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        漢語(yǔ)無(wú)冠詞 考生需注意

        2016-05-14 14:04:20江節(jié)明
        廣東教育·高中 2016年8期
        關(guān)鍵詞:定冠詞冠詞習(xí)語(yǔ)

        江節(jié)明

        冠詞 (Articles) 屬于虛詞,置于名詞之前,說(shuō)明或限定名詞的含義。冠詞在句中一般不重讀。冠詞分為不定冠詞a (an)和定冠詞the兩種。

        一、不定冠詞的用法

        1. 泛指一類人或物。如:

        HIV is a virus. A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease. HIV是一種病毒。病毒是一種引發(fā)疾病的微生物。

        2. 第一次提及某人或某物時(shí)。如:

        He was born in a village in Austria. 他出生在奧地利的一個(gè)村莊。

        3. 表示數(shù)量“一個(gè)”,意為one。如:

        He married his first wife in 1942 and had a son. 他于1942年娶了第一個(gè)妻子,生有一個(gè)兒子。

        4. 表示“每一,每”,相當(dāng)于every。如:

        We met once a week. 我們每周見面一次。

        5. 表示“任一”,相當(dāng)于any。如:

        A triangle has three sides.(任何一個(gè))三角形有三條邊。

        6. 表示“有一,某一”,相當(dāng)于a certain。如:

        A Mr. Li is warting for you at the school gate.有一位李先生在校門口等你。

        7. 用在某些固定習(xí)語(yǔ)中。如:

        in a way 從某種意義上說(shuō) after a while 過(guò)了片刻

        all of a sudden 突然 in a word 總之

        as a rule 通常 as a result 結(jié)果

        put an end to 終止 as a whole 總體上

        make a fire 生火 at a loss 不知所措

        with a will 堅(jiān)決地 in a hurry 匆忙地

        take an interest in 對(duì)……感興趣 come to an end 結(jié)束

        have a good time 玩得痛快 make a fool of 愚弄

        have a word with 與……談話 make a fortune 發(fā)財(cái)

        have a cold 患感冒 make a study of 研究

        have a rest休息一會(huì)兒 take a walk 散步

        keep an eye on 注意著 once in a while 偶而

        lend a hand 幫忙 make a living 謀生

        as a matter of fact 實(shí)際上 have a try 試一試

        once upon a time從前

        注意:(1)以下習(xí)語(yǔ)中a/an和one不可調(diào)換: an hour or two (=one or two hours), one day, one night;(2)在某些習(xí)語(yǔ)中,a/an和one都可用,但意義不同,如at a time(每次),at one time(從前有一個(gè)時(shí)期)。

        二、定冠詞的用法

        1. 用于單數(shù)可數(shù)名詞前,表示一類人或物。如:

        Do you know who invented the computer? 你知道是誰(shuí)發(fā)明了電腦嗎?

        2. 再次提到上文提及的人或事物或雙方都知道的人或物時(shí)。如:

        She was born in a small village. The village has now become a big city. 她出生于一個(gè)小村莊。這個(gè)村莊已變成大城市了。

        3. 指世上獨(dú)一無(wú)二的事物。如:

        The earth turns around the sun. 地球圍繞太陽(yáng)旋轉(zhuǎn)。

        4. 用于某些形容詞前,表示某一類人或事物。如:

        The rich should help the poor. 富人應(yīng)該幫助窮人。

        5. 用在序數(shù)詞和形容詞最高級(jí)、及形容詞only, very, same等前。如:

        They live on the thirty-second floor, the highest floor of this building.他們住在32層,這棟樓的最高層。

        6. 用于演奏的西洋樂(lè)器名稱前。如:

        She plays the piano fairly well. 她鋼琴?gòu)椀梅浅2诲e(cuò)。

        7. 用在某些由普通名詞構(gòu)成的國(guó)家、機(jī)關(guān)團(tuán)體等專有名詞前。如:

        Beijing is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China. 北京是中華人民共和國(guó)的首都。

        8. 用在姓氏的復(fù)數(shù)前,表示一家人或夫婦。如:

