黃湘
高考英語(yǔ)全國(guó)卷書(shū)面表達(dá)多為書(shū)信類寫(xiě)作,因此該類題型是備考的重點(diǎn)。信的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾非常重要。在快速閱卷的情況下,開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾是評(píng)卷老師必讀的部分,很有可能影響評(píng)卷老師對(duì)全文的評(píng)分,因此建議考生根據(jù)書(shū)信類常見(jiàn)話題,背誦開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的相關(guān)句型,避免語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤,在考場(chǎng)上碰到類似話題時(shí)便可得心應(yīng)手。
書(shū)信開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)
書(shū)信類文章通常開(kāi)篇寫(xiě)明寫(xiě)信目的,可用的句型是Im writing to do sth.,然后結(jié)合話題背誦句型。如:
1. 建議信:Im writing to give you some suggestions / advice on sth.
2. 咨詢信:Im writing to ask you about sth.
3. 邀請(qǐng)信:Im writing to invite sb. to sth. / invite sb. to do sth.
4. 求助信:Im writing to ask you to do me a favour to do sth./ lend me a helping hand to do sth.
5. 求職信:Im writing to apply for sth.
6. 投訴信:Im writing to complain about sth./ make a complaint about sth.
7. 道歉信:Im writing to apologize to sb. for sth. / make an apology to sb. for sth.
8. 感謝信:Im writing to show / convey my sincere gratitude to sb. for sth.
9. 祝福信:Im writing to send my best wishes to you for sth.
10. 祝賀信:Im writing to congratulate sb. on sth.
書(shū)信結(jié)尾語(yǔ)
在總結(jié)各地模擬題后,筆者發(fā)現(xiàn)書(shū)信類結(jié)尾通??梢苑譃槿箢悾韵戮湫凸﹨⒖?。
1. 提出希望和期盼(希望采納意見(jiàn)、給予幫助、收到回復(fù)等)
I would appreciate it if you could take my advice / application into consideration / account.
I sincerely hope that my suggestions will be of some help to you.
I am much too grateful if you can offer me timely help.
Im looking forward to your early reply.
2. 表示感謝
I am more than grateful if you can offer me further information.
Again, I would like to show my sincere gratitude to you.
My gratitude to you is beyond words.
No words can express my gratitude for your great effort.
Your prompt attention will be highly appreciated.
3. 表示祝福(使用wish sb. +adj. / n.的句型)
Wish you happiness and greater success in years to come.
Wish you happy, healthy and successful in your career.
Wish you safe and sound on the journey back to your country.
2016年全國(guó)I卷書(shū)面表達(dá)開(kāi)篇可以選用“求助信”的模板,寫(xiě)成:Im writing to ask you to do me a favor to modify my application letter and resume. 而結(jié)尾可借用“表示感謝”的模板,寫(xiě)成:I am more than grateful if you can offer me timely help.
注意事項(xiàng)
寫(xiě)好書(shū)信的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾,還要注意:
1. 考慮是否增加開(kāi)頭或結(jié)尾,增加的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾只能略寫(xiě)。
