徐蔣來,胡乃娟,朱利群
(1.南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,江蘇南京 210095; 2.南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)村發(fā)展學(xué)院,江蘇南京 210095)
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周年秸稈還田量對(duì)麥田土壤養(yǎng)分及產(chǎn)量的影響
徐蔣來1,胡乃娟1,朱利群2
(1.南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)學(xué)院,江蘇南京 210095; 2.南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)農(nóng)村發(fā)展學(xué)院,江蘇南京 210095)
摘要:為揭示周年秸稈還田量對(duì)小麥高產(chǎn)優(yōu)質(zhì)栽培的影響機(jī)理,在大田條件下,設(shè)置稻麥秸稈均不還田(CK)、25%稻麥秸稈均還田、50%稻麥秸稈均還田、75%稻麥秸稈均還田、100%稻麥秸稈均還田、100%麥季稻秸還田、100%稻季麥秸還田等7個(gè)秸稈處理,經(jīng)過三年田間定位試驗(yàn),分析了周年秸稈還田量對(duì)三年麥田土壤養(yǎng)分及小麥產(chǎn)量的影響。結(jié)果表明,周年秸稈還田后三年土壤養(yǎng)分和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量均不同程度地提高,且隨秸稈還田量的增加呈先增后減的趨勢,效果最好的還田量主要集中在50%和75%。其中,第一年以50%秸稈還田量對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量影響最明顯;到第三年以75%還田量影響最顯著,土壤全氮、有效磷、速效鉀和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量分別比CK提高了2.61%、4.05%、18.25%和5.90%。 在前兩年,不同秸稈還田處理對(duì)小麥均有增產(chǎn)效果,但在第三年,100%稻麥秸稈均還田和100%麥季稻秸還田處理略微減產(chǎn)。6個(gè)秸稈還田處理中只有50%稻麥秸稈均還田對(duì)小麥的增產(chǎn)效果在三年中均達(dá)到顯著水平,增產(chǎn)幅度分別為11.23%、14.74%和14.29%。綜合來看,50%稻麥秸稈均還田最適宜當(dāng)?shù)匦←湼弋a(chǎn)栽培。
關(guān)鍵詞:秸稈還田;土壤養(yǎng)分;小麥產(chǎn)量
目前,我國每年作物秸稈總量達(dá)8億噸,約占全世界總量的30%。農(nóng)作物秸稈作為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)中最主要的副產(chǎn)品,富含大量的碳、氮、磷、鉀等營養(yǎng)元素,既可以培肥地力,又可以為下茬作物高產(chǎn)栽培提供良好的生長環(huán)境[1-3]。秸稈還田作為農(nóng)作物循環(huán)利用的一種還田方式,不僅解決了秸稈焚燒的污染問題,而且有利于促進(jìn)農(nóng)業(yè)可持續(xù)發(fā)展[4]。近年來,國內(nèi)外學(xué)者對(duì)秸稈還田的研究也在逐漸深入。研究表明,秸稈還田不僅能夠改善土壤肥力,提高土壤微生物活性,而且能夠減少溫室氣體排放[5-8]?;省⒏鞣绞降扔绊懡斩掃€田的效果。在秸稈還田的基礎(chǔ)上配施氮、磷肥可降低土壤容重,提高土壤含水量,增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)和氮、磷、鉀養(yǎng)分含量,對(duì)春小麥產(chǎn)量和品質(zhì)也有一定的促進(jìn)作用[9]。翻耕和旋耕秸稈還田均能提高土壤養(yǎng)分和微生物量碳含量,從而增強(qiáng)土壤的保肥能力[10]。馬超等[11]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),添加秸稈腐解劑處理的土壤養(yǎng)分和碳庫管理指數(shù)增加速率均大于秸稈直接還田,土壤培肥效果明顯。此外,秸稈還田效果與還田量密切相關(guān)。從不同秸稈還田量對(duì)土壤有機(jī)碳含量和酶活性的影響來看,中、高量秸稈還田>低量秸稈還田>秸稈不還田[12]。張 靜等的研究結(jié)果顯示,玉米秸稈還田量9 000 kg·hm-2能有效提高土壤肥力,使接茬冬小麥顯著增產(chǎn)[13]。強(qiáng)學(xué)彩等研究認(rèn)為,秸稈全量還田既能調(diào)節(jié)土壤物理環(huán)境,促進(jìn)微生物的代謝活動(dòng),又有利于土壤養(yǎng)分的轉(zhuǎn)化[14]。在翻耕和少耕條件下實(shí)行全量秸稈還田及免耕條件下實(shí)行2/3秸稈還田量,對(duì)提高土壤有效磷和速效鉀含量效果顯著[15]。然而,以上關(guān)于秸稈還田量的研究主要集中在長江中上游或者北方干旱半干旱地區(qū),有關(guān)秸稈還田量對(duì)長江下游稻麥輪作區(qū)麥田土壤養(yǎng)分及產(chǎn)量的影響研究鮮有報(bào)道。鑒于此,本研究通過3年大田試驗(yàn),分析了周年秸稈還田量對(duì)蘇中稻麥輪作區(qū)麥田土壤養(yǎng)分及產(chǎn)量的影響,以期探索出兼顧稻麥輪作區(qū)土壤肥力和作物產(chǎn)量的適宜秸稈還田量。
