陳紅衛(wèi) 王子陽(yáng) 李軍
●臨床研究
肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷患者術(shù)后功能結(jié)果和并發(fā)癥的薈萃分析
陳紅衛(wèi) 王子陽(yáng) 李軍
目的 評(píng)估肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷患者手術(shù)治療后的功能結(jié)果和并發(fā)癥。方法 在Medline、EMBASE、Cochrane Library和Google Scholar等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索關(guān)于肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷的前瞻性、回顧性研究,并分析各項(xiàng)研究的患者術(shù)后功能結(jié)果和并發(fā)癥。結(jié)果 最終納入16項(xiàng)研究,共312例患者。術(shù)后隨訪25~30個(gè)月,Mayo肘關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分78~95分,Broberg-Morrey評(píng)分76~90分,肩臂手功能缺陷(DASH)評(píng)分9~31分。需再手術(shù)的并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率范圍0.0%~54.5%,總發(fā)生率為22.4%(70/312);需再手術(shù)的并發(fā)癥主要與內(nèi)固定問(wèn)題、關(guān)節(jié)僵硬、關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)、尺神經(jīng)麻痹等相關(guān)。無(wú)需再手術(shù)的并發(fā)癥主要是異位骨化(12.5%,39/312)和關(guān)節(jié)炎(11.2%,35/312)。結(jié)論 肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷術(shù)后功能結(jié)果令人滿意,并發(fā)癥較為常見(jiàn),建議進(jìn)一步規(guī)范手術(shù)技術(shù)以獲得最佳功能結(jié)果,減少并發(fā)癥。
并發(fā)癥 功能結(jié)果 肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷
肘關(guān)節(jié)脫位伴隨橈骨頭骨折、冠狀突骨折,其治療極具挑戰(zhàn)性,術(shù)后并發(fā)癥易導(dǎo)致預(yù)后不佳,故被稱為肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷[1]。這種類型的損傷通常由于上肢伸展位跌倒時(shí)低能量或高能量肘關(guān)節(jié)損傷,導(dǎo)致前臂外翻、旋后和軸向擠壓所引起。本文通過(guò)檢索文獻(xiàn)就肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷術(shù)后功能結(jié)果、并發(fā)癥作一分析。
1.1 文獻(xiàn)資料 以“elbow triad terrible,coronoid fracture,radial fracture,elbow fracture and elbow dislocation”等為檢索詞,在Medline、EMBASE、Cochrane Library和Google Scholar等數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)檢索相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),檢索時(shí)間到2013年7 月31日,語(yǔ)言限制為英語(yǔ);共納入16篇文獻(xiàn)[7-22],文獻(xiàn)選擇見(jiàn)圖1。納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):文獻(xiàn)中涉及肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷(elbow dislocation,radial head fracture and coronoid process fracture),英文出版。排除肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷合并其他損傷,以作者來(lái)信、評(píng)論、編輯社論或個(gè)案報(bào)道形式發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn)。
1.2 方法 由2位評(píng)價(jià)員對(duì)文獻(xiàn)進(jìn)行獨(dú)立篩選及評(píng)價(jià),若意見(jiàn)不一致,先討論決定是否納入,若不能解決則請(qǐng)第三方協(xié)助裁決。從每篇選中的文獻(xiàn)中提取以下數(shù)據(jù)和信息:作者人數(shù)及詳細(xì)資料,患者年齡、隨訪時(shí)間、橈骨頭骨折的Mason分型[23]、冠狀突骨折的Regan-Morrey分型[24]、術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分[Mayo肘關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分[1]:90~ 100分為優(yōu),75~89分為良,60~74分為可,<60為差;Broberg-Morrey評(píng)分[25]:95~100分為優(yōu),80~94分為良,60~79分為可,<60分為差;肩臂手功能缺陷(DASH)評(píng)分[26]:評(píng)分0~100分,分?jǐn)?shù)越高表示上肢功能越差]以及并發(fā)癥。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)選擇的示意圖
