陜西 王新倉
委婉假設(shè)
——虛擬語氣
陜西 王新倉
在英語國家中,出于禮貌和委婉,人與人交流時(shí)通常使用一些“間接”表達(dá)方式,虛擬語氣(Subjunctive Mood)就是其中一種比較委婉的表達(dá)方式,同時(shí)虛擬語氣也是高考的主要考點(diǎn)之一。
近年來,各省市的高考試題中對(duì)于虛擬語氣的考查主要有以下四類:
含有條件狀語從句的虛擬語氣是虛擬語氣最普遍的表達(dá)形式,這樣的虛擬語氣中主句和條件狀語從句的謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成有一定的規(guī)律,其具體的表達(dá)形式分為以下四種:
與現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣主從句的謂語動(dòng)詞的構(gòu)成形式是(謂語動(dòng)詞以do為例,下同):
_______________________________________________________________從句_主句did(be的過去式只用were)would/should/could/might + do
例如:
(1)If ___I____(be) you,I would not say those words.
與過去事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣主從句的謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成是:
________________________________________________________________從句_主句_____had_________done_would/should/could/might + have done
例如:
(2)If I________(see)it with my own eyes,I wouldn’t have believed it.
與將來事實(shí)相反的虛擬語氣主從句的謂語動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成是:
______________________________________________________________從句_主句did(be的過去式只用were)should+ do_________we_________________________________________re+_to_do would/should/could/might+do
注意:當(dāng)含有條件狀語從句的虛擬語氣中省略從句引導(dǎo)詞if時(shí),從句用部分倒裝句,即將從句謂語中的助動(dòng)詞、系動(dòng)詞或情態(tài)動(dòng)詞提到從句的主語之前。例如:
Had you asked me,I would have told you.
Were I in school again,I would work harder.
錯(cuò)綜/混合條件句是指主從句表示不同時(shí)間段的假設(shè),比如從句表示與過去或現(xiàn)在事實(shí)相反的假設(shè),主句表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼那闆r。例如:
(3)If you________(study) hard when you were young,you________(live) a happy life now.
(4)If you_______(promise) your friend to see a movie with her,you_______(not,break) your promise this weekend.
名詞性從句中的虛擬語氣的具體考查方向是:
1. It be+形容詞+that...句型中從句謂語動(dòng)詞用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。用于該句型的形容詞有:necessary,good,important,right,wrong,better,natural,proper,funny,strange,surprising等。例如:
(5)It’s natural that he_______(feel) hurt.
2. It be+過去分詞+that...句型中從句謂語動(dòng)詞用(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。用于該結(jié)構(gòu)中的過去分詞是表示“建議、請(qǐng)求、命令”等詞的過去分詞,諸如 desired,suggested,requested,ordered, proposed等。例如:
(6)It is desired that the building of the road_______(complete) next month.
(7)It’s suggested that someone_______(take charge of) the accident.
3. It is time (about time/high time) that...結(jié)構(gòu)中,從句謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式或should+動(dòng)詞原形,should不能省去。例如:
(8)It is high time I________(go) home now.
1. wish后的賓語從句中,表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)相反時(shí),從句謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式(be的過去式只能用were);表示與過去事實(shí)相反時(shí),動(dòng)詞用had done。例如:
(9)Ellen is a fantastic dancer. I wish ___I____(dance)as well as her.
(10)I wish ___I____(be) at my sister’s wedding last Tuesday,but I was on a business trip in New York then.
2. advise,direct,agree,ask,demand,decide,desire,insist,order,prefer,propose,request,suggest等表示“建議、要求、命令、請(qǐng)求”等主觀性動(dòng)詞后的賓語從句中用虛擬語氣,即從句的謂語動(dòng)詞用should+動(dòng)詞原形,should可以省略。例如:
(11)I suggested we________(attend) the meeting this weekend.
(12)The doctor advised that he________(change)his job.