        The Browns like to chat online. 布朗一家人喜歡網(wǎng)上聊天。

        9. 用于“打,抓,拍”等動(dòng)詞后表示身體部位的名詞前。如:She caught me by the arm. 她抓住我的手臂。

        10. 用在某些固定搭配中。如:

        on the whole 總體上 by the way 順便說(shuō)一句

        in the air 在空中 in the dark 在暗處

        in the distance 在遠(yuǎn)處 in the future 未來(lái)

        in the morning 在上午 go to the cinema去看電影

        in the end 最終 in the open 在露天

        in the meanwhile 同時(shí) on the air 廣播

        in the sun 在陽(yáng)光下 on the average 平均

        on the increase 增長(zhǎng) on the decrease 下降

        on the contrary 相反 put to the test 試驗(yàn)

        on the right 在右邊 out of the question 不可能

        to the point 切題 to tell the truth 說(shuō)實(shí)話

        keep the house 居家不外出 play the fool 做傻事

        三、零冠詞的用法

        1. 專有名詞前。如:

        What is Standard English? Is it spoken in Britain, the US, Canada, India and New Zealand? 什么是標(biāo)準(zhǔn)英語(yǔ)?是在英國(guó)、美國(guó)、加拿大、印度、新西蘭所說(shuō)的英語(yǔ)嗎?

        2. 抽象名詞、物質(zhì)名詞表示一般概念時(shí)。如:

        Failure is the mother of success. 失敗乃成功之母。

        Man cannot live without water. 人離開水就無(wú)法生存。

        3. 在季節(jié)、月份、星期、語(yǔ)言、學(xué)科、一日三餐名稱前,一般不用冠詞。如:

        We go to school from Monday to Friday. 我們從星期一到星期五都上課。

        I enjoyed English, biology and chemistry. 我喜歡英語(yǔ)、生物和化學(xué)。

        I am having breakfast.我在吃早飯。

        4.在球類、棋類和牌類的名稱前,不加冠詞。如:

        After playing basketball, he went to play chess under the big tree. 他打完籃球后,他去大樹下下棋。

        5. 當(dāng)by 與交通工具等連用,表示一種方式時(shí),名詞前無(wú)冠詞。如:by bus, by train, by plane, by ship, by boat, by bike, by taxi, by car, by air, by sea, by land等。

        6. 有些個(gè)體名詞表示抽象意義時(shí),名詞前不用冠詞。如:go to hospital去醫(yī)院看病,go to school去上學(xué),go to bed上床睡覺,go to church去做禮拜,in hospital住院。

        7. 不可數(shù)名詞、復(fù)數(shù)可數(shù)名詞表示泛指時(shí),前面不用冠詞。如:

        Water is widely used in our everyday life. 水在我們?nèi)粘I钪袘?yīng)用很廣泛。

        Horses are useful animals. 馬是有用的動(dòng)物。

        8. 表示唯一的頭銜的名稱前,不用冠詞。如:

        Tom Hanks played the character of Captain John Miller. 湯姆·漢克斯扮演約翰·米勒中尉的角色。

        9. 在某些固定詞組或習(xí)慣用語(yǔ)中。如:

        after dark 天黑以后 by accident 偶然

        by way of 經(jīng)由 in face of 面對(duì)

        at first 最初 in common 相同的

        at desk 在辦公 in detail 詳細(xì)地

        at table 在吃飯 in future 今后

        at last 終于 at night 在夜晚

        at sea 在海上 in debt 負(fù)債

        in trouble 陷入困境 at home 在家

        in place of 取代 at dawn 在黎明

        on foot 徒步 at hand 在臨近

        on purpose故意 under cover of 在……掩護(hù)下

        by day / night 白天/黑夜 catch fire 著火

        by chance 碰巧 keep house 管理家務(wù)

