唐玉茹++李會++帥訓軍+候念果++孫明潔++徐堂文++滕娜++艾登斌
[摘要] 目的 探討保護性肺通氣對老年肺葉切除術(shù)患者肺功能及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的影響。 方法 選取青島市市立醫(yī)院2014年1~12月?lián)衿谛蟹稳~切除術(shù)的老年肺癌患者60例(ASA Ⅰ~Ⅱ級,年齡62~72歲,體重50~80 kg),采用隨機數(shù)表法將患者分為傳統(tǒng)肺通氣(CV)組和保護性肺通氣(PV)組,每組各30例。CV組潮氣量為10 mL/kg,PV組壓力控制通氣(使潮氣量達到6 mL/kg,呼氣末正壓6 cmH2O),兩組的吸入氧濃度為100%,吸呼比1∶2,維持動脈血二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)為35~45 mmHg。在雙肺通氣15 min(T1)、單肺通氣15 min(T2)、單肺通氣60 min(T3)、恢復雙肺通氣15 min(T4)時點記錄兩組的氣道峰壓(PIP)、平臺壓(PPleatu)。記錄兩組術(shù)后拔除氣管插管時間,并在T1、T2、T3、T4及術(shù)后2 h(POD0)、術(shù)后1 d晨(POD1)、術(shù)后2 d晨(POD2)抽取橈動脈血行血氣分析記錄兩組的PaCO2和PaO2值,于POD2行胸部X線檢查。 結(jié)果 兩組患者的一般情況(性別、年齡、體重、吸煙史、術(shù)前肺功能)及手術(shù)時間、麻醉時間、手術(shù)徑路、術(shù)后拔除氣管插管時間差異無統(tǒng)計學意義(P > 0.05)。T2、T3時點PV組PIP及PPleatu明顯低于CV組(P < 0.05),PaO2明顯低于CV組(P < 0.05),PaCO2明顯高于CV組(P < 0.05)。POD0、POD1、POD2時點PV組PaO2明顯高于CV組(P < 0.05)。術(shù)后X線胸片顯示PV組肺不張、肺部炎性病變發(fā)生率明顯低于CV組(P < 0.05)。 結(jié)論 肺葉切除術(shù)中保護性肺通氣能明顯降低術(shù)中機械通氣壓力,改善術(shù)后肺氧合功能,減少了術(shù)后肺不張及肺部炎性病變的發(fā)生率。
[關鍵詞] 保護性肺通氣;肺葉切除術(shù);單肺通氣;肺功能
[中圖分類號] R734.2 [文獻標識碼] A [文章編號] 1673-7210(2017)07(b)-0120-05
Effect of lung protective ventilation on perioperative pulmonary function in elderly patients received pulmonary lobectomy of lung cancer
TANG Yuru1,2 LI Hui2 SHUAI Xunjun2 HOU Nianguo2 SUN Mingjie2 XU Tangwen2 TENG Na2 AI Dengbin1,2
1.Graduate School, Taishan Medical University, Shandong Province, Tai′an 271016, China; 2.Department of Anesthesiology, Municipal Hospital of Qingdao Research Center of Clinical Anesthesiology of Qingdao, Shandong Province, Qingdao 266011, China
[Abstract] Objective To evaluate the effect of lung protective ventilation strategies on the pulmonary function and postoperative pulmonary complications in elderly patients with pulmonary lobectomy. Methods A total of 60 elderly patients with lung cancer of ASA physical status Ⅰ-Ⅱ, aged 62-72 year, weighing 50-80 kg, who underwent elective pulmonary lobectomy surgery in Municipal Hospital of Qingdao from January to December 2014 were seleced. All patients were divided into two groups (n=30): protective ventilation group (group PV) and conventional ventilation group (group CV) according to random number table. In group CV, patients received volume-controlled ventilation and the VT was 10 mL/kg. In group