江利冰,馬岳峰,張 茂
·綜述·
國內(nèi)創(chuàng)傷救治中應(yīng)重視“可預(yù)防性死亡”的應(yīng)用
江利冰,馬岳峰,張茂
【摘要】隨著經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,創(chuàng)傷已經(jīng)嚴(yán)重威脅到人類的生命安全。在國外,很多研究已經(jīng)證實實施創(chuàng)傷救治質(zhì)量提高計劃(trauma quality improvement program,TQIP),尤其是創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡在創(chuàng)傷救治中的應(yīng)用,可以顯著降低創(chuàng)傷患者的死亡率。但是到目前為止,創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡的概念在國內(nèi)尚未正式提出。本文就創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡的概念、流行病學(xué)資料以及如何在創(chuàng)傷救治質(zhì)量提高過程中應(yīng)用創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡進(jìn)行綜述。
【關(guān)鍵詞】創(chuàng)傷;質(zhì)量提高計劃;可預(yù)防性死亡;救治
作者單位:310009浙江 杭州,浙江大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院附屬第二醫(yī)院急診醫(yī)學(xué)科
隨著世界經(jīng)濟水平的不斷提高,創(chuàng)傷已經(jīng)成為導(dǎo)致人類死亡的主要病因。在美國,創(chuàng)傷是45歲以下青年人群的首位死亡原因,65歲以下人群的第四位死亡原因。2010年全球死于創(chuàng)傷的人數(shù)超過500萬,占全球死亡人數(shù)的9%,占全球傷殘調(diào)整壽命年的11%[1]。而且創(chuàng)傷給人類帶來的不僅僅是死亡,Trunkey[2]在1982年就提到在創(chuàng)傷事件中,每1例創(chuàng)傷患者的死亡,同時伴隨著2例創(chuàng)傷患者永久的癱瘓。流行病學(xué)資料預(yù)測, 2030年之前,創(chuàng)傷對人類生命健康的影響仍將繼續(xù)加大,將會造成人類傷殘調(diào)整壽命年的大量損失,同時顯著增加醫(yī)療費用和傷殘率[3]。因此無論是對于患者個體,還是對于整個社會經(jīng)濟的發(fā)展,創(chuàng)傷均將造成巨大的損失[4]。在中國,每年各類傷害發(fā)生約2億人次,是繼惡性腫瘤、腦血管病、呼吸系統(tǒng)疾病和心臟疾病第五位死亡原因。每年因傷害死亡人數(shù)約70萬~75萬人,占死亡總?cè)藬?shù)的9%左右,每年因傷害引起的直接醫(yī)療費達(dá)650億元,因傷害休工而產(chǎn)生的經(jīng)濟損失高達(dá)60多億元[5]。
1創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡的概念
創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防死亡在歐美等發(fā)達(dá)國家的應(yīng)用已經(jīng)相當(dāng)普遍[6-9],但是在國內(nèi)尚未有文獻(xiàn)對此進(jìn)行正式報道,導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防死亡在國內(nèi)的創(chuàng)傷救治質(zhì)量控制和提高過程中沒有得到充分的利用。不同的創(chuàng)傷救治中心對創(chuàng)傷死亡的可預(yù)防性定義可能不同,但是最常使用的判斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)是根據(jù)世界衛(wèi)生組織(WHO)指南推薦,將創(chuàng)傷死亡劃分為3個類型:創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡、創(chuàng)傷潛在可預(yù)防性死亡以及創(chuàng)傷不可預(yù)防性死亡。其中創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡應(yīng)滿足以下條件:(1)創(chuàng)傷本身(解剖損傷)是非致命的;(2)如果采取合理的創(chuàng)傷救治流程,死亡是可以避免的;(3)實際操作過程中偏離了相應(yīng)的創(chuàng)傷救治規(guī)范,直接或間接地引起了創(chuàng)傷患者的死亡。創(chuàng)傷潛在可預(yù)防性死亡應(yīng)滿足以下條件:(1)創(chuàng)傷嚴(yán)重程度(解剖損傷)是嚴(yán)重的,但是是非致命的;(2)如果采取合理的創(chuàng)傷救治流程,死亡是潛在可以避免的;(3)對于這類死亡患者,處理往往是合理的, 但是仍然存在一些不同程度的偏離創(chuàng)傷救治規(guī)范的環(huán)節(jié),而這些偏離規(guī)范的環(huán)節(jié)可能直接或間接與患者的死亡有關(guān)。創(chuàng)傷不可預(yù)防性死亡應(yīng)滿足:(1)創(chuàng)傷本身(解剖損傷)是致命的,即使創(chuàng)傷救治流程達(dá)到最佳狀態(tài),也不能改變這類患者的死亡結(jié)局;(2)根據(jù)公認(rèn)的創(chuàng)傷救治規(guī)范/指南判斷,這類創(chuàng)傷患者的處理流程是合理規(guī)范的;(3)這類患者可能伴發(fā)一些共患病或基礎(chǔ)疾病,與創(chuàng)傷疊加,導(dǎo)致這類患者發(fā)生不可逆轉(zhuǎn)的死亡[10]。
