南 京,黃景玲,楊水祥
100038北京市,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,北京大學(xué)第九臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院
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·論著·
陣發(fā)性心房顫動患者射頻消融術(shù)后3天內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)的危險因素研究
南 京,黃景玲,楊水祥
100038北京市,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,北京大學(xué)第九臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院
【摘要】目的回顧性分析陣發(fā)性心房顫動(房顫)患者射頻消融術(shù)后3 d內(nèi)房顫復(fù)發(fā)的危險因素。方法選取2012-01-01至2014-07-31于北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科住院診治并接受射頻消融術(shù)治療的陣發(fā)性房顫患者147例,在CARTO三維標(biāo)測系統(tǒng)指導(dǎo)下進行射頻消融術(shù)治療,術(shù)后心電監(jiān)護3 d,觀察房顫是否復(fù)發(fā),并分為房顫復(fù)發(fā)組(Af組)和非房顫復(fù)發(fā)組(NAf組)。同時根據(jù)復(fù)發(fā)時間長短將Af組患者分為4個亞組:A亞組(30 s≤復(fù)發(fā)時間<3 min),B亞組(3 min≤復(fù)發(fā)時間<30 min),C亞組(30 min≤復(fù)發(fā)時間<3 h),D亞組(復(fù)發(fā)時間≥3 h)。分析房顫復(fù)發(fā)的危險因素。結(jié)果房顫復(fù)發(fā)患者共23例(15.6%)。單因素分析結(jié)果顯示:兩組患者高血壓患病率、病程、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)、左心室射血分數(shù)(LVEF)、左心房舒張末期內(nèi)徑(LAEDD)、單純環(huán)肺靜脈隔離消融(PVI)術(shù)式采用率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。多因素Logistic回歸分析結(jié)果顯示,高血壓、病程、LVEF、LAEDD、單純PVI術(shù)式是房顫復(fù)發(fā)的影響因素(P<0.05)。4個亞組高血壓患病率、病程、hs-CRP、LAEDD、單純PVI術(shù)式采用率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);4亞組LVEF比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05)。結(jié)論合并高血壓、病程較長、LVEF下降、LAEDD增加、單純應(yīng)用PVI術(shù)式為陣發(fā)性房顫患者射頻消融術(shù)后住院期間房顫復(fù)發(fā)的獨立危險因素。
【關(guān)鍵詞】心房顫動;導(dǎo)管消融術(shù);復(fù)發(fā);危險因素
南京,黃景玲,楊水祥.陣發(fā)性心房顫動患者射頻消融術(shù)后3天內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)的危險因素研究[J].中國全科醫(yī)學(xué),2016,19(14):1633-1637.[www.chinagp.net]
Nan J,Huang JL,Yang SX.Risk factors for the recurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation within 3 days after radiofrequency ablation[J].Chinese General Practice,2016,19(14):1633-1637.
心房顫動(房顫)是臨床中最常見的心律失常之一,其患病率隨年齡增加逐漸升高,房顫會造成腦卒中、外周血管栓塞、加重心力衰竭等嚴重并發(fā)癥,因此房顫的防治工作是心血管內(nèi)科的重要任務(wù)[1]。隨著房顫射頻消融操作安全性和有效性的提高,射頻消融術(shù)治療在房顫治療中的地位越來越高[2]。但是房顫射頻消融仍存在許多問題,比如房顫射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)。本研究就可能影響陣發(fā)性房顫射頻消融術(shù)后患者住院期間房顫復(fù)發(fā)的危險因素進行分析。
1對象與方法
1.1研究對象選取2012-01-01至2014-07-31于北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科住院診治并接受射頻消融術(shù)治療的陣發(fā)性房顫患者147例,陣發(fā)性房顫的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)符合《心房顫動:目前的認識和治療建議-2012》[1]中的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。所有患者術(shù)前停用抗心律失常藥物5個t1/2以上,并且排除心力衰竭、心房血栓、心絞痛、肝腎功能不全、惡性腫瘤、急性腦血管疾病、感染以及經(jīng)過電生理檢查合并心房撲動、室上性心動過速、室性心動過速等疾病。