1材料與方法
1.1試驗(yàn)地概況
試驗(yàn)于2011年6月-2014年6月在揚(yáng)州市槐泗鎮(zhèn)肖胡村試驗(yàn)田進(jìn)行。該地區(qū)種植制度以水稻-小麥一年兩熟制為主,試驗(yàn)地土壤質(zhì)地為砂壤土,耕層(0~21 cm)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量27.7 g·kg-1,全氮含量1.49 g·kg-1,有效磷含量60.85 mg·kg-1,速效鉀含量78.52 mg·kg-1,pH值6.65,容重1.41 g·cm-3。
1.2試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)與田間管理
試驗(yàn)在稻麥輪作制度上,采用單因素隨機(jī)區(qū)組設(shè)計(jì),對(duì)水稻季和小麥季設(shè)置了不同的秸稈還田量,共7個(gè)處理,3次重復(fù),小區(qū)面積為30 m2。在每季作物種植前,先將上一季作物收割,留茬10 cm,通過收割機(jī)粉碎秸稈,秸稈長度5~10 cm。待秸稈曬干后采用常規(guī)旋耕還田,深度15 cm左右。稻季麥秸100%全量還田為6 000 kg·hm-2,麥季稻秸100%全量還田為9 000 kg·hm-2。具體還田比例見表1。
試驗(yàn)共進(jìn)行了六季,本研究為第一、二、三年的麥季。試驗(yàn)中水稻供試品種為淮稻5號(hào),采用旱育秧,在2011年至2013年間,于每年6月中旬采用機(jī)插秧移栽,栽插密度為每公頃25.5萬穴,每穴3~4苗,當(dāng)年11月初收獲;小麥供試品種為鄭麥9023,在2011年至2014年間,于每年11月中旬采用機(jī)械條播,播量為150 kg·hm-2,次年6月初收獲。其中,水稻季基肥施用量為45%復(fù)合肥375 kg·hm-2和尿素150 kg·hm-2,分蘗肥和穗肥為尿素,均施150 kg·hm-2;小麥季基肥施用量為45%復(fù)合肥375 kg·hm-2,拔節(jié)期追施尿素150 kg·hm-2。其他栽培措施與當(dāng)?shù)爻R?guī)管理相同。
1.3樣品采集與測定
1.3.1樣品采集
小麥?zhǔn)斋@后,用土鉆在各小區(qū)內(nèi)按五點(diǎn)取樣法采集0~21 cm的土壤樣品。
表1 試驗(yàn)設(shè)計(jì)
1.3.2測定項(xiàng)目及方法
土壤養(yǎng)分含量的測定參考魯如坤的方法[16]。土壤全氮含量采用半微量開氏消煮法測定;土壤有效磷含量采用碳酸氫鈉-鉬銻抗比色法測定;土壤速效鉀含量采用火焰光度計(jì)比色法測定;土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量采用重鉻酸鉀外加熱法測定。
成熟時(shí)按小區(qū)單打單收,測定小麥有效穗數(shù)、穗粒數(shù)和千粒重,并計(jì)算實(shí)際產(chǎn)量。
1.4數(shù)據(jù)分析
試驗(yàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用Microsoft Excel 2003軟件進(jìn)行整理,采用SPSS 17.0進(jìn)行方差和相關(guān)性分析。
2結(jié)果與分析
2.1周年秸稈還田量對(duì)麥田土壤養(yǎng)分的影響
在試驗(yàn)的第一年,在秸稈還田處理中,只有SR2處理的土壤全氮、有效磷、有機(jī)質(zhì)含量均顯著高于CK,增幅分別為33.04%、31.65%和6.83%;SR1處理對(duì)土壤全氮含量也有顯著的增加作用,增幅為18.26%;秸稈還田對(duì)土壤速效鉀含量影響不顯著(表2)。
秸稈還田兩年后,秸稈還田處理能不同程度地提高土壤全氮、速效磷、速效鉀和有機(jī)質(zhì)的含量,且隨著秸稈還田量的增加,其增幅呈先升后降的趨勢,總體表現(xiàn)為稻麥季秸稈均還田>僅一季秸稈還田>秸稈不還田(表3)。其中,SR2處理對(duì)全氮和速效鉀含量的影響最明顯,分別比CK提高9.52%和19.43%;而SR3處理對(duì)速效磷含量的影響最明顯,比CK提高18.56%;SR2處理對(duì)土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量的影響最明顯,比CK提高了15.68%。
