趙 艷 黃 英 羅 蓉 王冬娟
重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院呼吸科 兒童發(fā)育疾病研究教育部重點實驗室 兒童發(fā)育重大疾病國家國際科技合作基地 兒科學(xué)重慶市重點實驗室(重慶 400014)
反復(fù)喘息嬰幼兒潮氣呼吸肺功能及其與生長的相關(guān)性
趙 艷 黃 英 羅 蓉 王冬娟
重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院呼吸科 兒童發(fā)育疾病研究教育部重點實驗室 兒童發(fā)育重大疾病國家國際科技合作基地 兒科學(xué)重慶市重點實驗室(重慶 400014)
目的了解反復(fù)喘息嬰幼兒潮氣呼吸肺功能及其與生長的相關(guān)性。方法選擇118例反復(fù)喘息嬰幼兒為研究對象,測定其身長、體質(zhì)量等生長指標(biāo)及潮氣呼吸肺功能參數(shù)。將反復(fù)喘息嬰幼兒的生長水平與世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)兒童生長標(biāo)準(zhǔn)進行對比,評估罹患反復(fù)喘息疾病患兒的生長情況;將納入患兒分為非超重組75例、超重組43例,比較兩組患兒潮氣呼吸肺功能特點。結(jié)果無論男性還是女性反復(fù)喘息患兒體質(zhì)量水平均高于WHO兒童生長標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的均值,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=3.91、3.25,P均<0.05);而身長水平與WHO兒童生長標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均值差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=1.76、1.24,P均>0.05)。超重組患兒的潮氣量(VT)低于非超重組,吸呼比(tI/tE)高于非超重組,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=2.68、3.15,P均<0.01);反映氣道阻塞指數(shù)的達(dá)峰時間比(tPF/tE)、達(dá)峰容積比(VPF/VE)在兩組之間的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(Z=0.73、1.31,P均>0.05)。結(jié)論反復(fù)喘息患兒的體質(zhì)量水平高于WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均值。超重的反復(fù)喘息患兒潮氣量較非超重患兒下降,大小氣道阻塞兩組間無明顯差異。
反復(fù)喘息; 潮氣呼吸肺功能; 肥胖; 生長; 嬰幼兒
隨著城市化及人們生活水平的提高,肥胖逐漸成為一個嚴(yán)重的公共衛(wèi)生問題[1]。兒童超重或肥胖率逐年上升,同時兒童哮喘亦呈平行增長的趨勢[2,3]。既往研究表明,超重或肥胖可增加兒童期哮喘發(fā)生的危險性[4-9]。肥胖與哮喘的相關(guān)性逐漸被認(rèn)知,但國內(nèi)外有關(guān)兒童超重/肥胖與哮喘的研究對象多為年長兒,缺乏嬰幼兒超重/肥胖與反復(fù)喘息、肺功能的相關(guān)研究。本研究納入<3歲反復(fù)喘息嬰幼兒,比較超重與非超重患兒的潮氣呼吸流速-容量環(huán)(即潮氣呼吸肺功能)參數(shù)。
收集整理2015年1月—2016年1月期間在重慶醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬兒童醫(yī)院哮喘門診收治的118例反復(fù)喘息患兒的臨床資料,納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①年齡1~3歲;②有咳嗽、喘息癥狀,肺部聞及哮鳴音;③既往有經(jīng)醫(yī)師判斷的喘息≥3次,每次間隔時間>1周;④除外其他原因引起的喘息,如支氣管肺發(fā)育不良、支氣管異物等,除外其他影響體格發(fā)育的疾病。
研究方案經(jīng)院臨床醫(yī)學(xué)倫理審查,入組前征得患兒家長或監(jiān)護人知情同意。入選患兒依據(jù)WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)[10, 11],按照身長別體質(zhì)量百分位數(shù),分為非超重組(P5~P85)和超重組(>P85)。
1.2.1 體格生長指標(biāo)測量 身長測量采取仰臥位,使用測量床進行測量,精確到小數(shù)點后兩位,兩次重復(fù)測量身長誤差不超過0.5 cm。使用電子秤測量體質(zhì)量,精確到小數(shù)點后兩位,兩次重復(fù)測量體質(zhì)量誤差不超過0.05 kg。將身長、體質(zhì)量指標(biāo)使用WHO-anthro軟件計算身長別體質(zhì)量百分位數(shù)、身長別體質(zhì)量Z評分(weight-for-length Z-score,WLZ)、年齡別體質(zhì)量百分位數(shù)、年齡別體質(zhì)量Z評分(weight-for-age Z-score,WAZ)、年齡別身長百分位數(shù)、年齡別身長Z評分(length-for-age Z-score,LAZ)[12]。
1.2.2 潮氣呼吸肺功能檢測 予10%水合氯醛口服,待患兒安靜入睡后置于仰臥位,將面罩罩于口鼻部行潮氣呼吸肺功能測定。主要參數(shù)包括:潮氣量(VT)、達(dá)峰時間比(tPF/tE)、達(dá)峰容積比(VPF/VE)、吸呼比(tI/tE)、潮氣呼吸呼氣峰流速(PTEF)、呼氣中期流速與吸氣中期流速比值(TEF/IF)、呼出25%/50%/75%潮氣容積時的呼氣流速(TEF25%、TEF50%、TEF75%)、呼氣峰流速與潮氣量之比(PEF/VT)、呼氣峰流速與TEF25之比(PF/T25)。
