The Chinese Tongs in the United States and

China’s Anti-Japanese War

CHAO Long-qi

Academy of Overseas Chinese Studies

Jinan University,Guangzhou 510632,China

?

English Abstracts

The Chinese Tongs in the United States and

China’s Anti-Japanese War

CHAO Long-qi

Academy

of

Overseas

Chinese

Studies

Jinan

University

,

Guangzhou

510632,

China

Abstract:

Aimed at the overseas Chinese community, the ROC government carried out its positive and effective work in the wartime, through “going out, come in,please” approach, sending the dignitaries of the party and government to repair its relations with the Chinese Tongs in the United States inorder to propagate China’s Anti-Japanese War to the members of the Chinese Tongs, and also inviting the leaders of the Chinese Tongs to return to the homeland to take part in the politics and give some political honor, which inspired the patriotic enthusiasm of the Chinese Tongs and its leaders to support China’s Anti-Japanese War. The Chinese Tongs took the national interest as the weight, abandoned their prejudices against the government, organized and mobilized the tong members and the overseas Chinese community to support China’s war of resistance against Japan, and donated for the Anti-Japanese War actively, adhered to the democratic,unity and resistance, opposed the autocracy,division and surrender, which made certain contributions to China’s Anti-Japanese war. Japanese right-wing forces always claims that Japan developed and constructed northeast China in Manchukuo period. As an aspect of the cement industry, there was a boom in a short time, but it was actually to meet the need of colonial expansion of Japan. It was a plunder of cement resource in northeast China. Japanese capital monopolized the cement industry in northeast China, made it a main dumping market of its cement products, robbed cement products from there, and squeezed on Chinese workers brutally. All these reflected the colonization of the cement industry in Manchukuo. Although the cement industry was only one of industry categories, it was a miniature of the transformation of industry in northeast China, and a proof of economic plunder to northeast China by Japan. The majority of the investment agreements were sealed in the 1990s.Under the influence of economic liberalism, these treaties put primary emphasis on the investment protection and promotion, and neglect the public interests and social value. The Philip Morris dispute is a cuse which the investors took the investment agreement as a tool for challenging the national regulation power over public affairs. Subsequently, some states initiated reforms in the new generation of investment agreements, altering the legislative intent, adding exceptional clauses, clarifying the scoop of investment protection clause, in order to maintain the national sovereign power over the public affairs. China are both a major capital Export and a import country, therefore our principle balance the intevests between investors’ and host nation’s, whereas differentiating the arrangement and explanation of the clauses regarding the national public affairs among different counter parties. Recently, proactive personality has become a hot topic in the academia. Based on trait activation theory, this study examined the impact of proactive personality on work engagement and altruistic behavior, and the moderating role of team autonomy. Results showed that: (1) Proactive personality is positively related to employee work engagement and altruistic behavior; (2) There is a significant moderating effect of team autonomy on the relationship between proactive personality and work engagement. Specifically, when team autonomy is high, proactive personality positively enhances employee work engagement. There is no significant moderating effect of team autonomy on the relationship between proactive personality and employee altruism. Expand the scope of non-prosecution may cause a reversal of the relationship between doctrine of commencement of action by law and doctrine of prosecuting discretion.The paradox between the expansion of the non-prosecution and the deepening of the reform of criminal procedure is mainly reflected in the procuratorate-police relationship and the court trial reform. The injustice of non-prosecution is the tendency of the right of prosecution to the “judge”. There is a practical problem in the dilemma of discretion and the identity crisis.Therefore, we should strictly limit the scope of non-prosecution, and strengthen the judicial supervision to the reasonable construction of the non-prosecution system. There are great discrepancies about action system in securities tort relief among different countries. To select and construct group action mode in securities tort in China, we should pay weve attention on the tapping and using of native resources. The representative action system with undetermined number of plaintiffs in China’s legislation meets the solution and demand of modern group disputes in the concept of design. The reason why the system is not applied in securities tort action is the restriction of judicial policy, but not the unconquered barriers is technical. Differing from concurrent action fundamentally, but similar to class action in the United States in value pursuit, the representative action system with undetermined number of plaintiffs in China balances the interests of the parties, and is a reasonable mode for group action in securities tort in China, whose specific rules need to be perfected nevertheless. This study investigated how social distance and regulatory focus affect persuasion and evaluation toward WOM recommendation presented on SNS. The results show that significant interaction effect between social distance and regulatory focus. Specifically, promotion focus oriented consumers think that the message is more persuasive and have a more favorable evaluation than prevention focus consumers when the social distance of the message is distal. On the contrary, prevention focus oriented consumers think that the message is more persuasive than promotion focus oriented consumers when the social distance of the message is proximal, while product attitude is not different between the two regulatory focus types. This article analyzes the historical significance and cultural import of the poems by the so-called “Middle-Aged Generation”, with Fu Tianhong’s poems as its object of study. It tries to apply historical hermeneutics to look into the peot’s works and his life experience, with the latter (a refraction of the historical experience per se) working as the subtext of the literary texts. Through this study, it aims to show the literary value and historical repercussion of the “Chinese new poetry” after 1949. The arise of the concept Chinese Literature from Chinese Novel is an important way for Liang Qichao to shape the nationalist ideology,which opens China Modern national literature’s precedent and becomes an important symbol of chinese literature modernity.With a strong fracture, Chinese Novel announces the generation of a kind of literature with national as its subject. The isomorphic relationship between New Novel and New National is the political metaphor of the modern connotation of Chinese Novel . By contrast , Chinese Literature is trying to find historical basis for the imaging Chinese Novel’s new situation with the evolutionary logic, constructing the Chinese Literature traditional in the totality perspective of fiction .In this sense, Liang is the creator of Chinese Literature in the modern sense. Zheng Xian-Fu not only had created many Eight-part essays, but also written the book Zhi Yi Za Hua which about the theory of the Eight-part essay and commented many other writer’s Eight-part essays. His theory and commentary on the Eight-part essay has distinct character. The examination form of proposition of thesis has limited the idea and method of the Eight-part essay. One person’s knowledge about Confucian classics and history has determined the value of his idea and method. The successful application in the rhetoric method can made an Eight-part essay into an artistic essay. According to research, Shu Xiang was born in 593 B.C and died in 514 B.C at the latest. The literacy achievement of Shu Xiang mainly includes three aspects, namely poetics activity, article and literacy theory. The first one includes citing poetries to prove something, interpretation of poetry discourse and understanding of poetic meaning, in which especially it has a huge impact on later poetry interpretations to interpret Hao Tian You Cheng Ming(《昊天有成命》)holistically. His articles can be divided into letter and language appropriate to the occasion, which both have the value of literacy style. Especially, language appropriate to the occasion can be also divided into diplomatic one and discussional and propositional one. In terms of literacy theory, he has some idea and concept about words, such as advocating propriety, integrity and evidence, not trespassing etiquette, believing in the words and not advocating appearance and so on. Shu Xiang has attention to highlighting etiquette and morality in his literature materials.

