張玲莉等
[摘要] 目的 系統(tǒng)性評(píng)價(jià)細(xì)胞色素P450同工酶中超家族CYP2C19酶基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的相關(guān)性。 方法 計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Science direct、Wiley online library、Web of Science、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和維普中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù),納入CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)相關(guān)的研究,同時(shí)查閱檢索結(jié)果中所附相似文獻(xiàn)及參考文獻(xiàn),檢索文獻(xiàn)均為建庫(kù)至2015年1月18日。由兩名評(píng)價(jià)員單獨(dú)進(jìn)行文獻(xiàn)篩選及資料提取,采用RevMan 5.0軟件進(jìn)行Meta分析及計(jì)算合并OR值和95%CI。 結(jié)果 共納入CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)相關(guān)文獻(xiàn)18篇,突變基因型患者6165例,野生型患者13 055例。Meta分析結(jié)果顯示,突變基因型患者氯吡格雷相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率顯著高于野生型患者(OR = 1.53,95%CI:1.19~1.97,P = 0.0010);亞組分析結(jié)果表明,亞洲人種中突變基因型患者氯吡格雷相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率顯著高于野生型患者(OR = 2.49,95%CI:1.96~3.16,P < 0.000 01),而歐洲人群不存在這一現(xiàn)象(OR = 1.26,95%CI:0.96~1.65,P = 0.10);心肌梗死Meta分析中,突變型患者明顯高于野生型患者(OR = 1.69,95%CI:1.37~2.08,P < 0.000 01);突變型患者出現(xiàn)支架血栓的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)也顯著高于野生型患者(OR = 2.13,95%CI:1.68~2.70,P < 0.000 01)。 結(jié)論 CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷治療相關(guān)不良反應(yīng)之間存在顯著的相關(guān)性,CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性能增加氯吡格雷引發(fā)的副作用。
[關(guān)鍵詞] CYP2C19;基因多態(tài)性;氯吡格雷;不良反應(yīng);Meta分析
[中圖分類(lèi)號(hào)] R969 [文獻(xiàn)標(biāo)識(shí)碼] A [文章編號(hào)] 1673-7210(2015)10(a)-0037-06
Association between CYP2C19 polymorphism and Clopidogrel-induced adverse events: a Meta-analysis
ZHANG Lingli PENG Rui PENG Yan
Department of Pharmacy, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Province, Wuhan 430060, China
[Abstract] Objective To investigate the association between CYP2C19 gene polymorphism and Clopidogrel-related adverse events in patients by Meta-analysis. Methods The computer was used to retrieve articles from the PubMed, Science direct, Wiley online library, Web of Science, CNKI, Wanfang database and VIP. The studies were searched and sorted out which studied the association between CYP2C19 gene polymorphism with Clopidogrel-induced adverse events, also combined with manually retrieving the references and similar results in the attached documents. The range of searching time was all from inception to January 18, 2015. Literature screening and data extracting were handled by two reviews independently. RevMan 5.0 software was used to conduct the Meta-analysis and assessed the pooled OR and 95%CI. Results 18 articles about CYP2C19 gene polymorphism and Clopidogrel-related adverse events were enrolled. It showed that the total number of patients with variant gene was 6165, and the total number of patient with wild-type gene was 13 055. While the results showed that the risk of Clopidogrel-induced adverse events was strongly higher in patients with variant gene compared to wild-type patients (OR = 1.53, 95%CI: 1.19-1.97, P = 0.0010). The further regional subgroup analysis showed that the occurrence of Clopidogrel-induced toxicity in Asian patients carrying mutation gene was significantly increased when compared to wild-type patients (OR = 2.49, 95%CI: 1.96-3.16, P < 0.000 01), but not in European (OR = 1.26, 95%CI: 0.96-1.65, P = 0.10). What's more, the risk of Clopidogrel-induced toxicity in variant patients was apparently increased when compared to wild-type patients in myocardial infarction (OR = 1.69, 95%CI: 1.37-2.08, P < 0.000 01) and stent thrombosis (OR = 2.13, 95%CI: 1.68-2.70, P < 0.000 01) Meta analysis. Conclusion The association between CYP2C19 polymorphism and Clopidogrel-induced adverse events is significant in our study. CYP2C19 polymorphism can increase the Clopidogrel-induced adverse reactions.