PV, patients received pressure-controlled ventilation, the VT was 6 mL/kg, and the positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) was 6 cmH2O. The oxygen concentration was 100%, the inhalation and exhalation rate was 1∶2, and the partial pressure of end-tidal CO2 was 35-45 mmHg. The peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) and the plateau pressure (PPleatu) were compared and analyzed at the time of double lung ventilation (TLV) 15 min (T1), one-lung ventilation (OLV) 15 min (T2), OLV 60 min (T3), and the restore TLV 15 min (T4). The time from stopping anesthetic to extubating tracheal tube was also recorded and compared. Blood samples were collected from radial artery for blood gas analysis, the PaCO2 and PaO2 were compared and analyzed at the time of T1, T2, T3, T4, 2 h after pulmonary lobectomy surgery (POD0), the morning of 1 days after surgery (POD1) and the morning of 2 days after surgery (POD2). Chest X-ray in two groups was also compared and analyzed in POD2. Results There were no significant differences between the two groups in sex, age, weight, smoking history, preoperative pulmonary function, anesthesia time, operation time, surgical approach and duration of postoperative tracheal intubation (P > 0.05). Compared with group CV, PIP, PPleatu and PaO2 were significantly decreased, PaCO2 was increased at T2, T3 in group PV, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Compared with group CV, PaO2 levles were significantly increased in group PV at POD0, POD1, POD2, with statistically significant differences (P < 0.05). Compared with group CV, the incidence of postoperative pulmonary atelectasis, pulmonary infiltrates were significantly decreased in group PV (P < 0.05). Conclusion The protective lung ventilation strategy can significantly reduce intraoperative mechanical ventilation pressure, improve postoperative pulmonary oxygenation function, reduce incidence rate of postoperative atelectasis and lung tissue infiltrates of elderly patients underwent pulmonary lobectomy.
[Key words] Lung protective ventilation; Pulmonary lobectomy; One lung ventilation; Pulmonary function