        send word 捎信 learn by heart 記憶

        in / after class 在課上/下 with child 懷孕

        go to work 上班 in bed 臥床

        in fact 實(shí)際上 keep in mind 記在心上

        make friends with與……交友 in person親自

        in return作為回報(bào) in sight of看見

        out of place不適當(dāng)?shù)?on fire在燃燒

        out of date過(guò)時(shí) on trial在試用

        on account of因?yàn)?caught sight of看到

        on horseback騎馬 take place發(fā)生

        arm in arm臂挽臂地 day by day一天一天地

        day after day日復(fù)一日地 day and night夜以繼日地

        from door to door挨家挨戶地 from time to time不時(shí)地

        heart and soul全心全意地 husband and wife夫婦

        hand in hand手拉手地 face to face面對(duì)面地

        one by one一個(gè)接一個(gè)地 side by side肩并肩地

        step by step逐步地 year after year年復(fù)一年地

        注意:

        1. 季節(jié)前面一般不用冠詞,如in spring / summer / autumn / winter,但若說(shuō)“某年的某個(gè)季節(jié)”則要加定冠詞the來(lái)表示特指。如:in the spring of 2016 在2016年春。

        2. 一些習(xí)語(yǔ)中的名詞前有無(wú)冠詞,或用不定冠詞與定冠詞,意義迥異。如:

        in a way 從某種意義上說(shuō) in the way 擋路

        at table 在進(jìn)餐 at the table 在桌旁

        out of question毫無(wú)疑 out of the question不可能

        in hospital 在住院 in the hospital 在醫(yī)院里

        by day在白天 by the day按日計(jì)算

        in charge of負(fù)責(zé) in the charge of由……負(fù)責(zé)

        即時(shí)練習(xí)

        一、冠詞填空 請(qǐng)用a或an填空。

        1. ______ island 2. ______small island

        3. ______ poor man 4. ______honest man

        5. ______ useful tool 6. ______ ugly animal

        7. ______ Englishman 8. ______European university

        9. ______ student 10. ______university student

        二、短語(yǔ)翻譯 請(qǐng)翻譯下列短語(yǔ)(注意冠詞)。

        1. 突然__________________

        2. 在遠(yuǎn)處__________________

        3. 匆忙地__________________

        4. 相反__________________

        5. 謀生__________________

        6. 實(shí)際上__________________

        7. 大西洋__________________

        8. 平均__________________

        9. 在左邊__________________

        10. 記在心上__________________

        三、單句填空 請(qǐng)?jiān)谛枰幪钊脒m當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~。

        1. Cocaine is ______ addictive drug, or to be more exact, ______powerfully addictive drug.

        2. Do you easily lose ______ heart when you are in ______ trouble?

        3. He was born in ______ village in ______ Austria, the son of ______ peasant.

        4. Would you like ______ single room, ______ double room or ______ room of three?

        5. One of these is______ Dragon Boat Festival in______ China, which honours______ famous ancient poet, Qu Yuan.

        6. ______National Basketball Association(NBA) is ______ number one basketball league in ______ world.

        7. In ______ spring of 2003, it was ready for ______ people of St Petersburg to celebrate ______ 300th birthday of their city.

        四、完成句子 根據(jù)諺語(yǔ)的意思在需要處填上恰當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~。

        1. 一鳥在手勝過(guò)雙鳥在林。

        ______ bird in the hand is worth two in ______ bush.

        2. 事實(shí)勝于雄辯。

        Actions speak louder than ______ words.

        3. 良好的開端是成功的一半。

        ______ good beginning is half done.

        4. 條條大路通羅馬。

        All roads lead to ______ Rome.

        5. 閃光的不一定都是金子。

        All that glitters is not ______ gold.

        6. 只會(huì)用功不玩耍,聰明孩子也變傻。

        All work and no play makes Jack ______ dull boy.

        7. 一天一蘋果,醫(yī)生繞道走。

        ______ apple a day keeps ______ doctor away.

        8. 讀書使人充實(shí),交談使人精明。

        By reading we enrich ______ mind, by ______conversation we polish it.

        9. 趁熱打鐵。

        Strike while ______ iron is hot.

        10. 抱最好的愿望,做最壞的打算。

        Hope for ______ best, but prepare for ______ worst.