[Key words] CYP2C19; Gene polymorphism; Clopidogrel; Adverse events; Meta-analysis
氯吡格雷是一種新型人工合成的噻吩吡啶類(lèi)衍生物,其本身是無(wú)活性的藥物前體,在腸道吸收過(guò)程中受P-糖蛋白介導(dǎo),然后15%經(jīng)肝臟細(xì)胞色素P450酶(CYP450酶)系統(tǒng)代謝為2-氧基-氯吡格雷,最后再進(jìn)一步水解成硫醇衍生物樣的活性代謝產(chǎn)物,選擇性不可逆地抑制二磷酸腺苷(ADP)受體(P2Y12),間接抑制GP Ⅱb/Ⅲa受體與纖維蛋白結(jié)合,引起血小板不能進(jìn)一步聚集,從而阻止病理性血栓的形成[1]。氯吡格雷主要用于治療急性冠狀動(dòng)脈綜合征(acute coronary syndrome,ACS)和經(jīng)皮冠狀動(dòng)脈支架植入術(shù)(percutaneous coronary stent implantation,PCI)后患者,而且能明顯降低ACS非血運(yùn)重建患者的病死率及其他心血管事件的發(fā)生率[2]。研究發(fā)現(xiàn),氯吡格雷使用后會(huì)出現(xiàn)多種不良反應(yīng),如心肌梗死(myocardial infarction)、支架血栓(stent thrombosis)、缺血性中風(fēng)(ischaemic srtoke)和再造血管重建(repeat revascularization)等,然而這些不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)存在較大的個(gè)體性差異,這可能主要是由遺傳因素引起的[3-4]。
越來(lái)越多的研究發(fā)現(xiàn),氯吡格雷出現(xiàn)的不良反應(yīng)主要受CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性的影響[5-6]。研究表明CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性主要有兩類(lèi)突變:一類(lèi)是降低酶活性的突變,如CYP2C19*2、*3、*4、*5、*7、*8等;另一類(lèi)是增加酶活性的突變,目前發(fā)現(xiàn)的只有CYP2C19*17[7]。相關(guān)研究表明CYP2C19*2、*3基因攜帶患者不能有效地將氯吡格雷轉(zhuǎn)化為活性代謝產(chǎn)物,故氯吡格雷在這些突變患者中的抗血小板作用沒(méi)有CYP2C19*1野生型基因患者那么明顯。因此,臨床上對(duì)服用氯吡格雷患者首先進(jìn)行CYP2C19基因型檢測(cè)是尤為重要的[8]。探究CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷引起的不良反應(yīng)之間的關(guān)系是必要的。本研究采用Meta分析的系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)方法,對(duì)CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行分析,以期為氯吡格雷在臨床上的安全使用提供參考依據(jù)。
1 資料與方法
1.1 文獻(xiàn)納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①?lài)?guó)內(nèi)外公開(kāi)發(fā)表的關(guān)于研究CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)關(guān)系的文獻(xiàn);②研究氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)涉及心肌梗死或支架血栓;③納入文獻(xiàn)中提供了不良反應(yīng)涉及心肌梗死或支架血栓的患者人數(shù)。排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn):①文獻(xiàn)中只報(bào)道某一副作用的患者病例數(shù),而沒(méi)有確切副作用的患者總病例數(shù);②文獻(xiàn)中數(shù)據(jù)不全的相關(guān)研究;③研究人群一致的重疊研究時(shí),選擇最新的研究報(bào)道結(jié)果。
1.2 檢索策略
計(jì)算機(jī)檢索PubMed、Science direct、Wiley online library、Web of Science、中國(guó)知網(wǎng)、萬(wàn)方數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)和維普中文科技期刊數(shù)據(jù)庫(kù)建庫(kù)至2015年1月18日公開(kāi)發(fā)表的文獻(xiàn),同時(shí)查閱檢索結(jié)果中所附相似文獻(xiàn)及參考文獻(xiàn)。英文檢索策略為CYP2C19、myocardial infarction、stent thrombosis、clopidogrel、polymorphisms、adverse events,中文檢索策略為CYP2C19、心肌梗死、支架血栓、氯吡格雷、基因多態(tài)性、不良反應(yīng)。
1.3 文獻(xiàn)篩選
由兩名作者按照上述納入與排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)采用Note Express軟件獨(dú)立進(jìn)行篩選,并交叉核對(duì),如有分歧則交于第三作者提供指導(dǎo)意見(jiàn)并商定。
1.4 資料提取