由表4可見,秸稈還田三年后,秸稈還田處理的土壤全氮、速效磷、速效鉀和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量均有所提高。其中,SR3處理的土壤全氮含量變化顯著,而其他處理變化不顯著;SR2和SR3處理顯著提高了土壤有效磷含量,增幅分別為5.98%和6.31%,而其他處理與對(duì)照差異均不顯著;除SR5外,其余處理的土壤速效鉀含量變化均顯著;SR3、SR4和SR5處理顯著提高了土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)含量,增幅分別為5.90%、4.67%和9.06%。
2.2周年秸稈還田量對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成的影響
由表5可知,不同周年秸稈還田處理對(duì)第一年小麥產(chǎn)量構(gòu)成的影響存在差異。其中,SR1和SR2處理顯著增加了有效穗數(shù),增幅分別為9.38%和8.54%;秸稈還田對(duì)穗粒數(shù)沒有顯著影響;SR1和SR2處理顯著提高了千粒重,增幅分別為10.28%和9.76%。由于前兩年小麥出現(xiàn)嚴(yán)重的白粉病害,產(chǎn)量均不高。相對(duì)于CK,SR1、SR2和SR3處理第一年增產(chǎn)顯著,以SR1處理產(chǎn)量最高,比CK提高了11.45%。
表2 周年秸稈還田量對(duì)第一年麥田土壤養(yǎng)分含量的影響
同列數(shù)據(jù)后不同小寫字母表示處理間有顯著差異(P<0.05)。下表同
Different small letters after the values in a same columns indicate significant differences among the treatments at 0.05 level. The same as in following tables
在第二年,相比CK,秸稈還田處理雖然增加了小麥有效穗數(shù),但都沒達(dá)到顯著水平;秸稈還田處理均使小麥穗粒數(shù)顯著增加,但不同還田處理間差異不顯著;除SR5處理外,秸稈還田也能顯著增加千粒重。所有還田處理中,只有SR2處理顯著提高了小麥產(chǎn)量,增幅為14.74%(表6)。
第三年,相比CK,SR2處理顯著增加了小麥有效穗數(shù),增幅為14.54%,其他處理與CK差異均不顯著;SR1和SR2處理顯著提高穗粒數(shù),增幅分別為11.44%和7.23%;秸稈還田對(duì)千粒重影響不顯著。所有還田處理中,只有SR2處理增產(chǎn)顯著,產(chǎn)量增幅為14.29%(表7)。
表3 周年秸稈還田量對(duì)第二年麥田土壤養(yǎng)分的影響
表4 周年秸稈還田量對(duì)第三年麥田土壤養(yǎng)分的影響
表5 周年秸稈還田量對(duì)第一年小麥產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素的影響
表6 周年秸稈還田量對(duì)第二年小麥產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素的影響
表7 周年秸稈還田量對(duì)第三年小麥產(chǎn)量及其構(gòu)成因素的影響
3討 論
農(nóng)作物秸稈是一種重要的有機(jī)肥源,含有作物生長所必需的氮、磷、鉀、纖維素等營養(yǎng)元素[17]。秸稈經(jīng)過腐解會(huì)增加土壤養(yǎng)分和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量,從而提高土壤肥力,供作物生長所需[18-19]。勞秀榮等[20]研究認(rèn)為,秸稈還田能不同程度地增加土壤有機(jī)質(zhì)積累量和速效氮磷鉀含量。徐萌等[21]通過秸稈粉碎和剪碎處理發(fā)現(xiàn),不同秸稈還田量均能提高玉米成熟期土壤速效氮磷鉀含量。武際等[22]研究結(jié)果顯示,秸稈還田后麥田土壤有機(jī)碳、全氮、堿解氮和速效磷含量在整個(gè)試驗(yàn)期間均呈增加趨勢。本研究結(jié)果表明,周年秸稈還田對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量均有不同程度提升。說明在本試驗(yàn)范圍內(nèi),秸稈還田對(duì)麥田土壤養(yǎng)分和有機(jī)質(zhì)均有一定的改善效果。
秸稈歸還農(nóng)田為土壤微生物提供豐富的碳等物質(zhì)和能量來源,對(duì)土壤微生物數(shù)量和活性具有一定的促進(jìn)作用[23-24]。而土壤微生物活躍可促進(jìn)土壤養(yǎng)分轉(zhuǎn)化,有利于土壤養(yǎng)分的循環(huán)與釋放[25]。本研究結(jié)果表明,土壤養(yǎng)分和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量隨秸稈還田量的增加呈先增后減的趨勢,且對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分和有機(jī)質(zhì)含量改善效果最好的主要集中在50%和75%還田量,并非以秸稈還田量越多效果越好。究其原因,主要是因?yàn)榻斩掃€田量過少,對(duì)土壤養(yǎng)分貢獻(xiàn)較小,而秸稈還田量過多易導(dǎo)致土壤高溫缺氧,使土壤與大氣環(huán)境物質(zhì)交換不通暢,從而降低土壤微生物活性,不利于土壤養(yǎng)分的循環(huán)與釋放。