采用SPSS17.0統(tǒng)計軟件行數(shù)據(jù)分析。滿足正態(tài)分布計量資料以均數(shù)±標(biāo)準(zhǔn)差表示,將WHO兒童生長標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的WAZ、LAZ均數(shù)默認(rèn)為0,樣本W(wǎng)AZ、LAZ均數(shù)與WHO兒童生長標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的均數(shù)之間比較,采用單樣本t檢驗;兩組間樣本均數(shù)比較采用兩獨立樣本t檢驗。計數(shù)資料以百分比表示。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義。
118例反復(fù)喘息患兒中,男55例(46.6%),平均年齡(2.31±0.45)歲(1.25~3歲);女63名(53.4%),平均年齡(2.41±0.48)歲(1~3歲),不同性別患兒間的年齡差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t =1.184,P=0.239)。
男性患兒WAZ均數(shù)為0.63±1.19,女性患兒為0.45±1.10,均高于WHO兒童生長標(biāo)準(zhǔn)均數(shù),差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=3.91、3.25,P均<0.01);男性患兒LAZ均數(shù)為0.29±1.24,女性患兒為0.18±1.13,與WHO標(biāo)準(zhǔn)比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=1.76、1.24,P均>0.05)。男性與女性患兒之間WAZ、LAZ的差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(t=0.83、0.53,P均>0.05)。
118例反復(fù)喘息患兒中,非超重組75例,平均年齡為(2.42±0.42)歲(1.25~3歲);超重組43例,平均年齡為(2.27±0.54)歲(1~2.9歲)。非超重組、超重組兩組年齡、身長差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均>0.05)。將非超重組、超重組兩組間的潮氣呼吸肺功能參數(shù)進行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)超重組患兒的VT低于非超重組,tI/tE高于非超重組,差異具有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P均<0.01)。反映氣道阻塞指數(shù)的tPF/tE、VPF/VE在兩組之間差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05)。見表1。
喘息是嬰幼兒呼吸道疾病最常見的臨床表現(xiàn)之一,兒童期哮喘在早期即有體現(xiàn),但嬰幼兒哮喘的診斷仍然是目前的難題[13]。近期研究顯示肥胖與哮喘在全球范圍內(nèi)呈逐年同步增加趨勢,尤其在發(fā)展中國家的兒童及青少年中[2,3,14]。一項為期10年的成人肥胖與哮喘流行病學(xué)研究提示,基于亞洲人群BMI肥胖界點的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),中國人肥胖與哮喘關(guān)聯(lián)性的比值比(OR)為1.92(1.18~3.10)[15]。肥胖與哮喘之間的關(guān)系已逐漸引起了人們的高度關(guān)注[16,17]。
已有多個研究探討了肥胖與哮喘患者肺功能的關(guān)系[18-24]。有研究對1 129名4~12歲的人群進行分析,結(jié)果顯示喘息、哮喘的發(fā)病率分別為29.1%、22.8%,其中34%為超重患兒,患病比(PR)為1.34(1.07~1.67,P<0.05);超重組的呼吸容量及第一秒用力呼氣容積占用力肺活量百分比(FEVl/FVC)低于正常體質(zhì)量組,F(xiàn)EV1/FVC與超重的關(guān)聯(lián)性PR=1.35(1.11~1.61,P<0.05)。得出結(jié)論:超重與兒童哮喘及肺功能有一定關(guān)聯(lián),超重增加兒童哮喘的比率,且影響肺功能[20]。相關(guān)研究納入了286例哮喘患兒,發(fā)現(xiàn)超重、肥胖患兒肺功能受損更明顯;超重、肥胖患兒合并 FEV1病理性異常的概率分別為非超重/肥胖患兒的2倍(OR=1.89)和3倍(OR=3.17)[21]。另有CAMP項目顯示FEV1/FVC的下降在BMI>P85的兒童中更顯著[22]。在成人的相關(guān)研究中,哮喘合并肥胖患者的哮喘急性發(fā)作癥狀更重、肺功能下降明顯且生活質(zhì)量更低[23,24]。但目前的臨床研究納入對象多為成人或年長兒,缺乏有關(guān)嬰幼兒BMI及潮氣呼吸肺功能的相關(guān)報道。
表1 非超重組、超重組潮氣呼吸肺功能各參數(shù)比較
本研究將非超重組與超重組嬰幼兒的潮氣呼吸肺功能各參數(shù)進行了對比,結(jié)果提示超重組VT低于非超重組,而tPF/tE、VPF/VE等主要反映氣道阻塞的指標(biāo)兩組間無明顯差異,提示氣道阻塞程度與超重或肥胖可能無明顯相關(guān)。但本研究有兩大不足之處,①未能與正常兒童肺功能進行對比;②兩組患兒潮氣呼吸肺功能中其他參數(shù)指標(biāo)無法總結(jié)出遞增或遞減的變化趨勢,考慮原因為:沒有將肺功能區(qū)分喘息急性發(fā)作期及緩解期,可能會對結(jié)果產(chǎn)生一定影響。該結(jié)果與課題組前期動物實驗結(jié)果一致。動物實驗中,使用過度喂養(yǎng)建立早期營養(yǎng)過剩的肥胖模型,檢測各階段小鼠的肺功能,結(jié)果顯示,嬰幼兒期的肥胖小鼠僅出現(xiàn)肺活量的下降,不顯示氣道阻塞等特點;延長觀察時間,成年小鼠的氣道阻塞逐漸明顯[25,26]。提示肥胖炎癥導(dǎo)致氣道重塑、氣流受限等情況在初期并不明顯,若肥胖不糾正,其慢性炎癥將持續(xù)作用,最終加重肺大小氣道的損害。