由2名研究人員分別按照前述檢索策略收集有關(guān)CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)關(guān)系的相關(guān)文獻(xiàn),然后按照納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)篩選文獻(xiàn)。如果研究人員在這一過(guò)程中出現(xiàn)分歧,則通過(guò)協(xié)商或由另一研究人員決定是否納入。應(yīng)從每篇納入文獻(xiàn)中提取以下數(shù)據(jù):第一作者、年份、國(guó)家、病例數(shù)、患者平均年齡、基因分型方法、突變位點(diǎn)、突變型/野生型病例數(shù)、不良反應(yīng)的類(lèi)型等。
1.5 統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)方法
采用Meta分析軟件Review Manager 5.0(http://ims. cochrane.org/RevMan)進(jìn)行系統(tǒng)評(píng)價(jià)分析。首先對(duì)納入分析的文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)采用χ2檢驗(yàn)進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn),P值與I2作為異質(zhì)性分析的判定標(biāo)準(zhǔn):I2 < 50%時(shí),則異質(zhì)性小;反之則異質(zhì)性大。顯著性檢驗(yàn)水平當(dāng)P ≥ 0.05時(shí),認(rèn)為各文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)間無(wú)異質(zhì)性,采用固定效應(yīng)模型(FEM)進(jìn)行分析;當(dāng)P < 0.05時(shí),認(rèn)為各文獻(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)間存在異質(zhì)性,采用校正后的隨機(jī)效應(yīng)模型(REM)進(jìn)行分析。CYP2C19和氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)關(guān)系的評(píng)價(jià)指標(biāo)為OR值及95%可信區(qū)間(95%CI),并繪制漏斗圖來(lái)判斷是否存在發(fā)表偏倚。
2 結(jié)果
2.1 文獻(xiàn)檢索及篩選結(jié)果
根據(jù)檢索策略,最初檢索出英文文獻(xiàn)64篇,通過(guò)閱讀標(biāo)題、摘要及全文,最終篩選出17篇[9-25]研究納入Meta分析,檢索及篩選流程詳見(jiàn)圖1。
圖1 文獻(xiàn)篩選流程及結(jié)果圖
2.2 資料提取結(jié)果
根據(jù)納入的文獻(xiàn)資料提取相關(guān)的資料信息,提取結(jié)果見(jiàn)表1。
2.3 CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)相關(guān)性的Meta分析
對(duì)CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)關(guān)系的Meta分析中,17篇文獻(xiàn)被納入分析了氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)多個(gè)突變位點(diǎn)多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生的關(guān)系,結(jié)果顯示CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性患者氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)的發(fā)生率為19.8%,而CYP2C19基因野生型患者氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率為9.4%。然后對(duì)17項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)各個(gè)研究之間存在異質(zhì)性(P < 0.000 01,I2 = 71%),故采用REM進(jìn)行計(jì)算分析,且合并效應(yīng)量的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果為Z = 3.30,P = 0.0010,說(shuō)明CYP2C19突變型患者、CYP2C19野生型患者與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率之間的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,因此結(jié)果得到OR = 1.53,95%CI:1.19~1.97,結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖2。最終說(shuō)明CYP2C19基因突變型患者發(fā)生氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著高于CYP2C19基因野生型患者。