特例:當(dāng)suggest是“暗示,表明”之意,insist是“硬是說”或堅(jiān)持某種看法或主張時(shí),或其后賓語從句謂語動(dòng)詞的動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)已經(jīng)發(fā)生或存在時(shí),賓語從句不用虛擬語氣。例如:
(13)The dark cloud suggested it will be cloudy.
(14)The girl insisted that she hadn’t wasted any money.
3. would rather后的賓語從句中謂語動(dòng)詞用過去式表示與現(xiàn)在或?qū)硎聦?shí)相反,用had+過去分詞表示與過去事實(shí)相反。例如:
(15)We would rather our daughter________(stay)at home with us,but it is her choice,and she is not a child any longer.
(16)I’d rather you_______(see)the film yesterday.
(17)We’d rather you_______(go) outing with us this weekend.
表示“請(qǐng)求、要求、命令、建議”等意思的名詞,如advice,desire,decision,idea,instruction,order,plan,proposal,recommendation,request,requirement,suggestion,wish后的表語從句和同位語從句都需用虛擬語氣。其虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為:(should)+動(dòng)詞原形。例如:
(18)We followed his advice that we_______(ask)our teacher for help.
(19)The boy told us his idea that he_______(go)to university.
(20)His suggestion is that we________(finish) the work this week.
(21)Their plan is that they________(build) a new subway in their hometown.
1.在 whatever,whichever,whenever,whoever,wherever,however,no matter+疑問詞等引導(dǎo)的讓步狀語從句中,從句虛擬語氣的結(jié)構(gòu)為:
①may+動(dòng)詞原形(指現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚?。如?/p>
(22)We will finish it on time no matter what/whatever_______(happen).
(23)We will find him wherever/no matter where he_______(be).
(24)I will wait for him no matter how late he_______(come).
②may+完成式(指過去),主句結(jié)構(gòu)不限。如:
(25)You mustn’t be proud whatever / no matter what great progress you________(make).
(26)We must respect him no matter what / whatever mistakes he________(make).
2.方式狀語從句中的虛擬語氣
as if,as though 引導(dǎo)的方式狀語從句常用虛擬語氣,即從句謂語動(dòng)詞用had+過去分詞表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句動(dòng)作之前;用過去式(be的過去式只用were)表示動(dòng)作與主句謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作同時(shí)進(jìn)行;用would/could/might/should+原形動(dòng)詞表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在主句謂語動(dòng)詞動(dòng)作之后。例如:
(27)They began to talk warmly as if they________(know)each other for long.
(28)He coughed twice as if someone_______(come).
1. if only(要是……該多好?。┖蟮木渥又^語動(dòng)詞用過去式表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在現(xiàn)在或?qū)?,用had+過去分詞表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生在過去。例如:
(29)If only you_______(go) with us this weekend.
(30)If only I________(pass) the text last week.
2. with(有)、without(沒有)、but for(要不是)等介詞短語表示假設(shè)的條件時(shí),句子謂語動(dòng)詞用would/should/could/might+動(dòng)詞原形表示現(xiàn)在或?qū)淼膭?dòng)作,用would/should/could/might+ have done表示過去所發(fā)生的動(dòng)作。例如:
(31)Without mobile phone,most young people________(not,know) how to communicate with others now.
(32)With your alarm,___I____(get) back my lost iphone.
3. 在日常的一些祝愿語中,通常用may+動(dòng)詞原形作謂語。例如:
May you succeed!
參考答案:(1)were;(2)hadn’t seen;(3)had studied;would live;(4)had promised;wouldn’t break;(5)(should) feel;(6)(should) be completed;(7)(should) take charge of;(8)went/(should) go;(9)danced;(10)had been;(11)(should)attend;(12)(should) change;(15)stayed;(16)had seen;(17)went;(18)(should) ask;(19)(should)go;(20)(should) finish;(21)(should)build;(22)may happen;(23)may be;(24)may come;(25)may have made;(26)may have made;(27)had known;(28)should come;(29)went;(30)had passed;(31)wouldn’t know;(32)could have gotten
陜西省寶雞高新區(qū)教研室)