胡四龍,許曉平,朱 耀,宿恒川,何思敏,葉定偉,郭小毛,章英劍
1. 復旦大學附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學科,上海 200032;
2. 復旦大學生物醫(yī)學影像研究中心,上海 200032;
3. 上海分子影像探針工程技術(shù)研究中心(籌),上海 200032;
4. 復旦大學附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院質(zhì)子重離子中心,上海 201315;
5. 復旦大學附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院泌尿外科,上海 200032;
6. 復旦大學附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院放療科,上海 200032;
7. 復旦大學上海醫(yī)學院腫瘤學系,上海 200032;
99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT探測前列腺癌病灶的臨床應用價值
胡四龍1,2,3,4,7,許曉平1,2,3,4,7,朱 耀5,7,宿恒川5,7,何思敏1,2,3,4,7,葉定偉5,7,郭小毛3,4,6,7,章英劍1,2,3,4,7
1. 復旦大學附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院核醫(yī)學科,上海 200032;
2. 復旦大學生物醫(yī)學影像研究中心,上海 200032;
3. 上海分子影像探針工程技術(shù)研究中心(籌),上海 200032;
4. 復旦大學附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院質(zhì)子重離子中心,上海 201315;
5. 復旦大學附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院泌尿外科,上海 200032;
6. 復旦大學附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院放療科,上海 200032;
7. 復旦大學上海醫(yī)學院腫瘤學系,上海 200032;
目的:探討99mTc標記前列腺特異性膜抗原(prostate specific membrane antigen,PSMA)小分子抑制劑(HYNIC-Glu-Urea-A,簡稱99mTc-PSMA) SPECT/CT顯像探測前列腺癌原發(fā)灶和轉(zhuǎn)移灶的臨床價值。方法:回顧性分析69例(初診12例、經(jīng)治57例)前列腺癌患者99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT結(jié)果,評價全身平面顯像結(jié)合斷層顯像檢測前列腺癌原發(fā)和(或)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的價值,分析99mTc-PSMA陽性率與前列腺特異性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)水平和Gleason評分的關系。結(jié)果:所有69例患者中,6例根治術(shù)后PSA<0.2 ng/mL患者為治愈狀態(tài),以患者為單位,99mTc-PSMA陽性率77.8% (49/63)。99mTc-PSMA陽性患者PSA水平 (中位數(shù)25.52 ng/mL,范圍0.85~3 239 ng/mL)明顯高于99mTc-PSMA陰性患者PSA水平(中位數(shù)0.35 ng/mL,范圍0.003~9.28 ng/mL)(P<0.001);在初診和PSA>1.0 ng/mL的復發(fā)患者中,陽性率高達97.4% (37/38)。99mTc-PSMA陽性組患者Gleason評分高于陰性組患者(P<0.001)。結(jié)論:對于前列腺癌初診患者和PSA>1.0 ng/mL的復發(fā)患者,99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT對原發(fā)灶和復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移灶的探測有較高應用價值,可為臨床提供重要的治療決策依據(jù)。
前列腺癌;前列腺特異性膜抗原;前列腺特異性抗原;Gleason評分;99mTc-PSMA;單光子發(fā)射計算機斷層掃描
前列腺癌(prostate cancer)的發(fā)病率不斷上升,對其分子靶點前列腺特異性膜抗原(prostate specific membrane antigen,PSMA)的研究也逐年增加,其中將PSMA作為分子影像和核素治療靶點對前列腺癌進行診斷、治療的研究已顯示出極好的臨床應用前景[1-4]。本課題組臨床前研究顯示,99mTc標記HYNIC修飾的谷胺脲類PSMA小分子抑制劑(99mTc-HYNIC-Glu-Urea-A,99mTc-PSMA) 小動物SPECT/CT能清晰顯示PSMA表達陽性的前列腺癌,而PSMA表達陰性的前列腺癌幾乎不攝取99mTc-PSMA[5]。初步臨床研究表明,99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT對前列腺癌原發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移病灶的探測有較高臨床應用價值[6]。本研究對不斷增加的病例再次進行回顧性分析,以進一步評價99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT在前列腺癌診斷中的價值。