不略寫(xiě),會(huì)喧賓奪主,甚至導(dǎo)致答卷上寫(xiě)作空間不足,無(wú)法完成規(guī)定的寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容。書(shū)信類應(yīng)用文,一般在首段寫(xiě)明寫(xiě)信目的,也起到統(tǒng)領(lǐng)全文以及避免走題的作用。就算題目沒(méi)有明確指出要寫(xiě)寫(xiě)信目的,也建議用一句話簡(jiǎn)要概括。2016年廣州調(diào)研考試“寫(xiě)信競(jìng)票《灰姑娘》舞臺(tái)劇”,盡管寫(xiě)作要求第一點(diǎn)是“你得知贈(zèng)票信息的途徑”,而不是直接要求寫(xiě)寫(xiě)信目的,但依然建議開(kāi)篇簡(jiǎn)短寫(xiě)出寫(xiě)信目的,這樣才能使書(shū)信完整、連貫。首句可寫(xiě)成:Im writing to apply for free tickets to the new Cinderella musical advertised on your website. 2011年至2014年全國(guó)卷書(shū)面表達(dá)都不可以直接以題目給出的第一個(gè)寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)作為開(kāi)篇第一句,均需要考生根據(jù)情景提煉寫(xiě)信目的,自行增加書(shū)信的開(kāi)頭。以下句中劃線部分表示根據(jù)情景額外增加的寫(xiě)信目的,括號(hào)內(nèi)為該年題目給出的第一個(gè)寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)。
My name is Li Hua and Im writing to report some of my problems in the course of Business English and meanwhile make a reservation with the Learning Center for consultation.(2011年全國(guó)卷I——本人簡(jiǎn)介)
I am Li Hua and Im writing to apply for admission to the summer camp in Singapore.(2012年全國(guó)卷I——自我介紹,包括英語(yǔ)能力)
My uncle Li Ming is going to your city for a conference and Im writing to ask whether you are kind enough to do me a favour.(2013年新課標(biāo)I——李明:高個(gè)子,戴眼鏡)
I am a student in China and I plan to go to Britain to attend a summer school during the vacation. Having seen your ad, Im wrting to ask for more information about your six-week English course.(2014年新課標(biāo)I——寫(xiě)作要點(diǎn)是一則廣告)
關(guān)于結(jié)尾部分,書(shū)信寫(xiě)作一般根據(jù)情景使用一些客套性的語(yǔ)句,委婉地結(jié)尾。若題目給出的最后一個(gè)寫(xiě)作點(diǎn)不能作為書(shū)信的客套性結(jié)尾,考生可以結(jié)合書(shū)信開(kāi)頭以及常識(shí),自行聯(lián)想增加書(shū)信的結(jié)尾。例如,建議信的結(jié)尾通常是期待接納意見(jiàn),咨詢信和求助信的結(jié)尾通常是希望得到回復(fù)和幫助,申請(qǐng)信和求職信的結(jié)尾通常表達(dá)“申請(qǐng)獲批準(zhǔn)”的愿望,感謝信的結(jié)尾可以再次表示感謝等等。
以2016年廣州一模“咨詢筆友寒假生活”為例,寫(xiě)作內(nèi)容的最后一點(diǎn)是詢問(wèn)英國(guó)學(xué)生的寒假生活,建議不要詢問(wèn)后唐突結(jié)尾??紤]到書(shū)信表達(dá)的得體性,可在寫(xiě)完“咨詢”后額外增加一句“感謝”作為全文結(jié)尾,寫(xiě)成:I wonder how long the holiday in Britain lasts. How do British students spend their vacation? I would appreciate it if you could share with me the information.
2016年廣州二模也同樣如此,寫(xiě)作點(diǎn)最后一個(gè)內(nèi)容是“回復(fù)信中提出的問(wèn)題”,建議回復(fù)問(wèn)題額外增加一句作為結(jié)尾。如:I hope the advice will be of help and look forward to your arrival.
2. 合理判斷開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的詳略。
如2016年廣州一模,題目給出的第一個(gè)寫(xiě)作點(diǎn)是“寫(xiě)信的原因”,既然這是題目給出的要求,所以有別于額外增加的開(kāi)頭,建議詳細(xì)點(diǎn)寫(xiě)成從句:Since Im doing a survey on how British and Chinese students spend their winter holidays, Im writing to ask for more information. 舉例——結(jié)尾給出的寫(xiě)作點(diǎn)已經(jīng)可以作為結(jié)尾。
3. 要學(xué)會(huì)靈活變通。
如果題目給出的開(kāi)頭或結(jié)語(yǔ)已經(jīng)包含了寫(xiě)信目的和客套委婉的結(jié)尾,這時(shí)就不可以畫(huà)蛇添足,再作重復(fù)了。2015年全國(guó)卷,題目已給出開(kāi)頭語(yǔ)“Id like to ask you to write an article for our schools English newspaper.”這句已是寫(xiě)信目的,考生就不必重復(fù)寫(xiě)信目的了。
英語(yǔ)作文的提高離不開(kāi)每天的積累。在備考階段,考生要堅(jiān)定信心,科學(xué)備考。學(xué)生要有意識(shí)地整理寫(xiě)過(guò)的每一篇作文,以備日后翻看查閱,避免犯同樣的錯(cuò)誤。同時(shí),適當(dāng)背誦范文和范文里面的好詞好句,揣摩應(yīng)對(duì)不同命題的寫(xiě)作方法,關(guān)注每一篇范文的開(kāi)頭和結(jié)尾的寫(xiě)法,并整理相同、相似的話題,分門(mén)別類以便記憶。
責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青