此外,秸稈還田量會(huì)影響土壤整個(gè)剖面的水分、養(yǎng)分、熱量、微生物及根系生長的狀況,從而影響土壤有機(jī)碳的平衡。而作物秸稈中C/N比一般較高,全量秸稈還田在秸稈分解初期使微生物自身繁殖生長表現(xiàn)為缺氮,促使其從土壤中吸收礦質(zhì)氮素,造成微生物和植株競爭氮素養(yǎng)分,影響土壤微生物的數(shù)量和活性,進(jìn)而減緩秸稈的腐解效率。而本試驗(yàn)中可能是中量秸稈還田在調(diào)控土壤微生物和作物根系代謝產(chǎn)物中具有合適的C/N比,不僅能提升土壤有機(jī)碳含量,而且能營造對(duì)作物有利的生長環(huán)境[26]。卜毓堅(jiān)等[27]研究認(rèn)為,免耕67%秸稈還田量在晚稻齊穗期、乳熟期、黃熟期對(duì)土壤有效磷和速效鉀含量的提高程度最顯著。張彬等[28]研究認(rèn)為,2/3 (5 000 kg·hm-2)玉米秸稈還田量對(duì)免耕黑土堿解氮、速效磷和速效鉀含量提高效果最顯著。路文濤等[12]經(jīng)過3年秸稈還田試驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn),土壤總有機(jī)碳含量隨著還田量由高到低,分別比對(duì)照提高了6.96%、22.97%和12.41%。此類研究結(jié)果與之相類似。本研究中,土壤全氮、速效磷和有機(jī)質(zhì)的含量在第一年以50%還田量最高,到第三年以75%還田量最高。說明隨著秸稈還田時(shí)間的延長,75%周年秸稈還田量對(duì)提高土壤肥力的效果越來越顯著。然而,陳冬林等[15]研究認(rèn)為,翻耕和少耕條件下實(shí)行全量秸稈還田對(duì)土壤有效磷和速效鉀效果最顯著,而免耕條件下宜實(shí)行2/3秸稈還田。鐘杭等[29]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),稻麥秸稈連續(xù)2年還田后,全量與半量還田的土壤有機(jī)碳含量較秸稈不還田分別提高了7.09%和5.87%。這與本研究結(jié)果存在差異,可能是由不同的土壤質(zhì)地、氣候條件、種植制度、具體的還田量等因素造成的。
秸稈還田作為農(nóng)業(yè)生產(chǎn)過程中的一個(gè)重要環(huán)節(jié),其對(duì)農(nóng)田生態(tài)系統(tǒng)中的物質(zhì)能量流通及投入產(chǎn)出結(jié)構(gòu)等有著重要影響[30]。研究表明,秸稈還田對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量有一定的增產(chǎn)效果[31-33]。也有少數(shù)研究認(rèn)為,秸稈還田對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量影響并不顯著甚至減產(chǎn)[34-36]。本研究發(fā)現(xiàn),在第一、二年,不同秸稈還田量對(duì)小麥均有增產(chǎn)效果,但在第三年,100%稻麥秸稈均還田和100%麥季稻秸還田對(duì)小麥有略微減產(chǎn)作用。 董志強(qiáng)等[37]研究發(fā)現(xiàn),小麥的株高、鮮重、葉片葉綠素含量隨秸稈添加量的增加呈先增后減的趨勢。王寧等[38]研究認(rèn)為,半量秸稈還田處理對(duì)玉米有顯著增產(chǎn)效果。本研究結(jié)果表明,三年小麥與對(duì)照相比均以50%還田量增產(chǎn)顯著,說明并非秸稈還田量越多,對(duì)小麥增產(chǎn)效果越顯著,這與張靜等[13]、劉義國等[39]研究秸稈還田量對(duì)小麥產(chǎn)量的影響研究結(jié)果相類似。可能是因?yàn)榻斩掃€田量過多,降低土壤微生物活性,減緩秸稈腐解速率,不利于土壤養(yǎng)分的循環(huán)與釋放,且易引發(fā)病蟲害,加重根部病害,降低小麥出苗率,反而不利于營造適宜當(dāng)?shù)匦←溕L的環(huán)境[40-42]。綜上所述,50%周年秸稈還田量對(duì)小麥有顯著增產(chǎn)效果,對(duì)土壤肥力也有一定的促進(jìn)作用,適宜當(dāng)?shù)匦←溕L。但是,秸稈還田量對(duì)麥田土壤性質(zhì)和產(chǎn)量的影響是一個(gè)長期的過程,其響應(yīng)機(jī)制有待進(jìn)一步全面研究。
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Effect of Amount of Annual Straw Returning on Soil Nutrients and Yield in Winter Wheat Field
XU Jianglai1,HU Naijuan1,ZHU Liqun2
(1.College of Agriculture,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing,Jiangsu 210095,China;2.College of Rural Development,Nanjing Agricultural University,Nanjing,Jiangsu 210095,China)