1.1臨床資料
回顧性分析2015年9月—2016年3月69例經(jīng)前列腺穿刺或根治性切除術(shù)后病理學確診的前列腺癌患者的99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT檢查結(jié)果和臨床資料,其中前列腺癌穿刺后未治患者12例、根治術(shù)后聯(lián)合內(nèi)分泌或其他治療患者31例、接受非根治性治療患者26例(即未接受根治切除或根治性放療患者)?;颊吲R床資料見表1。
1.299mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT顯像
99mTc-PSMA藥物組成、質(zhì)量控制、使用要求、注射劑量和檢查方法等詳見前文[6]。2016年1月以來,使用冷凍干燥機(美國Labconc FreeZone Triad 產(chǎn)品)成批制備凍干藥盒PSMA-kit。每次臨用時,取一瓶凍干制劑,加入(50~120)×37 MBq/約5 mL的99mTcO4,混勻后煮沸加熱10 min,產(chǎn)品標記率、放化純度均>95%。每例患者靜脈注射約370 MBq/3 mL,2 h后排尿,全身平面顯像,再行頸部至盆腔2~3個床位的SPECT/CT斷層顯像(GE Discovery NM/CT 670雙探頭單光子發(fā)射斷層掃描裝置,配低能高分辨平行孔準直器)。SPECT采集能峰140 keV,窗寬20%,全身矩陣256×1 024、床速15 cm/min,斷層矩陣128×128,放大倍數(shù)1,旋轉(zhuǎn)360°,30 s/幀×60幀;CT采集取低劑量。斷層數(shù)據(jù)經(jīng)迭代重建后,用專用軟件GE eNTEGRA處理。
表1 患者臨床資料
1.3圖像和病例分析
綜合分析核醫(yī)學全身平面顯像和胸腹盆部SPECT/CT結(jié)果,99mTc-PSMA陽性灶判斷標準:以視覺分析為主,核醫(yī)學圖像表現(xiàn)為放射性攝取高于正常組織且排除生理性攝取或分布者,不管同機CT有無解剖形態(tài)異常,均視其為病灶;同機CT表現(xiàn)異常但相應部位未見放射性異常攝取,均視為PSMA陰性病灶或非前列腺癌來源病灶。病灶半定量分析:在放射性濃度最高的橫斷面圖像上勾畫病灶感興趣區(qū)(region of interest,ROI),以同層面肌肉組織為本底(肝、肺病灶分別以周圍正常肝、肺組織為本底),計算腫瘤靶/非靶放射性計數(shù)比值(target/ non-target,T/NT)。同一患者有多發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶時,選取放射性濃度最高的病灶進行分析。
追蹤患者治療過程和PSA動態(tài)變化,收集包括CT、MRI、核醫(yī)學骨顯像和PET/CT影像結(jié)果,以佐證99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT結(jié)論。
1.4統(tǒng)計學處理
利用SPSS 18.0軟件進行統(tǒng)計分析,根據(jù)99mTc-PSMA結(jié)果分為陽性組和陰性組,組間前列腺特異性抗原(prostate specific antigen,PSA)、Gleason評分的比較采用Mann-Whitney秩和檢驗。根據(jù)PSA水平分層,比較不同PSA水平組患者99mTc-PSMA陽性率,采用Fish精確檢驗或行×列表資料的卡方檢驗,P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2.199mTc-PSMA前列腺癌病灶檢出率
69例前列腺癌患者中,根治性治療后患者6例PSA持續(xù)<0.2 ng/mL,因而歸為痊愈(前列腺癌生化復發(fā)歐洲標準:PSA>0.2 ng/mL)[7],99mTc-PSMA均未探測到病灶,歸為真陰性。其余63例中,49例(含穿刺后未治患者11例)99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT每例至少發(fā)現(xiàn)1個病灶,以患者為單位分析陽性率為77.8% (49/63);14例(含穿刺后未治患者1例)未檢出病灶,結(jié)合PSA動態(tài)下降表現(xiàn),考慮為治療有效,腫瘤活性下降可能。穿刺后未治的初診患者99mTc-PSMA陽性率91.7%(11/12)。
2.299mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT顯像結(jié)果與臨床指標關系
99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT陽性組(n=49) PSA水平(中位數(shù)25.52 ng/mL,范圍0.85~3 239 ng/mL)明顯高于陰性組(n=14) PSA水平(中位數(shù)0.35 ng/mL,范圍0.003~9.28 ng/mL)(Mann-Whiney非參數(shù)檢驗,P<0.001)。在PSA>1.0 ng/mL的生化復發(fā)或臨床復發(fā)患者中,99mTc-PSMA陽性率高達97.4%(37/38)。未治患者PSA>20.0 ng/mL (n=7)、經(jīng)治患者PSA>10.0 ng/mL (n=24)時,99mTc-PSMA陽性率均達100%。隨著PSA增高,檢出病灶的數(shù)量和范圍不斷擴大,易發(fā)現(xiàn)盆腔以外的淋巴結(jié)和骨骼轉(zhuǎn)移。99mTc-PSMA陽性結(jié)果與PSA水平的關系詳見表2~4。