1.2研究方法患者入院后獲取病史,空腹抽取血液后送中心實驗室進行檢驗,血常規(guī)采用日本東亞公司Sysmex XE2100自動血液分析儀進行分析,生化功能、超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白(hs-CRP)采用日本日立7600生化分析儀進行分析,凝血功能采用Beckman-Coulte公司的TOP全自動凝血功能分析儀進行分析,N末端腦鈉肽前體(pro-BNP)采用羅氏公司cobas e411進行檢測。術(shù)前完善心臟超聲評估心功能,行冠狀動脈CT或者冠狀動脈造影檢查明確有無冠心病(冠心病定義為主干或者主要分支血管狹窄≥50%)。術(shù)中由同一術(shù)者經(jīng)右側(cè)股靜脈穿刺部位送房間隔穿刺針行房間隔穿刺后行肺靜脈造影,根據(jù)造影結(jié)果定位肺靜脈口,在CARTO三維標(biāo)測系統(tǒng)及環(huán)狀標(biāo)測電極導(dǎo)管(Lasso,強生公司)指導(dǎo)下,使用冷0.9%氯化鈉溶液灌注消融導(dǎo)管對肺靜脈口進行電隔離行環(huán)肺靜脈隔離消融(pulmonary vein isolation,PVI),若標(biāo)測導(dǎo)管同時檢測出碎裂電位(complex fractionated atrial electrograms,CFAE),則同時進行CFAE消融。患者均以恢復(fù)竇性心律并且反復(fù)難以誘發(fā)房顫律作為消融終點。術(shù)后常規(guī)服用胺碘酮0.2 g/次,3次/d,應(yīng)用1周后逐漸減量至0.2 g/次,1次/d,應(yīng)用遙測心電監(jiān)護儀心電監(jiān)護3 d記錄房顫是否復(fù)發(fā)(房顫復(fù)發(fā)定義為房顫發(fā)作并且持續(xù)時間≥30 s)。根據(jù)術(shù)后心電監(jiān)護房顫是否復(fù)發(fā)分為房顫復(fù)發(fā)組(Af組,n=23)和非房顫復(fù)發(fā)組(NAf組,n=124)。同時根據(jù)復(fù)發(fā)時間長短將Af組患者分為A亞組(30 s≤復(fù)發(fā)時間<3 min,n=15),B亞組(3 min≤復(fù)發(fā)時間<30 min,n=3),C亞組(30 min≤復(fù)發(fā)時間<3 h,n=4),D亞組(復(fù)發(fā)時間≥3 h,n=1)。
2結(jié)果
2.1Af組和NAf組基本資料及臨床指標(biāo)比較兩組患者基本資料比較:兩組患者性別、年齡、吸煙史、飲酒史以及高脂血癥、糖尿病、冠心病患病率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組患者高血壓患病率、病程比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表1)。兩組患者既往應(yīng)用藥物情況比較:兩組患者抗血小板藥物、β-受體阻滯劑、血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑(ACEI)/血管緊張素受體阻斷劑(ARB)、鈣通道阻滯劑(CCB)、他汀類藥物使用率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表2)。兩組患者生化指標(biāo)及血常規(guī)比較:兩組患者丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(ALT)、天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶(AST)、清蛋白(Alb)、尿素氮(BUN)、肌酐(Cr)、尿酸(UA)、葡萄糖(Glu)、低密度脂蛋白膽固醇(LDL-C)、高密度脂蛋白膽固醇(HDL-C)、鉀、肌鈣蛋白(cTn-I)、促甲狀腺激素(TSH)、D-二聚體(D-Dimer)、血紅蛋白(Hb)、血小板計數(shù)(PLT)、白細胞計數(shù)(WBC)比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05,見表3)。兩組患者其他指標(biāo)比較:兩組患者pro-BNP比較,差異無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);兩組患者hs-CRP、左心室射血分數(shù)(LVEF)、左心房舒張末期內(nèi)徑(LAEDD)、單純PVI術(shù)式采用率比較,差異均有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表4)。
表2兩組患者既往應(yīng)用藥物情況比較〔n(%)〕
Table2Comparisonofpreviousdrugadministrationbetweenthetwogroups