隨著社會老齡化和醫(yī)療技術(shù)的發(fā)展,臨床麻醉工作中將面臨老年肺癌切除術(shù)患者增多的現(xiàn)狀。由于老年患者在術(shù)后肺不張和低氧血癥發(fā)生率明顯高于普通患者[1-2],使其圍術(shù)期肺部并發(fā)癥成為臨床麻醉管理工作過程中普遍關注的問題[3]。保護性肺通氣策略是近年來提出的機械通氣中采用的新方法[4]。本研究將保護性肺通氣用于老年患者肺葉切除術(shù)的單肺通氣(one-lung ventilation,OLV)中,就保護性肺通氣策略對老年肺癌患者術(shù)中及術(shù)后氧合功能及術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的影響進行了探討。
1 資料與方法
1.1 一般資料
選取2014年1~12月青島市市立醫(yī)院(以下簡稱“我院”)收治的擇期行肺葉切除術(shù)的老年肺癌患者60例。肺癌診斷標準參照周彩存[5]報道方法。納入標準:年齡62~72歲,性別不限,體重50~70 kg,美國麻醉師協(xié)會(ASA)評分為Ⅰ~Ⅱ級。排除標準:有嚴重心、肝、腎功能異常者;糖尿病,溶血性貧血,出血、凝血機制異常者;青霉素、磺胺藥、其他藥物過敏史及吃海帶等食物過敏,或反復發(fā)作的急性喉頭水腫、蕁麻疹陽性者。采用隨機數(shù)字表法,將患者分為傳統(tǒng)肺通氣(CV)組和保護性肺通氣(PV)組,每組各30例。本研究已獲得我院醫(yī)學倫理委員會批準并與患者簽署知情同意書。
1.2 方法
常規(guī)術(shù)前準備,入室后建立上肢靜脈通路,面罩吸氧4~6 L/min,常規(guī)監(jiān)測心電圖(ECG)、血氧飽和度(SpO2)、無創(chuàng)血壓、心率(HR)、呼氣末二氧化碳分壓(PETCO2)和體溫,在局麻下行左側(cè)橈動脈穿刺置管術(shù),用于監(jiān)測平均動脈壓(MAP)。麻醉誘導:依次靜脈注射丙泊酚1.5~2 mg/kg,芬太尼2~4 μg/kg、順式阿曲庫銨0.15 mg/kg,插入左側(cè)雙腔支氣管導管,用纖維支氣管鏡輔助氣管內(nèi)導管定位,進行機械通氣。麻醉維持:吸入純氧,新鮮氣體流速2~4 L/min,呼吸頻率為12 次/min。其中,CV組采用傳統(tǒng)通氣模式,潮氣量10 mL/kg;PV組采用保護性通氣策略壓力控制通氣,使潮氣量達到6 mL/kg,呼氣末正壓6 cmH2O(1 cmH2O=0.098 kPa),其余參數(shù)相同。吸入氧濃度100%,吸呼比1∶2,維持動脈血二氧化碳分壓(PaCO2)于35~45 mmHg(1 mmHg=0.133 kPa)之間,維持SpO2在95%以上。兩組均吸入1.5%~2%七氟醚,并維持于0.7 MAC,靜脈輸注瑞芬太尼0.08~0.15 μg/(kg·min)、丙泊酚3~5 mg/(kg·h),間斷按需靜脈注射追加順式阿曲庫銨0.03 mg/kg維持肌松。術(shù)中維持HR 60~100次/min,MAP波動范圍不超過基礎值的20%。
1.3 監(jiān)測指標
記錄雙肺通氣15 min(T1)、單肺通氣15 min(T2)、單肺通氣60 min(T3)、恢復雙肺通氣15 min(T4)氣道峰壓(PIP)、平臺壓(PPleatu),并抽取橈動脈血行血氣分析。記錄手術(shù)時間、麻醉時間、手術(shù)徑路、術(shù)后拔除氣管插管時間。術(shù)后2 h(POD0)、術(shù)后1 d晨(POD1)、術(shù)后2 d晨(POD2)抽取橈動脈血行血氣分析。于POD2行胸部X線正位片檢查,肺部并發(fā)癥的判斷標準參照王邵華等[6]報道方法。
1.4 統(tǒng)計學方法
采用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計學軟件進行數(shù)據(jù)分析,計量資料數(shù)據(jù)用均數(shù)±標準差(x±s)表示,兩組間比較采用t檢驗;計數(shù)資料用率表示,組間比較采用χ2檢驗,以P < 0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 兩組患者一般資料比較
兩組患者性別構(gòu)成、年齡、吸煙史、體重、術(shù)前肺功能指標等差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P > 0.05)。見表1。
2.2 兩組患者的手術(shù)情況比較
兩組患者麻醉時間、手術(shù)時間、手術(shù)徑路、術(shù)后拔出氣管插管時間差異均無統(tǒng)計學意義(均P > 0.05)。見表2。
2.3 兩組患者術(shù)中各時點PIP、PPleatu值比較
PV組T2、T3時點PIP及PPleatu均明顯低于CV組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表3。
2.4 兩組患者術(shù)中各時點PaO2及PaCO2值比較
PV組T2、T3各時點PaO2均明顯低于CV組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05);T2、T3各時點PV組PaCO2均明顯高于CV組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表4。
2.5 兩組患者術(shù)后POD0、POD1、POD2時點PaO2值比較
PV組患者POD0、POD1、POD2時點PaO2均明顯高于CV組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表5。