2.1 基本情況 除了Zeiders等[11]研究,其余15項(xiàng)研究均為回顧性研究。16項(xiàng)研究的患者共312例,其中87.5%(14/16)研究報(bào)道男性患者構(gòu)成>50%;年齡40~49歲;隨訪時(shí)間13.6~64.0個(gè)月,其中25~30個(gè)月較為常見(jiàn),見(jiàn)表1。
表1 16項(xiàng)研究的患者基本情況
2.2 功能結(jié)果 16項(xiàng)研究中有8項(xiàng)進(jìn)行了Mayo肘關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分,平均范圍78~95分(2項(xiàng)研究評(píng)分為優(yōu),6項(xiàng)研究評(píng)分為良);共報(bào)道了155例患者,其中Mayo肘關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分為優(yōu)61例(39.4%),良66例(42.6%),可23例(14.8%),差5例(3.2%)。16項(xiàng)研究中有7項(xiàng)進(jìn)行了Broberg-Morrey評(píng)分,平均范圍76~90分(2項(xiàng)研究評(píng)分為優(yōu),5項(xiàng)研究評(píng)分為良);共報(bào)道了98例患者,其中Broberg-Morrey評(píng)分為優(yōu)27例(27.6%),良39例(39.8%),可24例(24.5%),差8例(8.1%)。16項(xiàng)研究中有8項(xiàng)進(jìn)行了DASH評(píng)分,平均范圍是9~31分,見(jiàn)表2。
2.3 并發(fā)癥 除了3項(xiàng)研究的患者無(wú)需再手術(shù)[11-12,19],其他13項(xiàng)研究的患者均需再手術(shù),再手術(shù)率范圍在0.0%~ 54.5%。312例患者中有70例因并發(fā)癥需再手術(shù),主要并發(fā)癥與內(nèi)固定問(wèn)題、關(guān)節(jié)僵硬、關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)、尺神經(jīng)麻痹等有關(guān),少數(shù)與傷口感染有關(guān)。無(wú)需再手術(shù)的主要并發(fā)癥是異位骨化 [占12.5%(39/312),10個(gè)研究]和關(guān)節(jié)炎[11.2%(35/312),4個(gè)研究]:Toros等[19]報(bào)道16例患者中6例(37.5%)存在Ⅰ級(jí)關(guān)節(jié)炎;Garrigues等[18]報(bào)道40例患者中5例(12.5%)存在異位骨化;Seijas等[14]報(bào)道18例患者中4例(22.2%)存在異位骨化;Lindenhovius等[21]報(bào)道18例患者中9例(50.0%)存在Ⅰ級(jí)關(guān)節(jié)炎,3例(16.7%)存在Ⅱ級(jí)關(guān)節(jié)炎;Forthman等[22]報(bào)道22例患者中6例(27.3%)存在Ⅰ級(jí)關(guān)節(jié)炎,1例(4.5%)存在Ⅱ級(jí)關(guān)節(jié)炎;Egol等[10]報(bào)道37例患者中18例(48.6%)存在異位骨化;Ring等[11]報(bào)道11例患者中10例(90.9%)存在肱尺關(guān)節(jié)炎,見(jiàn)表3。
表2 16項(xiàng)研究的患者術(shù)后功能結(jié)果
表3 16項(xiàng)研究的患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生情況
注:LCL為外側(cè)相關(guān)韌帶;MCL為內(nèi)側(cè)相關(guān)韌帶;*依據(jù)Broberg-Morrey標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
16項(xiàng)納入研究312例患者術(shù)后并發(fā)癥(包括需再手術(shù)、無(wú)需再手術(shù))較為常見(jiàn),但肘關(guān)節(jié)功能結(jié)果(包括Mayo肘關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分、Broberg-Morrey評(píng)分和DASH評(píng)分)總體令人滿意。按照Mayo肘關(guān)節(jié)功能評(píng)分和Broberg-Murrey評(píng)分,70%以上的患者功能優(yōu)良;與早期研究結(jié)果一致[6]。但仍有少數(shù)患者存在并發(fā)癥,如尺神經(jīng)麻痹、肘關(guān)節(jié)僵硬、異位骨化、關(guān)節(jié)炎等;其中1/3以下患者因關(guān)節(jié)不穩(wěn)、僵硬等問(wèn)題需再手術(shù)。Mathew等[2]在2009年發(fā)表了《肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷手術(shù)治療規(guī)范》,本文納入的研究中有3項(xiàng)研究未報(bào)道無(wú)需再手術(shù)的并發(fā)癥[11-12,19],然而,其中2項(xiàng)是小樣本研究(≤16)[12,19],1項(xiàng)研究報(bào)道32例患者術(shù)前行CT三維重建,且使用一個(gè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的治療原則,部分患者發(fā)生異位骨化但文中未提及任何并發(fā)癥需再手術(shù)[11]。通常,肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷術(shù)后并發(fā)癥發(fā)生率較高,因此今后需進(jìn)一步改進(jìn)手術(shù)方法。