組別例數(shù)抗血小板藥物β-受體阻滯劑ACEI/ARBCCB他汀類藥物Af組237(30.4)5(21.7)11(47.8)11(47.8)9(39.1)NAf組12445(36.3)42(33.9)50(40.3)41(33.1)40(32.3)χ2值0.291.310.451.850.41P值0.640.330.500.240.63
注:ACEI=血管緊張素轉(zhuǎn)化酶抑制劑,ARB=血管緊張素受體阻斷劑,CCB=鈣通道阻滯劑
表1 兩組患者基本資料比較
注:a為t值;Af=房顫復(fù)發(fā),NAf=非房顫復(fù)發(fā)
表3 兩組患者生化指標(biāo)及血常規(guī)比較±s)
注:ALT=丙氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶,AST=天冬氨酸氨基轉(zhuǎn)移酶,Alb=清蛋白,BUN=尿素氮,Cr=肌酐,UA=尿酸,Glu=葡萄糖,LDL-C=低密度脂蛋白膽固醇,HDL-C=高密度脂蛋白膽固醇,cTn-I=肌鈣蛋白,TSH=促甲狀腺激素,D-Dimer=D-二聚體,Hb=血紅蛋白,PLT=血小板計數(shù),WBC=白細胞計數(shù)
表4兩組患者pro-BNP、hs-CRP、心臟超聲結(jié)果以及術(shù)式比較
Table 4Comparison of pro-BNP,hs-CRP,echocardiographic results and operative methods between the two groups
組別例數(shù)pro-BNP(ng/L)hs-CRP(mg/L)LVEF(%)LAEDD(mm)單純PVI術(shù)式〔n(%)〕Af組 23 554±5202.55±0.7056.8±6.744.1±3.716(69.6)NAf組124739±7102.18±0.6963.8±7.141.0±4.454(43.5)t(χ2)值1.19-1.824.35-3.105.27aP值0.24<0.05<0.01<0.01<0.05
注:a為χ2值;pro-BNP=N末端腦鈉肽前體,hs-CRP=超敏C反應(yīng)蛋白,LVEF=左心室射血分數(shù),LAEDD=左心房舒張末期內(nèi)徑,PVI=環(huán)肺靜脈隔離消融
2.2多因素Logistic回歸分析將單因素分析中差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義的變量作為自變量,以房顫是否復(fù)發(fā)作為因變量進行多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示,高血壓、病程、LVEF、LAEDD、單純PVI術(shù)式是房顫復(fù)發(fā)的影響因素(P<0.05,見表5)。
2.3房顫復(fù)發(fā)患者各亞組危險因素比較4個亞組高血壓患病率、病程、hs-CRP、LAEDD、單純PVI術(shù)式采用率比較,差異均無統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P>0.05);4個亞組LVEF比較,差異有統(tǒng)計學(xué)意義(P<0.05,見表6)。
表5房顫復(fù)發(fā)的影響因素的多因素Logisitic回歸分析
Table 5Multivariate Logistic regression analysis on influencing factors for atrial fibrillation recurrence
項目βSEWaldχ2值OR(95%CI)P值高血壓1.3110.6034.7213.709(1.137,12.096)0.030病程0.1020.0435.5421.107(1.017,1.205)0.019hs-CRP0.4160.4111.0251.516(0.678,3.390)0.311LVEF0.1970.0708.0531.218(1.063,1.396)0.005LAEDD-0.1190.0408.8350.888(0.820,0.960)0.003單純PVI術(shù)式-1.3100.5984.7950.270(0.084,0.872)0.029
表6 各亞組危險因素比較
注:a為χ2值
3討論
房顫是臨床上最常見的心律失常之一,流行病學(xué)調(diào)查結(jié)果顯示我國房顫總患病率為0.77%[3]。射頻消融術(shù)治療作為房顫治療的重要方法,眾多指南均是優(yōu)先推薦,但是術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)仍為影響治療效果的重要因素[4-6]。因此了解房顫射頻消融術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)情況,尋找預(yù)測術(shù)后復(fù)發(fā)的指標(biāo)具有重要的臨床價值。Lee等[7]發(fā)現(xiàn)房顫消融術(shù)后早期復(fù)發(fā)有可能增加晚期復(fù)發(fā)(術(shù)后>1年)的發(fā)生率。Richter等[8]針對234例接受房顫射頻消融術(shù)患者的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)房顫復(fù)發(fā)率為43%,其中陣發(fā)性房顫患者早期復(fù)發(fā)率為39%,而在平均隨訪12.7個月后,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)術(shù)后48 h內(nèi)早期復(fù)發(fā)與遠期成功率相關(guān)。