        五、短文填空 用適當(dāng)?shù)墓谠~填空,注意不需要的地方可不填。

        Computer technology has become (1)______ major part of peoples lives. This technology has its own special words. One example is (2)______ word mouse. A computer mouse is not (3)______ small animal that lives in (4)______ buildings and open fields. It is (5)______ small device that you move around on (6)______ flat surface in front of (7)______ computer. (8)______ mouse moves the pointer, or cursor (光標(biāo)), on(9)______ computer screen. It was called (10) ______ mouse

        because it had (11)______ tail at (12)______ one end. The tail was (13)______ wire that connected it to the computer.

        Using (14) ______ computer takes some training. People who are experts are sometimes called (15) ______ hackers. A hacker is usually (16)______ person who writes software programs in (17) ______ special computer language. But (18)______ word hacker is also used to describe (19) ______ person who tries to steal (20)______ information from computer systems.

        六、短文改錯(cuò) 文中有10處冠詞用錯(cuò),請(qǐng)更正。

        More than half of young black men in United States do not finish a high school. Many grow up without fathers and in neighborhoods with gangs (幫派), drugs and violence. Sixty percent of those who drop out of school have spent time in the prison by the age of thirty-five.

        Joe Marshall co-founded Omega Boys Club in San Francisco, California, 23 years ago. Mr. Marshall tries to give boys—and girls - a safe refuge (收容所) and a chance at a better future.

        Every week, he has a two basic messages for his young

        students: “Stop the violence” and “Dont do drugs.”

        Mr. Marshall spent twenty-five years as a teacher and an administrator in San Francisco. He taught math in middle school and expected to see his best students go to the college.

        Twelve other American cities have copied the program. Joe Marshall has been invited to speak in Canada, Nigeria, the South Africa and Thailand.

        He turned the sixty-three this year.

        “I want to build a institution. Im not going to be here forever, so my big thing is to make sure this goes on.”

        七、句子翻譯 注意冠詞的正確運(yùn)用。

        1. 她一天要看六七個(gè)小時(shí)的電視。

        _________________________________________________

        2. 北京是中華人民共和國(guó)的首都。

        _________________________________________________

        3. 他喜歡踢足球,而他的表妹卻喜歡拉小提琴。

        _________________________________________________

        4. 早餐是一天中最重要的一餐。

        _________________________________________________

        5. 我希望你們今夜在此擁有一個(gè)美好的時(shí)光。

        _________________________________________________

        參考答案

        一、冠詞填空

        1. an 2. a 3. a 4. an 5. a 6. an 7. an 8. a 9. a 10. A

        二、短語(yǔ)翻譯

        1. all of a sudden 2. in the distance 3. in a hurry 4. on the contrary 5. make a living 6. as a matter of fact 7. the Atlantic Ocean 8. on average 9. on the left (side) 10. keep in mind

        三、單句填空

        1. an; a 2. ×; × 3. a; ×; a 4. a; a; a 5. the; ×; the 6. The; the; the 7. the; the; the

        四、完成句子

        1. A; the 2. × 3. A 4. × 5. × 6. a 7. An; the 8. the; × 9. the 10. the; the

        五、短文填空

        1. a 2. the 3. a 4. × 5. a 6. a 7. a 8. The 9. the 10. a 11. a 12. × 13. the 14. a 15. × 16. a 17. a 18. the 19. a 20. ×

        六、短文改錯(cuò)

        1. 在 United States前加the。

        2. 去掉high school前的a。

        3. 去掉in the prison 中的the。

        4. 在 Omega Boys Club前加the。

        5. 去掉two basic messages前的a。

        6. 去掉administrator in San Francisco前的an。

        7. 去掉go to the college中的the。

        8. 去掉South Africa 前的the。

        9. 去掉sixty-three 前的the。

        10. 將build a institution中的a改為an。

        七、句子翻譯

        1. She watches TV for six or seven hours a day.

        2. Beijing is the capital of the Peoples Republic of China.

        3. He likes playing football while his cousin likes playing the violin.

        4. Breakfast is the most important meal of the day.

        5. I hope all of you will have a good time here tonight.

        責(zé)任編輯 蔣小青

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