Abstract:To explore the influence of amount of annual straw returning on high yields and quality cultivation of wheat,a three-year field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of different amounts of annual straw returning on soil nutrients and crop yields in winter wheat field. Seven treatments were applied with the gradient amount of 25%,50%,75% and 100% rice and wheat straw returning,100% amount of rice straw returning,and 100% amount of wheat straw returning,with no-straw returning as control. The results indicated that annual straw returning increased soil nutrient and soil organic matter content,which were first increased and then decreased with the increasing amount of straw returning and significantly elevated with the treatment of 50% and 75%. Fifty percent of straw returning was the best on soil nutrient and soil organic matter content in the first year,however,it changed to 75% in the third year,and increased by 2.61%,4.05%,18.25% and 5.90%,respectively,compared to control. In the first and second years,the wheat yields were increased by all the straw returning treatments. Nevertheless,the treatments of 100% both rice and wheat straw returning and 100% rice returning slightly decreased wheat yields. In addition,the treatment of 50% significantly increased wheat yields in the first,second and third years,by 11.23%,14.74% and 14.29%,respectively. It is concluded that the treatment of 50% of straw returning is optimal in high yields and quality cultivation of local wheat. More systematic study on the suitable amount of straw returning is needed due to the long-term effects on soil fertility and crop yields.
Key words:Straw returning; Soil nutrient; Wheat yield
中圖分類號(hào):S512.1;S318
文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼:A
文章編號(hào):1009-1041(2016)02-0215-08
通訊作者:朱利群(E-mail:zhulq@njau.edu.cn)
基金項(xiàng)目:國家科技支撐計(jì)劃項(xiàng)目(2012BAD14B12);南京農(nóng)業(yè)大學(xué)中央高校基本科研業(yè)務(wù)費(fèi)項(xiàng)目(SKCX2014001)
收稿日期:2015-09-06修回日期:2015-09-30
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版時(shí)間:2016-01-26
網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/detail/61.1359.S.20160126.1945.024.html
第一作者E-mail:jianglai532@163.com