表2 99mTc-PSMA陽性組與陰性組各指標的比較
表3 前列腺癌經(jīng)治患者PSA水平與99mTc-PSMA結(jié)果之間的關系
表4 前列腺癌初診患者PSA水平與99mTc-PSMA檢查結(jié)果的關系
在有前列腺癌Gleason評分資料的59例患者中,99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT顯像陽性者評分(Gleason評分中位數(shù)8,范圍7~10,n=43)高于陰性者(Gleason 評分中位數(shù)7,范圍6~7,n=16)(Mann-Whiney非參數(shù)檢驗,P<0.001)。
2.399mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT陽性病灶情況
49例陽性者檢出病灶位于前列腺者20例(圖1、2),靶/本比為59.6±49.5 (范圍5.8~149.5,中位數(shù)57.3);淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移23例(圖2),靶/本比為51.5±54.5 (范圍4.5~200.1,中位數(shù)33.5),檢出最小淋巴結(jié)直徑為0.8 cm,靶/本比為5.1;骨骼轉(zhuǎn)移25例(圖3),靶/本比為31.0±30.5 (范圍2.7~132.9,中位數(shù)20.6);肝轉(zhuǎn)移3例(圖3),靶/本比分別為13.1、13.6和55.4;肺轉(zhuǎn)移1例,靶/本比為3.6。
本研究中,2例前列腺癌初診患者同期(1周內(nèi))進行了18F-脫氧葡萄糖(18F-fluorodeoxyglucose,18F-FDG)PET/CT檢查,雖然前列腺癌已穿刺確診,CT上也顯示盆腔和腹膜后多枚腫大淋巴結(jié),但原發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移灶均未見18F-FDG代謝增高,而99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT則均見高度攝取99mTc-PSMA(圖2)。
5例患者同期進99Tc-甲基二膦酸鹽(99Tcmethylene diphosphonate,99mTc-MDP)骨顯像,僅2例99mTc-MDP與99mTc-PSMA發(fā)現(xiàn)的骨骼病灶一致,另3例99mTc-PSMA檢出的骨病灶明顯多于99mTc-MDP (圖3)。
圖1 前列腺癌初診患者99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT和MRI影像學表現(xiàn)
圖2 前列腺癌初診患者99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT和FDG PET/CT影像學表現(xiàn)
圖3 前列腺癌骨肝轉(zhuǎn)移99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT和骨顯像結(jié)果
前列腺癌的發(fā)病率顯著上升,早期患者和發(fā)生轉(zhuǎn)移者5年生存率分別為100%和36%~54%[8-9],因此前列腺癌的早期診斷和分期非常重要。
PSMA是一種相對分子質(zhì)量為100 000的Ⅱ型跨膜糖蛋白,在正常前列腺及前列腺增生細胞中表達較低,但在幾乎所有前列腺癌細胞表面過度表達,且在低分化、轉(zhuǎn)移性和雄激素非依賴型前列腺癌細胞中表達進一步增加,與前列腺癌去勢治療抵抗、生化復發(fā)等密切相關,是前列腺癌的理想分子靶點[2]。谷氨脲小分子及其類似物(Glu-Urea-R)能高效、特異地與前列腺癌細胞表面的PSMA結(jié)合[10],國外已有多種放射性核素標記的谷氨脲類分子影像學探針用于探測前列腺癌復發(fā)和轉(zhuǎn)移灶[11-16]。
68Ga-PSMA PET/CT最早進入臨床研究,從2011年至今臨床應用結(jié)果表明,以患者為單位,68Ga-PSMA PET/CT對前列腺原發(fā)灶和轉(zhuǎn)移灶檢測的靈敏度超過80.0%,特別是對于PSA低水平增高的患者病灶,較其他檢查更有優(yōu)勢[13],van Leeuwen等[14]報道,即使在PSA水平介于0.2~0.29 ng/mL之間的生化復發(fā)患者,68Ga-PSMA的陽性率也能達到58%,而其他傳統(tǒng)影像學檢查如超聲、MRI、CT和骨顯像等幾乎無陽性結(jié)果。
由于國內(nèi)獲取放射性核素68Ga不易,而單光子核素99mTc是核醫(yī)學最常用的顯像核素,容易獲得,價廉物美,臨床應用方便,因此本課題組前期進行了99mTc-PSMA制備、臨床前和初步臨床研究,獲得了滿意結(jié)果[5-6]。本研究69例前列腺癌中,99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT的總體陽性率為77.8%,與前期研究結(jié)果大致相仿。而在PSA>1.0 ng/mL的生化復發(fā)或臨床復發(fā)患者中,99mTc-PSMA陽性率高達97.4% (37/38)。未治患者PSA>20.0 ng/mL (n=7)、經(jīng)治患者PSA>10.0 ng/mL(n=24)時,99mTc-PSMA陽性率均達100%。隨著PSA增高,檢出病灶的數(shù)量和范圍不斷擴大,易發(fā)現(xiàn)盆腔以外的淋巴結(jié)和骨骼轉(zhuǎn)移。對于PSA<1.0 ng/mL的生化復發(fā)患者,陽性率僅為9.1%,可能與腫瘤負荷較小、SPECT分辨率有限相關。本研究檢出轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)短徑為0.8 cm,但此時病灶靶/本比并不很高,易產(chǎn)生模棱兩可的診斷結(jié)果。此外,不能排除個別前列腺癌PSMA不表達或低表達因素。