本研究使用心電遙測系統(tǒng)監(jiān)控患者術(shù)后3 d心電情況,進而分析射頻消融術(shù)后3 d內(nèi)房顫復(fù)發(fā)的危險因素。研究結(jié)果顯示,房顫復(fù)發(fā)率為15.6%,單因素分析結(jié)果提示合并高血壓、病程、hs-CRP、LVEF、LAEDD、術(shù)式與房顫復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān),進一步行多因素Logistic回歸分析,結(jié)果顯示高血壓、病程、LVEF、LAEDD、術(shù)式為房顫復(fù)發(fā)的獨立危險因素。將上述危險因素納入亞組分析提示LVEF與術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)時間長短有關(guān)。
Wang等[9]將213例(其中陣發(fā)性房顫患者136例,持續(xù)性房顫患者77例)接受PVI術(shù)式的房顫患者分為高血壓組和正常血壓組,研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高血壓對房顫的復(fù)發(fā)無明顯影響,但是高血壓組患者復(fù)發(fā)率有升高趨勢(28.6%與16.2%)。Giannopoulos等[10]應(yīng)用moxonidine(一種抗交感神經(jīng)藥物)能夠減少房顫合并高血壓患者射頻消融術(shù)后的房顫復(fù)發(fā)率,而這種效果似乎不依賴于該藥物的降壓作用。而本研究發(fā)現(xiàn)高血壓為陣發(fā)性房顫患者射頻消融術(shù)后3 d內(nèi)復(fù)發(fā)的獨立危險因素,考慮原因為高血壓可能通過增加自律性和觸發(fā)活動增加心房纖維化,進而影響心房的電重構(gòu)和結(jié)構(gòu)重構(gòu)過程,從而誘發(fā)房顫復(fù)發(fā)[11-12]。
患者病程與房顫復(fù)發(fā)之間關(guān)系的研究結(jié)果不一[13-15],考慮可能與患者病程和房顫發(fā)作時間不一致有關(guān)。Takigawa等[16]對1 220例接受射頻消融術(shù)的陣發(fā)性房顫患者進行了長達5年的隨訪,結(jié)果發(fā)現(xiàn)房顫病程是房顫復(fù)發(fā)的獨立危險因素〔HR=1.03,95%CI(1.02,1.05),P<0.01〕,本研究結(jié)果與之類似。因此病程在預(yù)測射頻消融術(shù)治療效果方面還需要進一步的研究進行評價。
Deisenhofer等[17]發(fā)現(xiàn)PVI聯(lián)合CFAE未能提高消融成功率,而Nam等[18]發(fā)現(xiàn)PVI聯(lián)合CFAE能夠顯著減少各種房性心律失常(房性心動過速、心房撲動)。本研究結(jié)果提示,PVI聯(lián)合CFAE射頻消融能夠減少術(shù)后3 d內(nèi)房顫復(fù)發(fā)負荷。提示需要進一步研究和評價PVI聯(lián)合CFEA進行消融的地位。
既往多項研究提示LAEDD與房顫復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān),Zakrzewska-Koperska等[19]對294例接受射頻消融術(shù)治療的房顫患者進行研究(其中78%為陣發(fā)性房顫),隨訪(36.9±13.0)d后,發(fā)現(xiàn)LAEDD<40 mm與手術(shù)成功相關(guān)(P<0.01)。而最近發(fā)表在HeartRhythm上的一個研究發(fā)現(xiàn)LAEDD及功能是首次和二次射頻消融成功的預(yù)測指標(biāo)[20]。本研究結(jié)果與上述研究一致。
hs-CRP作為反映體內(nèi)炎性反應(yīng)的物質(zhì),被認為是冠心病、高血壓等的危險因素。Letsas等[21]針對72例接受PVI治療的房顫患者進行研究,經(jīng)過(12.5±5.7)個月的隨訪發(fā)現(xiàn),hs-CRP與房顫復(fù)發(fā)相關(guān)。Liu等[22]研究發(fā)現(xiàn)hs-CRP與行PVI治療的房顫患者復(fù)發(fā)有關(guān),推測原因可能與房顫患者心肌纖維化、體內(nèi)炎性反應(yīng)有關(guān)[23-24]。
本研究提示陣發(fā)性房顫患者射頻消融術(shù)后3 d內(nèi)房顫復(fù)發(fā)與高血壓、病程、LVEF、LAEDD、術(shù)式等有關(guān),亞組分析提示LVEF與術(shù)后房顫復(fù)發(fā)時間長短相關(guān)。但由于本研究樣本量較少,將來需要更大樣本量的研究進一步驗證。同時本研究針對的是“空白期”內(nèi)的房顫復(fù)發(fā)進行研究,需要進一步對患者進行隨訪,以明確射頻消融術(shù)后長期的治療情況。由于本研究以陣發(fā)性房顫患者為研究對象,對于持續(xù)性或者長程持續(xù)性房顫患者是否有類似的結(jié)果需要進一步進行驗證。
作者貢獻:南京、楊水祥進行試驗設(shè)計與實施、資料收集整理、撰寫論文、成文并對文章負責(zé);南京進行試驗實施、評估、資料收集;黃景玲、楊水祥進行質(zhì)量控制及審校。
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(本文編輯:賈萌萌)