2.6 兩組患者POD2時點胸部X線檢查結(jié)果比較
兩組患者中,術(shù)后X線胸片顯示PV組肺不張、肺部炎性病變發(fā)生率明顯少于CV組,差異有統(tǒng)計學意義(P < 0.05)。見表6。
3 討論
本研究所選擇肺葉切除術(shù)患者麻醉均由同一名麻醉醫(yī)生完成,手術(shù)均由同一組外科醫(yī)師完成,均衡了麻醉深度和手術(shù)創(chuàng)傷對術(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥的影響。因此,兩組患者數(shù)據(jù)的變化能夠反映應兩種通氣方式對氣道壓力、氧合及對術(shù)后肺部并發(fā)癥的影響。
保護性肺通氣策略最初是在急性肺損傷(ALI)/急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(ARDS)和其他原因?qū)е潞粑ソ叩闹委熤刑岢龅臋C械通氣策略,其目的是在進行機械通氣支持的同時,保護肺組織免受呼吸機相關肺損傷(VILI),其主要包括合適的呼吸頻率(10~14 次/min)、低潮氣量(TV 6~8 mL/kg)、必要時允許性高碳酸血癥、最佳的呼氣末正壓(PEEP)[7-9]。目前臨床上應用最為廣泛的是小潮氣量及設定適當?shù)腜EEP,可提高ALI/ARDS患者生存率[10-11]。本研究結(jié)果表明,與傳統(tǒng)機械通氣相比,保護性肺通氣策略(潮氣量6 mL/kg、呼氣末正壓6 cmH2O和壓力控制通氣模式)可降低PIP、PPleatu,改善術(shù)中、術(shù)后肺的氧合,減少術(shù)后肺不張、肺部炎性病變等肺部并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
傳統(tǒng)的機械通氣方式采取大潮氣量持續(xù)給氧方式,容易造成高氣道壓力[9,12]。已有研究證明,高氣道壓是造成肺損傷的一個關鍵因素[13]。在本研究中,PV組采取小潮氣量(6 mL/kg)、PEEP為6 cmH2O,CV組采用大潮氣量(10 mL/kg),結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),PV組術(shù)中T2、T3時點PIP及PPleatu的測量結(jié)果均低于CV組,并普遍在30 cmH2O以下,術(shù)后PV組PaO2明顯高于CV組,顯示在肺葉切除術(shù)中采用保護性肺通氣策略能明顯降低氣道壓力,改善氧合。提示小潮氣量復合低水平PEEP可通過降低氣道壓及均衡肺泡間壓力來避免肺泡萎陷,降低剪切力傷害效應,產(chǎn)生肺保護作用。同樣,趙雙等[14]在一項包含了200個樣本的回顧性研究中,根據(jù)潮氣量的不同,分為大潮氣量組(VT=8~10 mL/kg)和小潮氣量組(VT=6~8 mL/kg)。結(jié)果同樣發(fā)現(xiàn),后者術(shù)中PIP及PPleatu低于前者,能夠很好地預防呼吸機相關性肺損傷的發(fā)生。
本研究結(jié)果顯示,術(shù)中各時點PV組的PaCO2較CV組明顯升高,同時兩組術(shù)中的PaCO2水平均控制在35~45 mmHg之間,說明適度的高碳酸血癥在肺通氣保護策略中是可以被接受的。在保護性肺通氣中,適度的高碳酸血癥利于氧的釋放,更利于組織攝取氧,保護重要臟器氧供[15-16]。因此,在保護性肺通氣策略中適度的CO2增高是有利的。有研究也顯示,允許性高碳酸血癥可減輕單肺通氣過程中及萎陷肺復張后肺臟彌散功能的損害,增加肺動態(tài)順應性,減輕肺部炎性反應,對肺臟具有一定程度的保護作用[17-20]。Nichol等[21]研究表明,在潮氣量和氣道壓力沒有改變的情況下,通過適量增加CO2吸入濃度即可在數(shù)分鐘內(nèi)表現(xiàn)出肺保護作用。
本研究中,在術(shù)后第2天對所有患者均進行了胸部X線檢查,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn),保護性肺通氣30例患者中術(shù)后出現(xiàn)肺不張及肺部炎性病變各1例,而傳統(tǒng)機械通氣患者術(shù)后出現(xiàn)肺不張及肺部炎性病變分別為6、8例,說明保護性肺通氣策略可以明顯減少術(shù)后并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。此結(jié)果同Güldner等[22]觀點相似,證明了實施肺保護性通氣策略與高潮氣量、未給予PEEP的傳統(tǒng)機械通氣方式相比,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥顯著降低。
綜上所述,與傳統(tǒng)機械通氣方式相比,保護性肺通氣策略能明顯改善老年肺癌患者肺泡的氧合,避免肺不張及肺部炎性病變等并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,可有效改善老年肺癌患者術(shù)后肺功能。
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(收稿日期:2017-03-10 本文編輯:程 銘)