié)果PET-CT正確識別病理N分期23例(76.67%),2例被高估(6.67%)和5例被低估(16.67%),分期準(zhǔn)確性為0.767。WB-DWI正確識別病理N分期26例(86.67%),1例被高估(3.33%)和3例被低估(10%),分期準(zhǔn)確性為0.867,準(zhǔn)確性差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。PETCT聯(lián)合顱腦MRI正確分期20例(66.67%),3例被高估(10%)和7例被低估(23.33%),分期準(zhǔn)確性為0.667。WB-DWI正確分期21例(70%),2例被高估(6.67%)和7例被低估(23.33%),分期準(zhǔn)確性為0.7,準(zhǔn)確性差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異。結(jié)論WB-DWI對肺癌的分期診斷性能優(yōu)于PET-CT聯(lián)合顱腦MRI。
磁共振成像;正電子發(fā)射斷層掃描成像;全身彌散加權(quán)成像;肺癌;分期
男性肺癌發(fā)病率和死亡率均占所有惡性腫瘤的第一位,轉(zhuǎn)移是惡性腫瘤發(fā)生和演變過程中最危險的階段[1]。故肺癌準(zhǔn)確地術(shù)前分期至關(guān)重要,不同的分期治療方法也不盡相同。目前肺癌的術(shù)前分期主要依靠PET-CT和顱腦MRI。雖然PET-CT可作為金標(biāo)準(zhǔn),但程序復(fù)雜,基層醫(yī)院裝備少。而作為類PET的全身磁共振彌散加權(quán)成像(Whole Body Diffusion Weighted Imaging, WB-DWI)簡便易操作,且無輻射,較PET-CT便宜,已應(yīng)用于肺癌的臨床分期[2-3]。本研究通過WB-DWI與PET-CT及顱腦MRI的比較,評估WB-DWI在肺癌術(shù)前分期中的價值。
收集本院2015年3月~2017年3月肺癌手術(shù)患者30例,30例患者均于兩周內(nèi)分別行顱腦MRI與WB-DWI檢查,且均有上級醫(yī)院PET-CT檢查資料。30例患者通過告知檢查事項并簽署知情同意書。男23例,女7例,平均年齡62.27±2.29歲(38~82歲),其中鱗癌22例,腺癌6例,小細(xì)胞癌2例。25例患者行肺葉切除和周圍淋巴結(jié)清掃,5例行肺楔形切除或肺段切除。TNM分期根據(jù)2009年第7版UICC標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[4]。
磁共振成像采用1.5 T掃描儀(Magnetom Avanto,Siemens)。WB-MRI采用短T1反轉(zhuǎn)恢復(fù)平面回波(Short T1 Inversion Recovery Echo Planner Imaging,STIR-EPI) 序列;患者空腹取仰平臥位,頭先進(jìn),平靜呼吸,掃描范圍自頭顱至股骨上段,包括雙側(cè)腹股溝區(qū),分8個部位進(jìn)行掃描,激光標(biāo)志線定位于下頜骨頦突水平,掃描完成后對8段原始圖像進(jìn)行無縫重組,然后利用3D-MIP重建及黑白反轉(zhuǎn)技術(shù)進(jìn)行三維重建。WB-DWI參數(shù):TR=13800 ms,TE=76 ms,b值 為 50和 1000 s/mm2,F(xiàn)OV=450 mm,層厚5.0 mm,Matrix為340×340,掃描時間為808 s。
顱腦MRI掃描:仰臥位,頭顱線圈放置,定位眶耳線,進(jìn)行軸位平掃及增強掃描,造影劑為釓噴酸葡 胺(0.2 mmol/kg)。T2WI:TR=5000 ms,TE=96 ms,F(xiàn)OV=230 mm, 層 厚 5.0 mm,Matrix為 60×40;T1WI:TR=550 ms,TE=8.7 ms,F(xiàn)OV=230 mm, 層 厚 5.0 mm,Matrix為60×40,掃描時間為20 min。
WB-DWI圖像的分期診斷由兩位磁共振5年和3年診斷經(jīng)驗的影像科醫(yī)生獨立完成。兩位醫(yī)師再對患者的PETCT聯(lián)合顱腦MRI資料進(jìn)行分期診斷。如有分歧則協(xié)商后完成。兩位醫(yī)師除知曉肺癌的臨床診斷外,對其它信息均未知。診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為2009年第7版UICC的TNM分期標(biāo)準(zhǔn),將WB-DWI和PET-CT聯(lián)合顱腦MRI的分期結(jié)果分別與術(shù)后病理結(jié)果對照。
統(tǒng)計分析使用STATA 13.1軟件MP版。數(shù)據(jù)以平均值±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示。全身DWI與PET-CT及顱腦MRI對肺癌分期的準(zhǔn)確性采用McNemar檢驗和卡方檢驗,分別對敏感性、特異性、陽性預(yù)測值(Positive Predictive Value,PPV)和陰性預(yù)測值(Negative Predictive Value,NPV)進(jìn)行比較。P<0.05表示有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