許多研究表明,Gleason評分≥8分是前列腺癌根治性治療后復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移的高危因素,美國癌癥聯(lián)合委員會(American Joint Committee on Cancer,AJCC)推薦[17]:治療前PSA>20.0 ng/mL或活檢Gleason評分>7的前列腺癌患者應進行骨掃描檢查。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT陽性患者Gleason評分高于陰性患者,提示Gleason評分較高也是需進行99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT檢查的指征。
前列腺癌的骨轉(zhuǎn)移發(fā)生率較高,迄今為止99mTc-MDP骨顯像是前列腺骨轉(zhuǎn)移篩查和隨訪最常用的檢查方法。但骨顯像依賴成骨細胞的活性(骨鹽礦化),有一定的靈敏度,但特異度低,在沒有明顯成骨或破骨為主時易漏診[18-19]。而99mTc-PSMA直接靶向前列腺癌細胞,理論上只要高表達PSMA的前列腺癌細胞達到一定的數(shù)量即可被99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT檢測到,因此較骨顯像能更早、更靈敏、更特異性地探測骨轉(zhuǎn)移。本研究證實,99mTc-MDP發(fā)現(xiàn)的骨轉(zhuǎn)移病灶全部被99mTc-PSMA證實,部分病例99mTc-PSMA發(fā)現(xiàn)了更多的骨轉(zhuǎn)移病灶(圖3),且能剔除99mTc-MDP假陽性病灶。
前列腺癌淋巴結(jié)轉(zhuǎn)移目前主要靠超聲、MRI和CT等傳統(tǒng)解剖影像學檢查,但這些技術(shù)均依賴淋巴結(jié)大小進行診斷,當淋巴結(jié)處于臨界大?。?.0 cm左右)時診斷可能模棱兩可,特別是部分轉(zhuǎn)移的小淋巴結(jié)會漏診。18F-FDG PET/CT為目前最常用的分子影像學檢查技術(shù),應用于大多數(shù)腫瘤的診斷、分期、療效評價、預后判斷,但由于部分前列腺癌及其轉(zhuǎn)移灶增殖緩慢且糖代謝率較低,18F-FDG PET/CT陽性率低,故其在前列腺的診斷、分期、療效評價等方面應用價值有限[20]。本研究2例前列腺癌初診患者中,全身18F-FDG PET/CT均未見明顯FDG代謝增高灶,但同期99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT均發(fā)現(xiàn)前列腺病灶,以及盆腔、腹膜后轉(zhuǎn)移淋巴結(jié)高攝取99mTc-PSMA (圖2),表明確實有部分前列腺癌及其轉(zhuǎn)移灶糖代謝較低。本研究檢出最小淋巴結(jié)直徑僅0.8 cm,提示腫瘤雖小,但若PSMA表達也可被99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT檢出。此外,盡管肝臟有一定量的生理性放射性分布,99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT也能清楚顯示前列腺癌肝轉(zhuǎn)移病灶(圖3)。
綜上所述,99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT對初診前列腺癌的分期和PSA>1.0 ng/mL的前列腺癌復發(fā)轉(zhuǎn)移病灶探測具有較高臨床價值,擬在后續(xù)研究中開展前瞻性臨床對比研究,以進一步評價99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT在前列腺癌早期診斷、生化復發(fā)或轉(zhuǎn)移灶定位、療效評價等方面的價值。
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Clinical value of99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT in detection of prostate cancer
HU Silong1,2,3,4,7, XU Xiaoping1,2,3,4,7, ZHU Yao5,7, HE Simin1,2,3,4,7, SU Hengchuan5,7, YE Dingwei5,7, GUO Xiaomao3,4,6,7, ZHANG Yingjian1,2,3,4,7(1. Department of Nuclear Medicine, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; 2. Center for Biomedical Imaging, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China; 3. Shanghai Engineering Research Center for Molecular Imaging Probes, Shanghai 200032, China; 4. Shanghai Proton and Heavy Ion Center, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 201315, China; 5. Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; 6. Department of Radiotherapy, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, China; 7. Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China)