2創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡的發(fā)生率
不同的創(chuàng)傷救治中心對創(chuàng)傷預(yù)防性死亡的發(fā)生率報道不一,作者認(rèn)為至少兩方面原因可以解釋創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡在不同的創(chuàng)傷救治中心發(fā)生率不一致的現(xiàn)象。(1)不同創(chuàng)傷救治中心的創(chuàng)傷救治水平不一。已有研究指出創(chuàng)傷患者的預(yù)后與該救治中心的創(chuàng)傷患者數(shù)量、是否為大學(xué)附屬醫(yī)院等因素有關(guān)[11-13]。因此美國外科醫(yī)師學(xué)會規(guī)定Ⅰ級創(chuàng)傷中心每年至少應(yīng)救治1200例不同損傷程度的創(chuàng)傷患者,其中嚴(yán)重創(chuàng)傷患者[損傷嚴(yán)重度評分(ISS)>15分]應(yīng)在240例以上[14]。(2)不同創(chuàng)傷救治中心對創(chuàng)傷死亡類型的判斷使用的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)不同。主要包括兩種途徑:①通過組建多學(xué)科創(chuàng)傷審核團(tuán)隊,對創(chuàng)傷死亡的可預(yù)防性進(jìn)行評判,其中使用最多的就是WHO推薦的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn),上文對此已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了詳細(xì)的描述[10];②通過各種創(chuàng)傷評分系統(tǒng),對創(chuàng)傷患者的死亡風(fēng)險進(jìn)行劃分,最常用的為TRISS法(revised trauma score and injury severity score)。根據(jù)TRISS方法可以計算出創(chuàng)傷患者的生存概率(P),從而對創(chuàng)傷死亡的可預(yù)防性進(jìn)行評判。創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡:P>0.5,患者死亡;創(chuàng)傷潛在可預(yù)防性死亡:0.25
3創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡在創(chuàng)傷救治質(zhì)量控制與提高中的應(yīng)用
損傷嚴(yán)重程度相似的創(chuàng)傷患者在創(chuàng)傷救治能力相似的不同的創(chuàng)傷救治中心進(jìn)行救治,預(yù)后卻可能不一樣,這在一定程度上是因為不同創(chuàng)傷救治中心實施創(chuàng)傷救治質(zhì)量控制與提高的力度不同[12]。而有研究指出在創(chuàng)傷救治過程中,實施創(chuàng)傷救治質(zhì)量提高計劃可以顯著降低創(chuàng)傷患者的死亡率[24,33]。一項橫斷面研究調(diào)查了加拿大魁北克59家創(chuàng)傷專科醫(yī)院,發(fā)現(xiàn)在創(chuàng)傷救治過程中實施創(chuàng)傷救治質(zhì)量提高計劃是預(yù)測創(chuàng)傷患者生存率最強的影響因素。最近,Wong和Dinh等[34-35]也指出在引入創(chuàng)傷救治質(zhì)量提高計劃之后的10年內(nèi),創(chuàng)傷患者的粗死亡率下降了3%。創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡不僅是衡量創(chuàng)傷救治水平的指標(biāo),同時也是整個創(chuàng)傷救治流程和創(chuàng)傷救治體系的評估工具。國外已有研究通過多學(xué)科創(chuàng)傷審核小組對每一例創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡患者的整個救治流程,包括院前、院內(nèi)進(jìn)行回顧性分析,尋找救治過程中的診療失誤,并對此提出改進(jìn)的措施,從而提高創(chuàng)傷患者的救治水平。Teixeira等[9]對美國南加州大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)中心(Ⅰ級創(chuàng)傷中心)1998年1月~2005年12月連續(xù)8年的創(chuàng)傷死亡患者進(jìn)行回顧性分析,發(fā)現(xiàn)導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡(包括可預(yù)防性和潛在可預(yù)防性死亡)最常見的原因是出血(39.2%)、多器官功能不全(27.5%)以及心跳呼吸驟停(15.6%)。國外已有不少研究證實對創(chuàng)傷死亡原因的分析可以提高創(chuàng)傷患者的救治質(zhì)量[6]。導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡最常見的失誤是治療延遲(52.9%)、臨床判斷失誤 (21.6%)、診斷遺漏(11.8%)以及技術(shù)失誤(7.8%)。而且作者還指出導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡的失誤主要發(fā)生在創(chuàng)傷救治的早期,其中41.2% 的失誤發(fā)生在復(fù)蘇階段[9]。