目前有關(guān)肥胖與喘息的機制尚不完全明確,部分學(xué)者認(rèn)為肺容量與肥胖的程度是相關(guān)的,肺容量下降可能與肥胖所導(dǎo)致的機械作用有關(guān)[27,28]。過多的胸壁脂肪組織堆積對肺部產(chǎn)生機械的壓迫效應(yīng),尤其是腹型肥胖減少了膈肌下移的空間,從而限制了胸壁的移動度、肺部的擴張或膨脹,減少呼氣儲備量及功能殘氣量,最終限制了肺容量。
除了肥胖可能增加喘息的概率以外,也有喘息繼發(fā)肥胖的可能,即肥胖與喘息之間呈雙向關(guān)系而互相影響。對于喘息繼發(fā)肥胖的觀點,考慮其可能與患兒運動量的減少、久坐時間的增加、口服激素的使用、父母的教導(dǎo)、兒童情緒或心理健康等因素有關(guān)[29, 30]。故本研究還探討了嬰幼兒期喘息與生長相關(guān)指標(biāo)的關(guān)系。采用WHO的兒童生長標(biāo)準(zhǔn),使用身長別體質(zhì)量百分位數(shù)作為判斷非超重、超重的標(biāo)準(zhǔn),結(jié)果反復(fù)喘息嬰幼兒體質(zhì)量水平高于WHO兒童生長標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的平均水平,再次證實了超重與喘息相互影響的密切聯(lián)系,但反復(fù)喘息組身長水平與WHO兒童生長標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的平均水平差異并不明顯。綜上,鑒于肥胖與哮喘之間的重要關(guān)系,提示常規(guī)性預(yù)防篩檢,定期對兒童生長發(fā)育情況進行調(diào)查分析,掌握其動態(tài)變化,在反復(fù)喘息患兒的動態(tài)隨訪中具有重要意義。
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The characteristics of tidal breath lung function and growth level among infants with recurrent wheezing
ZHAO Yan, HUANG Ying, LUO Rong, WANG Dongjuan(Department of Respiration Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders, China International Science and Technology Cooperation Base of Child Development and Critical Disorders, Chongqing Key Laboratory of Pediatrics, Chongqing 400014, China)
ObjectivesTo study the relationship of recurrent wheezing and obesity among infants.MethodsIn 118 recurrent wheezing infants, the growth level are assessed based on the WHO standard. Meanwhile, all the infants are divided into two subgroups (normal-weight, overweight/obese), and the tidal breath lung function (tidal breath fow volume loop) are analyzed.ResultsAmong the infants of 1-3 years old, for the growth level, the recurrent wheezing infants have higher index of weight, but almost the same level of height, compared with the WHO standard. For the tidal breath lung function, tidal volume (VT/ kg) is signifcantly impaired in overweight/obese subgroup in comparison to the normal-weight subgroup. But the ratio of time to peak tidal expiratory fow (tPF) to total expiratory time (tE) and ratio of volume to peak expiratory fow (VPF) to total expiratory volume (VE), which refect the airway obstructions to a certain extent, have no statistical differences among the two subgroups.ConclusionsRather than the height index, the weight index is signifcantly higher in the recurrent wheezing infants than the level of WHO standard. Compared with normal-weight patients, the tidal volume of overweight/obese recurrent wheezing in overweight/obese group is lower, but no signifcant differences are found for other parameters of airway obstructions.
recurrent wheezing; tidal breath lung function; obesity; growth; infant.
2016-11-17)
(本文編輯:梁 華)
黃英 電子信箱:huangying62@162.com
10.3969/j.issn.1000-3606.2017.08.001