Correspondence to: ZHANG Yingjian E-mail: yjzhang111@aliyun.com
Objective: To evaluate the clinical value of technetium-99m labelled small molecule against prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA) (HYNIC-Glu-Urea-A,99mTc-PSMA) in the detection of primary and metastatic prostate cancers. Methods: A total of 69 consecutive prostate cancer patients who99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT were retrospectively analyzed. The sensitivity of99mTc-PSMA for the detection of the primary and metastatic lesions was evaluated. The relationships between positive99mTc-PSMA and prostate specific antigen (PSA) level and Gleason score were analyzed. Results: Of all patients, 6 cases with PSA<0.2 ng/mL after radical prostatectomy remained biochemically disease-free. Based on per patient, in 77.8% (49/63) of thepatients at least one lesion indicative of prostate cancer was detected by99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT. The level of PSA in the patients with positive99mTc-PSMA imaging was significantly higher than that in the patients with negative99mTc-PSMA imaging (PSA median 25.52 ng/mL, range: 0.85-3 239 ng/mL) vs. (PSA median 0.35 ng/mL, range: 0.003-9.28 ng/mL)(P<0.001). Among newly diagnosed patients and recurrent patients with PSA>1.0 ng/mL,99mTc-PSMA imaging was able to detect lesions with improved sensitivity of 97.4% (37/38); furthermore, among recurrent patients with PSA>10.0 ng/mL, the number and extent of lesions detected by99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT increased significantly. Gleason score in the patients with positive99mTc-PSMA imaging was significantly higher than that in the patients with negative99mTc-PSMA imaging (P<0.001). Conclusion: Among newly diagnosed prostate cancer patients and recurrent patients with PSA>1.0 ng/mL,99mTc-PSMA SPECT/CT can detect prostate cancer and metastases in a high number of patients and can provide important information for clinical treatment decision.
Prostate cancer; Prostate specific membrane antigen; Prostate specific antigen; Gleason score;99mTc-PSMA;Single photon emission computed tomography
R445.5
A
1008-617X(2016)03-0272-07
上海市科委項目(No:14DZ2251400);上海市衛(wèi)生和計劃生育委員會項目(No:20124189)
章英劍 E-mail:yjzhang111@aliyun.com
(2016-06-30
2016-07-11)