以上事實說明對創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡的研究可以識別創(chuàng)傷救治流程中的缺陷,從而啟動相應(yīng)的應(yīng)對和改進(jìn)措施,最終改善創(chuàng)傷患者的預(yù)后。典型的例子就是在美國奧蘭治縣曾經(jīng)因為無規(guī)范和流程的救治導(dǎo)致創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡的發(fā)生率很高,這一現(xiàn)象最終導(dǎo)致了奧蘭治縣對整個創(chuàng)傷救治系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行改進(jìn)和提高,包括院前組織救治、現(xiàn)場分流標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的實施以及對院內(nèi)創(chuàng)傷救治能力的提高等。而這些改進(jìn)和提高措施使得創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡的發(fā)生率從34%下降至15%[19]。類似的結(jié)果也在美國蒙大拿州進(jìn)行了報道,通過對可預(yù)防性死亡的回顧性分析,不斷地改進(jìn)創(chuàng)傷救治流程,在5年內(nèi),該地區(qū)的創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡從13%下降至8%[36]。
以上分析均需要所有的創(chuàng)傷救治單位具有相應(yīng)的創(chuàng)傷審核指標(biāo)(如院前時間、入急診室至首次頭顱CT的時間、受傷至手術(shù)的時間等)以及相應(yīng)的創(chuàng)傷救治規(guī)范和指南,以便將創(chuàng)傷可預(yù)防性死亡患者的創(chuàng)傷救治流程與其進(jìn)行比對,從而發(fā)現(xiàn)該類患者救治流程中的不足之處。筆者建議可以參考WHO推薦的創(chuàng)傷救治核查單、美國外科協(xié)會(ACS)制定的創(chuàng)傷救治審核指標(biāo)、東部創(chuàng)傷外科學(xué)會以及西部創(chuàng)傷協(xié)會制定的各種創(chuàng)傷救治規(guī)范和指南,結(jié)合本地區(qū)的實際情況制定最適合本地區(qū)的創(chuàng)傷救治流程以及審核指標(biāo)。而整個創(chuàng)傷救治質(zhì)量的提高過程需要反復(fù)循環(huán)實踐,因此需要良好的監(jiān)測系統(tǒng)即創(chuàng)傷數(shù)據(jù)庫,只有具備了良好的創(chuàng)傷登記制度,才能將整個創(chuàng)傷救治質(zhì)量的提高過程形成一個閉合的環(huán)路,不斷地提高創(chuàng)傷患者的救治質(zhì)量(圖1)。
圖1 創(chuàng)傷審核
我國作為世界人口最多、交通事故和意外傷害高發(fā)的國家,創(chuàng)傷救治水平與國外發(fā)達(dá)國家還存在很大的差距,尤其是在創(chuàng)傷救治質(zhì)量控制和提高方面。筆者在此強調(diào)了創(chuàng)傷性可預(yù)防性死亡的重要性,以期可以為我國的創(chuàng)傷救治質(zhì)量控制和提高增磚添瓦。
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(本文編輯:黃小英)
Trauma care in China should attach importance to the application of preventable death
JIANGLi-bing,MAYue-feng,ZHANGMao
(Department of Emergency,Second Affiliated Hospital,School of Medicine,Zhejiang University,
Hangzhou310009,China)
【Abstract】With the development of economy,trauma has seriously threatened peoples’ health and lives.A lot of researches in foreign counties has reported that a trauma quality improvement program(TQIP),particularly the application of preventable trauma death,is associated with lower mortality of trauma patients.Up to now,however,the definition of preventable trauma death in China has not been put forward formally.In this paper,we reviewed the definition and epidemiology of preventable trauma death and discussed how to apply preventable trauma death in the trauma quality improvement protocol.
【Key words】trauma;quality improvement;preventable death
(收稿日期:2015-02-26;修回日期:2015-04-14)
【中圖分類號】R 641
【文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識碼】A【DOI】10.3969/j.issn.1009-4237.2015.06.033
文章編號:1009-4237(2015)06-0570-04