PET-CT+顱腦MRI和WB-DWI的肺癌診斷圖像,見圖1。由PET-CT或WB-DWI檢查獲得的臨床N分期(cN)及病理結(jié)果分析N分期(pN)之間的關(guān)系,見表1。PET-CT正確識別病理N分期有23例(76.67%),有2例被高估和5例被低估,分別占比為6.67%和16.67%,具有0.767的分期準(zhǔn)確性。WB-DWI正確識別病理N分期有26例(86.67%),有1例被高估和3例被低估,分別占比為3.33%和10%,具有0.867的分期準(zhǔn)確性。兩者之間的準(zhǔn)確性差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.125)。同樣,WB-DWI檢查與PET-CT之間在敏感性、特異性、陽性預(yù)測值、陰性預(yù)測值上沒有顯著性差異(表2)。
由PET-CT聯(lián)合顱腦MRI或WB-DWI檢查獲得的肺癌臨床分期(cS)及病理結(jié)果分析的肺癌臨床分期(pS)之間的關(guān)系,見表3。PET-CT+顱腦MRI能正確地確定病理分期的有20例(66.67%),有3例被高估和7例被低估,分別占比為10%和23.33%,分期準(zhǔn)確性為0.667。WB-DWI能正確地確定病理分期的有21例(70%),有2例被高估和7例被低估,分別占比為6.67%和23.33%,分期準(zhǔn)確性為0.7。WB-DWI分期準(zhǔn)確性為0.7,PET-CT聯(lián)合顱腦MRI的分期準(zhǔn)確性為0.667,兩者之間的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P=0.157)。
圖1 PET-CT+顱腦MRI和WB-DWI的肺癌診斷圖像
表1 經(jīng)由PET-CT或WB-DWI的臨床診斷淋巴結(jié)分期與淋巴結(jié)病理分期的關(guān)系(例)
表2 肺癌的肺門及縱隔淋巴結(jié)在PET-CT或WB-DWI的診斷準(zhǔn)確性評估(%)
表3 經(jīng)由PET-CT或WB-DWI診斷的臨床分期與病理分期的關(guān)系(例)
本研究不僅使用了橫斷面軸位DWI掃描,且通過WB-DWI在冠狀面重建中獲得整體效果圖,可顯示除腫瘤病灶外的諸如血管瘤、腎囊腫、骨梗死等等良性病變。目前已有一些研究比較PET-CT掃描與WB-DWI診斷效能的優(yōu)劣,指出WB-DWI在診斷腦轉(zhuǎn)移和肝轉(zhuǎn)移方面較PETCT要好[5],這是由于一些器官的高組織學(xué)FDG攝取掩蓋了病灶的真實面目[6]。另一方面,WB-DWI在腹部和盆腔的影像診斷中,敏感性不如PET-CT[7]。因此,WB-DWI和PET-CT聯(lián)合使用可以互補來提高診斷的性能。有研究指出,WB-DWI與PET-CT聯(lián)合顱腦MRI能更加準(zhǔn)確地論證腫瘤的臨床分期[8],準(zhǔn)確率接近98%。
研究發(fā)現(xiàn)WB-DWI對肺癌分期的診斷準(zhǔn)確性高于PET-CT聯(lián)合顱腦MRI(0.7>0.667),但兩種檢查方法沒有統(tǒng)計學(xué)差異,因而可以認(rèn)為兩者的診斷性能相當(dāng)。但由于PET-CT昂貴的價格,輻射損傷的影響,其普及率也不如MRI廣泛,加上PET-CT對于腦轉(zhuǎn)移的顯示較差,必須用顱腦MRI作為輔助,因而可以認(rèn)為WB-DWI具有更加便捷、直觀且整體的統(tǒng)一性,檢查方式優(yōu)于PET-CT。同樣我們在表1和表3中發(fā)現(xiàn)對于有淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移的患者,WB-DWI在診斷淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移方面高于PET-CT (表1中的WB-DWI 2例,PET-CT 0例),而對于有遠(yuǎn)處腦轉(zhuǎn)移的患者差別不大(表3中兩者均為3例),因而WB-DWI是一種有用的肺癌分期檢查工具。
WB-DWI在顯示遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移性病變、惡性嗜鉻細(xì)胞瘤和副神經(jīng)節(jié)瘤等方面具有優(yōu)勢[9]。與PET-CT相比,WBDWI在卵巢癌患者中顯示特征性的原發(fā)腫瘤灶,潛在病灶及遠(yuǎn)處病灶精度較高[10]。而本研究顯示W(wǎng)B-DWI卻與PET-CT診斷性能相當(dāng),這是由于遠(yuǎn)處轉(zhuǎn)移的病例數(shù)較少,故無法引證上述研究。但卻能顯示在淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移診斷中的優(yōu)越性。這與其他研究中,WB-DWI在淋巴瘤和消化道腫瘤的診斷性能與PET-CT相當(dāng)[11],結(jié)果是一致的。但也有一些研究顯示,WB-DWI在淋巴瘤和乳腺癌的診斷性能不如PET-CT[12]。因而,目前來說還沒有統(tǒng)一的結(jié)論,需要進(jìn)一步擴(kuò)大樣本量進(jìn)行細(xì)致分組研究。
雖然PET-CT是作為腫瘤分期的首選影像學(xué)檢查方法,但由于塵肺、矽肺、肺結(jié)核、結(jié)節(jié)病等病變,會對肺門和縱隔淋巴結(jié)的診斷產(chǎn)生假陽性結(jié)果,故對多個肺門和縱隔淋巴結(jié)FDG積聚的肺癌患者進(jìn)行WB-DWI評價,可區(qū)分淋巴結(jié)的良惡性[13]。PET-CT同樣可造成假陰性結(jié)果,比如在高分化肺腺癌的分期診斷中,PET-CT在淋巴結(jié)炎時可能顯示假陽性,而在假陰性結(jié)果中的淋巴結(jié)可能含有少量的癌細(xì)胞[14]。這一結(jié)果和本研究中淋巴結(jié)分期診斷的結(jié)果是一致的(WB-DWI診斷準(zhǔn)確率為86.67%>PET-CT的76.67%,同樣特異性、陽性預(yù)測值和陰性預(yù)測值均高于PET-CT,見表2)。這也能為臨床運用WB-DWI評價肺癌的淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移提供依據(jù)。
