【摘 要】英語寫作是英語學(xué)習(xí)的最高階段。中學(xué)生必須在具備了一定的詞匯積累,語法基礎(chǔ)和英語語感才能進(jìn)行英語寫作,因此英語寫作也是對中學(xué)生學(xué)習(xí)英語提出的最高要求,是英語教學(xué)中的一項(xiàng)艱巨的任務(wù)。本文在寫作中如何進(jìn)行段落的設(shè)計(jì)進(jìn)行闡述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】高中英語;寫作教學(xué);段落設(shè)計(jì)
一般說來,一個段落由三部分組成:主題句,擴(kuò)展句和結(jié)論句。主題句提出的論述的主題, 擴(kuò)展句利用必要的細(xì)節(jié)對主題加以論證說明,結(jié)論句總結(jié)全文,在論證的基礎(chǔ)上得出結(jié)論。這三者是段落的必要成分,他們相輔相成,構(gòu)成一個完整的段落。有些段落還有過渡句,它起到段與段之間的順利過渡。下面具體說明:
1.主題句
1)主題句的位置:請找出段落的主題句
Smoking is harmful to your health. Experiment show that smoking can cause cancer. Besides the most serious disease cancer, smoking can also cause other health problems. For example, it gives one a “smoker’s cough”. Finally, studies have shown it is easy for smokers to catch colds. Whether you get an unimportant cold or the terrible killer, cancer, smoking is harmful. Is it worth it?
2)寫好主題句, 有兩條原則
①主題句要明確, 句中須有一個詞,詞組,或從句讓讀者一目了然本段的確切主題, 明確本段的重點(diǎn)或觀點(diǎn)。
②主題句要概括, 它陳述你要說明的重點(diǎn)和觀點(diǎn),句中必須包含有可擴(kuò)展主題的詞,詞組或從句。他應(yīng)該是你將進(jìn)一步表明你的態(tài)度和看法的概括。同時, 主題句有利于控制作者本人的主題的擴(kuò)展。
練習(xí):下面一段沒有主題句,請根據(jù)全段內(nèi)容擬定一個主題句。
___________________________. For example teachers live by selling knowledge, philosophers by selling wisdom and priests by selling spiritual comfort. Though it may be possible to measure the value of material goods in terms of money, it is very difficult to calculate the true value of services which people perform for us. The conditions of society are such that sills have to be paid for in the same way that goods are paid for at shop. Everyone has something to sell.
2.擴(kuò)展句
擴(kuò)展句的作用是豐富,支持,擴(kuò)展主題句的內(nèi)涵。擴(kuò)展句的表達(dá)形式是多種多樣的, 可以按時間或空間順序,從整體到局部從局部到整體的方法敘述,描寫,說明或議論,也可用比較,對比,比喻, 推導(dǎo),歸納,演繹的手段來展現(xiàn)。
在作文中, 我們常會談到首先, 其次, 然后, 該如何表達(dá)?
1) first, second, third, last
2) the first, the second, the third, the last
3) to begin with, then, furthermore, finally
練習(xí):根據(jù)所給的主題句和提示, 寫好段落的擴(kuò)展句。
主題句: How excited we were when we learned that we were going to have a spring hour.
①after—discussion—agree—climb—out of the city
②we—often pass by mountain—the first time—think of—climb it
③set out—early—morning
④about—an hour—begin—tired—still a long way—go
⑤short break—go on—climb
⑥lunch time—get to the top—mountain
⑦our beautiful city—below us—happy—very tired
結(jié)尾句:It proves that many things are just like climbing a mountain; they look attractive, but they are not easy to do.
參考答案:After a heated discussion we agreed to climb the mountain outside the city. We had passed by the mountain when we were taking a bus out of the city, but it was the first time we had thought of climbing it. We started early in the morning. About an hour later, we began to feel tired, but there was still a long way to go. We took a short break and then went on climbing. Not until lunch time did we get to the top of the mountain. At sight of our beautiful city below us, we felt happy though we were tired out.
3.結(jié)論句
結(jié)論句并非必不可少, 但它能起到以下的作用:(1)表示段落的結(jié)束。(2)總結(jié)要點(diǎn),與主題句相呼應(yīng)。(3)供讀者就本段落的主要內(nèi)容和見解有個深刻的印象或進(jìn)行思考。
推薦幾種常用結(jié)論句:
感嘆句 1.(主題句:Life is limited, but knowledge is boundless.)
結(jié)尾句: How important it is to read good books!
疑問句2.(主題句:Books are full of knowledge and wisdom.)
結(jié)尾句:Why shouldn’t we read more books to search more and use them to develop our splendid future?
比喻 3.(主題句:When I was a little girl, I lived with my grandparents in a faraway village.)
結(jié)尾句: Time was gone with the wind. But my childhood is like amber(琥珀), glittering in my life.
總之,英語書面表達(dá)的訓(xùn)練是綜合能力的訓(xùn)練之一。大量的多種訓(xùn)練要貫穿于英語教學(xué)的始終,因?yàn)橛⒄Z的聽說讀寫是相互影響、相互作用的有機(jī)統(tǒng)一體。平時要鼓勵和指導(dǎo)學(xué)生多讀多練,堅(jiān)持不懈,以至達(dá)到“下筆如有神”的境界。
【參考文獻(xiàn)】
[1]方芳.《論高中英語寫作教學(xué)中的意義建構(gòu)》.《教學(xué)與管理:理論版》,2010年第4期
[2]潘正選.《新課程標(biāo)準(zhǔn)背景下高中英語寫作教學(xué)策略》.《中小學(xué)英語教學(xué)與研究》,2011年第4期
[3]周勝敏.《基于學(xué)生體驗(yàn)的高中英語寫作教學(xué)》.《中小學(xué)外語教學(xué)》,2011年第7期