本文通過(guò)系統(tǒng)回顧解釋功能結(jié)果和并發(fā)癥,但存在以下限制:(1)除1項(xiàng)研究[15]外,其余15項(xiàng)研究均為回顧性研究,因此尚需更多前瞻性研究的證據(jù);(2)本文包含了相對(duì)大數(shù)量的研究(納入研究16項(xiàng)),患者312例,但仍需從更大規(guī)模的研究中提取更確切的證據(jù),但肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷相對(duì)少見(jiàn),因此很難形成大規(guī)模研究;(3)本文缺乏同質(zhì)性,不同研究的手術(shù)方法、治療不同,如橈骨頭骨折、冠狀突骨折的類型和隨訪時(shí)間不同,可在一定程度上影響肘關(guān)節(jié)功能結(jié)果和并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
綜上所述,肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷術(shù)后,多數(shù)患者功能結(jié)果令人滿意,但仍有部分患者因術(shù)后發(fā)生并發(fā)癥需再手術(shù)。目前肘關(guān)節(jié)恐怖三聯(lián)征損傷的手術(shù)策略和技術(shù)基本一致,為了減少并發(fā)癥,建議進(jìn)一步改善手術(shù)技術(shù)、手術(shù)管理,以改善術(shù)后肘關(guān)節(jié)功能結(jié)果,減少并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生。
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Functional outcomes and complications following surgical management of terrible triad injury of the elbow:a meta-analysis
CHEN Hongwei,WANG Ziyang,LI Jun.Department of Orthopedics,Yiwu Centre Hospital,Yiwu 322000,China
【 Abstract】 Objective To review the functional outcomes and complications following surgical management of terrible triad injury of the elbow (TTIE). Methods Medline,EMBASE,Cochrane Library,and Google Scholar were searched for retrospective or prospective clinical studies of TTIE with functional outcomes and complications following surgical management. Results Sixteen studies,involving 312 patients,were included in the systematic review.Mean follow up after surgery was 25 to 30 months.Mean Mayo elbow performance scores ranged from 78 to 95.Mean Broberg-Morrey scores ranged from 76 to 90.Mean DASH scores ranged from 9 to 31.The proportion of patients who required reoperation due to complications ranged from 0.0%to 54.5%(mean:22.4%).Most of these complications were related to hardware fixation problems,joint stiffness,joint instability,and ulnar neuropathy.The most common complications not requiring reoperation were heterotopic ossification(12.5%,39 patients) and arthrosis(11.2%,35 patients). Conclusion The results of this systematic review indicate that functional outcomes after surgery for TTIE are generally satisfactory and that complications are common.Further studies are warranted to determine the surgical modalities which can optimize functional outcomes and reduce the risk of complications.
Complication Functional outcome Terrible triad injury of the elbow
2015-12-15)
(本文編輯:陳丹)
浙江省醫(yī)藥衛(wèi)生科技計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2014KYB296);浙江省公益性技術(shù)應(yīng)用研究項(xiàng)目(2013C33216);義烏市科技攻關(guān)項(xiàng)目(2013-G3-02)
322000 義烏市中心醫(yī)院骨科
陳紅衛(wèi),E-mail:chw6988@aliyun.com