盛超
【摘要】情境創(chuàng)設應用于語法課堂已經不是新鮮的事情,尤其在最近幾年提倡強化語用功能的前提下,情境已經是語法課堂中最有效地“催化劑”,讓學生在真實而恰當的情境下能非常容易突顯語法的功能性,尤其在真實交流的過程中學生能內化語法的應用功能而不僅僅的是規(guī)則。
【關鍵詞】情境 語法 話題 語用功能
情境創(chuàng)設的過程比較順意,可能有些老師在一節(jié)課中創(chuàng)設多個情境導入語法,就顯得比較混亂,那么如何研究一套行之有效的標準是非常重要的,簡單說如果一位新老師能按照一定的參考標準和步驟指引,能夠創(chuàng)設真實有效的情境,并且能夠達到較好的課堂效果,那么這套標準意義就非常重大了,它可以幫助老師們更快捷有效的掌握情境創(chuàng)設的一些技巧。
一、研究背景
根據《義務教育英語課程標準》(2011年版),七年級(三級)學生的語言技能應該能就熟悉的話題經行簡單的交流。七年級是培養(yǎng)學生英語學習興趣最重要的階段,如何讓學生們在興趣的指引下學習語法是非常重要的,單純的英法規(guī)則太過乏味,激發(fā)學生自主學習的興趣才是有效課堂的關鍵,英語語法教學過程中,通過創(chuàng)設貼近生活、有意義、有趣味的情境可以吸引學生們的注意力,并激發(fā)學習興趣,從而實現由學習語法到培養(yǎng)語言思維能力的轉變。
“情境創(chuàng)設”是語法語用功能學習的基礎,語法教學決不能停留在語法規(guī)則的階段,在真實情境中應用才是語言學習的核心,對于語法學習的檢驗,最好的輸出方式是寫作和演講匯報,那么真實的情境可以激發(fā)學生學習的興趣,促使學生渴望表達和主動寫作才是課堂語法教學的成功。
二、“情境創(chuàng)設”的標準表述
1.通過創(chuàng)設貼近生活的情境,讓學生體驗語法的語用功能。情境不要脫離生活,最好用學生身邊的例子或生活經歷,常用的情境如:假期、季節(jié)、旅游、朋友、校園、愛好、運動等等。
2.通過Free talk的方式導入,創(chuàng)設真實的話題。導入是一節(jié)課的關鍵,正所謂好的開始時成功的一半,一節(jié)好課導入是非常重要的?,F在比較流行微視頻、音樂、活動導入比較容易分散學生注意力,其實最簡單有效的話題自由討論(Free talk)往往被忽視。Free talk就是我們常說的“聊天”,通過和學生輕松自然的閑談引入要開始的話題,從而順理成章的輕松創(chuàng)設出了情境,也潛移默化的引入了語法內容或句型,簡單而行之有效。
3.語法結構或規(guī)則要融入在詞塊和句子中,在語境中體驗,到情境中練習。多數語法規(guī)則都是可以讓學生自己總結,當學生能夠在語境中應用一些句型或能夠進行交流的時候,語法規(guī)則很自然讓學生理解并深刻記憶。切記不要去翻來覆去講單詞,詞塊和句子才是語言交流的最小單位。
4.課堂中語法活動的過度要真實自然、水到渠成。一節(jié)課一般只要求創(chuàng)設一個情景就足夠,老師們要在這一情景下設置不同活動,并且每項活動都要層層遞進有聯系,過度自然、水到聚成。多個情境會讓學生感到混亂,不利于學生思維的過度。
5.通過搭建知識的“腳手架”,層層遞進,環(huán)環(huán)相扣,為語言輸出做準備。輸出決定輸入,如果你希望學生在最后能用所學語法進行演講,你一定要在前面的環(huán)節(jié)幫他搭建“腳手架”,輸入的詞塊、句型都要為最后一個環(huán)節(jié)做準備,如果多數學生通過本節(jié)課所學習的內容就能完成最難的任務,那么本節(jié)課一定是非常成功的。老師輸入的每一個詞塊和句型都可以在最后的環(huán)節(jié)應用,這樣才有意義。
三、“情境創(chuàng)設”語法課常用流程
1.導入:通過Free talk的方式引入話題,為情境創(chuàng)設做好準備。
2.創(chuàng)設情境:通過師生真實自然的交流,創(chuàng)設有趣的話題,使話題轉變?yōu)檎鎸嵉恼Z言交流的情境,讓學生表達一些闡述觀點的詞塊或句子,并引出要講述的語法內容。
3.總結規(guī)律:通過大量例句和句型,學生觀察規(guī)律,自行總結出語法規(guī)則。
4.詞塊輸入:在情境中創(chuàng)設活動,通過真實的場景給學生輸入大量詞塊。
5.句型輸入:通過同一情境話題下的不同活動,逐步擴大輸入量,由詞塊轉化為句型輸入。
6.輸出環(huán)節(jié):通過演講、作文、報告、小話劇等活動形式,檢驗學生語法的運用能力和交流能力。
四、課型簡例教案(八年級上冊 Unit3 Computers 形容詞比較級和最高級)
The Teaching Design of Unit 3
Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
1. Learning Aims:
By the end of this lesson, students will be able to...
(1)use comparative adjectives to compare yourself with your group members.
(2)use comparative and superlative adjectives to introduce your friends.
(3)remember how to change the words completely, such as good, bad and far.
2. Produce:
I. Free-talk
(1)How many family member are there in your family? Who are they?
(2)How old is your sister/brother?(older,younger)
(3)Is your sister/brother taller/shorter than you?
(4)Who is the tallest person in your family?
Writer down the sentences with comparative and superlative adjectives, ask students to find out the rules.
II. Individual work:
Students are going to introduce their classmates in the classroom. Firstly, try to make some sentences about their classmates. Re-arrange the words to form correct sentences or questions in part A.
III. Pair work:
Try to find out more information about their classmates. Form questions to ask your classmate about the following information.
IV. Group work:
Compare yourself with your group members. Compare 3-5 things. Present your findings to the class.
V. Short-writing:
We want to know more about your friends and family members. Use comparative and superlative adjectives to introduce your friends and family members to us. Write about 80 words in your worksheet.
五、課型學案設計:Worksheet
Name: _______________Date in full:_________________
Grammar: Comparative and Superlative Adjectives
Part A) Individual work. Make sentences about your classmates.
Re-arrange these words to form correct sentences or questions.
1. shorter /Jim /./Tom /than/is
___________________________________________
2. student/ in the class/ the Linda/ is / newest/.
__________________________________________
3. is/than /Harry/Frank/taller/?
___________________________________________
4.Anna/Linda/./longer/has/than/hair
___________________________________________
5.Jimmy/./ has/Nick/than/longer hair
__________________________________________
Remember!
For some adjectives, we have to change the word completely. Here are some examples.
Part B) Pair work. Find out more about your classmates!
Form questions to ask your classmates about the following information. Write down their answers in the boxes.
Part C) Group work. Compare yourself with your group members. Compare 3-5 things. Present your findings to the class.
e.g.
1. I have longer hair than Gordon but Lucy has the longest hair of us all.
2. Gordon has bigger feet than me but Lucy has the biggest feet of us all.
3. Lucy is shorter than Tom but I am the shortest of us all.
4....
Part D) we want to know more about your friends and family members. Use comparative and superlative adjectives to introduce your friends and family members to us.
You may use the following example for your reference. Remember to highlight your adjectives.