Key words:

Chinese Tongs; the United States; Anti-Japanese War Manchukuo; Japanese invasion; cement industry; economic plunder international investment agreement; public policy; reform; Philip Morris Case proactive personality; work engagement; altruism; trait activation theory Non-prosecution; doctrine of commencement of action by law; the dilemma of discretion; the identity crisis securities tort; group action; representative action with undetermined number of plaintiffs social media； WOM； social distance； regulatory focus Fu Tianhong; Chinese new poetry; Middle-Aged Generation; critical consciousness Liang Qichao; Chinese Novel; Chinese literature; New Novel; new national; nationalism Zheng Xian-Fu； theory and commentary on the Eight-part essay； rhetoric； artistic essay Shu Xiang; birth and death dates; poetics activity; poetry interpretation; letter; language appropriate to the occasion; words concept

The Economic Plunder in Northeast China

by Japan： An Example from Cement

Industry in Manchukuo

SUN Yu

College

of

History

and

Culture

,

Harbin

Normal

University

,

Harbin

150025,

China

The Corrosion of Public Policy Space

Resulted from the Investment Agreements

and Relevant Reforms

——An China’s Response When Negotiating

Investment Agreements

TIAN Xiao-ping

Law

School

,

Shenzhen

University

Shenzhen

518052,

China

;

Law

School

,

Wuhan

University

Wuhan

430072,

China

The Effect of Proactive Personality on Work

Engagement and Altruism: The Multilevel

Moderating Role of Team Autonomy

LIU Wei-guo, SHI Jun-qi

Lingnan

(

University

)

College

,

Sun

Yat

-

sen

University

,

Guangzhou

510275,

China

Reflection on the Expansion of

Non-Prosecution

WEI Xiao-wei

Law

School

,

AnHui

University

,

AnHui

230601,

China

On the Selection of Group Action Mode in

Securities Tort Relief in China

LEI Gui-sen

Law

School

,

Nanjing

Normal

University

Nanjing

210023,

China

A Study on the Effect of WOM on Social

Media: Focus on Construal Level

Theory and Regulatory Focus Theory

CHEN Bai-lin

Communication

University

of

China

Beijing

10033,

China

The Historical Significance and Cultural

Import of the “Middle-Aged Generation” :

Fu Tianhong’s Poems as a Case Study

WANG Xiao-ping

College

of

Humanities

,

Xiamen

University

Xiamen

361005,

China

Liang Qichao and the Generation of

the Concept of Chinese Literature

ZHENG Huan-zhao

College

of

Liberal

Arts

,

Jinan

University

Guangzhou

510632,

China

Zheng Xian-Fu’s Theory and

Commentary on the Eight-Part Essay

CHEN Wei-zhao

Center

for

the

Study

of

Ancient

Chinese

Literature

Fudan

University

,

Shanghai

200433,

China

On Shu Xiang’s Literacy Achievement

LAI Sen-hua

College

of

Literature

,

Northwest

Normal

University

Lanzhou

730070,

China

[責任編輯叢敏]