Risk Factors for the Recurrence of Paroxysmal Atrial Fibrillation Within 3 Days After Radiofrequency Ablation
NANJing,HUANGJing-ling,YANGShui-xiang.
DepartmentofCardiology,BeijingShijitanHospitalAffiliatedtoCapitalMedicalUniversity,Beijing100038,China
【Abstract】ObjectiveTo conduct a retrospective analysis on the risk factors for the recurrence of paroxysmal atrial fibrillation within 3 days after radiofrequency ablation.MethodsFrom January 1,2012 to July 31,2014,we recruited 147 patients with paroxysmal atrial fibrillation who were hospitalized and received radiofrequency ablation in the Department of Cardiology of Beijing Shijitan Hospital.Radiofrequency ablation was undertaken by the guidance of CARTO.After surgery,electrocardiograph monitoring was conducted for 3 days to observe whether atrial fibrillation relapsed,and the patients were assigned into Af group and NAf group.According to the duration of relapse,the patients were divided into 4 subgroups:subgroup A(30 s≤time duration<3 min),subgroup B(3 min≤time duration<30 min),subgroup C(30 min≤time duration<3 h),subgroup D(time duration≥3 h).Risk factors for atrial fibrillation recurrence were analyzed.ResultsThere were 23 patients(15.6%)in Af group.Univariate analysis showed that the two groups were significantly different in the prevalence of hypertension,duration of disease,hs-CRP,LVEF,LAEDD and the rate of sole application of PVI(P<0.05).Multivariate Logistic regression analysis showed that the hypertension,duration of disease,LVEF,LAEDD,and the sole application of PVI were influencing factors for atrial fibrillation(P<0.05).The 4 subgroups were not significantly different in prevalence of hypertension,duration of disease,hs-CRP,LAEDD,and the sole application of PVI(P>0.05);the 4 subgroups were significantly different in LVEF(P<0.05).ConclusionComplication of hypertension,the long disease duration,the decrease in LVEF,the increase of LAEDD and the sole application of PVI are independent risk factors for the recurrence of atrial fibrillation of hospitalized patients after radiofrequency ablation.
【Key words】Atrial fibrillation;Catheter ablation;Recurrence;Risk factors
通信作者:楊水祥,100038北京市,首都醫(yī)科大學(xué)附屬北京世紀(jì)壇醫(yī)院心血管內(nèi)科,北京大學(xué)第九臨床醫(yī)學(xué)院;
【中圖分類號】R 541.75
【文獻標(biāo)識碼】A
doi:10.3969/j.issn.1007-9572.2016.14.006
(收稿日期:2015-04-15;修回日期:2016-01-12)
E-mail:sxyang13@163.com