近年來,DWI可在動物模型的惡性轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)中區(qū)分炎癥組織[15-16]。這使WB-DWI在評估肺結(jié)節(jié)和腫塊方面比PET-CT更具有優(yōu)勢。WB-DWI中ADC值和信號強度可以區(qū)分良性和惡性縱隔淋巴結(jié)腫大,較PET-CT檢查更具有數(shù)據(jù)說服力。因此,WB-DWI可成為肺癌分期評估的更有用的檢查工具,其診斷性能優(yōu)于PET-CT。
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Comparative Study of Whole Body Diffusion Weighted Imaging with PET-CT and Craniocerebral MRI in the Clinical Diagnosis of Lung Cancer Staging
TAN Yanhuan, LI Junchen
Department of Radiology, Changshu Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Changshu Jiangsu 215500, China
ObjectiveTo determine whether the diagnostic performance of lung cancer staging by WB-DWI is superior to that of PETCT in combination with craniocerebral MRI.MethodsPET-CT in combination with craniocerebral MRI as well as WB-DWI were used for lung cancer patients before surgery. Among them, 22 were squamous cell carcinomas, 6 were adenocarcinomas and 2 were small cell lung cancer. The accuracy of lung cancer staging was analyzed by McNemar test and chi-square test.ResultsA total of 23 patients (76.67%) with pathological stage of N were correctly identified by PET-CT, with an estimated accuracy of 0.767. However, 2(6.67%) were over staged and 5 (16.67%) were under staged. 26 patients (86.67%) with pathological stage of N were correctly identified by WB-DWI, with an estimated accuracy of 0.867. However, 1 (3.33%) was over staged, and 3 (10%) were under staged. There was no statistical difference between the two detection rates. There were 20 (66.67%) cases who could correctly determine the pathological stage with PET-CT and brain MRI, and there were 3 (10%) over staging cases and 7 (23.33%) under staging cases, and the accuracy of staging was 0.667. There were 21 patients (70%) who could correctly be identified the pathological stage with WB-DWI, and there were 2 (6.67%) over staging cases and 7 (23.33%) cases were underestimated, the staging accuracy was 0.7. There was no statistical difference between the two detection rates.ConclusionWB-DWI is superior in staging diagnosis of lung cancer than PET-CT and brain MRI.
magnetic resonance imaging; positron emission tomography; diffusion weighted imaging; lung cancer; staging
R445.2;R814.42
B
10.3969/j.issn.1674-1633.2017.12.020
1674-1633(2017)012-0083-04
2017-07-01
李俊晨,副主任醫(yī)師,主要研究方向為放射性腦損傷。
通訊作者郵箱:931903221@qq.com
本文編輯 王靜