進(jìn)一步地區(qū)亞組分析表明,對(duì)亞洲地區(qū)8項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)各個(gè)研究之間不存在異質(zhì)性(P = 0.77,I2 = 0%),故采用FEM進(jìn)行計(jì)算分析,且合并效應(yīng)量的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果為Z = 7.44,P < 0.000 01,說(shuō)明CYP2C19突變型患者、CYP2C19野生型患者與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率之間的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,因此結(jié)果得到OR = 2.49,95%CI:1.96~3.16,結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖3。最終說(shuō)明亞洲地區(qū)CYP2C19基因突變型患者發(fā)生氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著高于CYP2C19基因野生型患者。然而對(duì)歐洲地區(qū)9項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)各個(gè)研究之間存在異質(zhì)性(P = 0.0006,I2 = 71%),故采用REM進(jìn)行計(jì)算分析,且合并效應(yīng)量的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果為Z = 1.65,P = 0.10,說(shuō)明CYP2C19突變型患者、CYP2C19野生型患者與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)發(fā)生率之間的差異無(wú)統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,見(jiàn)圖4。
2.4 CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷引起的心肌梗死相關(guān)性的Meta分析
對(duì)CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷引起的心肌梗死相關(guān)性的Meta分析中,10篇文獻(xiàn)被納入分析了CYP2C19突變型患者、野生型患者與氯吡格雷引起的心肌梗死的關(guān)系,然后對(duì)10項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢驗(yàn)發(fā)現(xiàn)各個(gè)研究之間無(wú)顯著異質(zhì)性(P = 0.11,I2 = 37%),故采用FEM進(jìn)行計(jì)算分析,且合并效應(yīng)量的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果為Z = 4.95,P < 0.000 01,說(shuō)明CYP2C19突變型患者、野生型患者與氯吡格雷引起的心肌梗死之間的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,因此結(jié)果得到OR = 1.69,95%CI:1.37~2.08,結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖5。最終說(shuō)明CYP2C19突變型患者發(fā)生心肌梗死是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著高于野生型患者。
2.5 CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷引起的支架血栓相關(guān)性的Meta分析
對(duì)CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷引起的支架血栓相關(guān)性的Meta分析中,11篇文獻(xiàn)被納入分析了CYP2C19突變型患者、野生型患者與氯吡格雷引起的支架血栓的關(guān)系,然后對(duì)11項(xiàng)研究進(jìn)行異質(zhì)性檢查發(fā)現(xiàn)各個(gè)研究之間無(wú)顯著異質(zhì)性(P = 0.14,I2 = 32%),故采用FEM進(jìn)行計(jì)算分析,且合并效應(yīng)量的統(tǒng)計(jì)結(jié)果為Z = 6.21,P < 0.000 01,說(shuō)明CYP2C19突變型患者、野生型患者與氯吡格雷引起的支架血栓之間的差異有統(tǒng)計(jì)學(xué)意義,因此結(jié)果得到OR = 2.13,95%CI:1.68~2.70,結(jié)果見(jiàn)圖6。最終說(shuō)明CYP2C19突變型患者發(fā)生支架血栓是風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著高于野生型患者。
2.6 發(fā)表偏倚評(píng)估
以各研究OR值和樣本含量繪制漏斗圖,CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性與氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)相關(guān)性的Meta分析的漏斗圖均左右基本對(duì)稱(chēng)(圖7)。用Begg檢驗(yàn)定量評(píng)價(jià)發(fā)表偏倚的結(jié)果,P > 0.05,提示沒(méi)有明顯的發(fā)表偏倚,結(jié)論可信度較高。
圖7 發(fā)表偏倚的漏斗圖
3 討論
在臨床研究中,氯吡格雷抗血小板的作用存在較大的個(gè)體性差異。越來(lái)越多的研究結(jié)果顯示,藥物代謝酶的基因多態(tài)性可能是導(dǎo)致這種差異的主要原因[26-27]。有相關(guān)研究報(bào)道,急性心肌梗死患者在服用氯吡格雷后,攜帶CYP2C19突變基因患者發(fā)生心血管不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著高于野生型基因患者,并且這種差異在PCI術(shù)后患者中表現(xiàn)得更加突出[28-29]。但是,目前臨床研究的數(shù)據(jù)并不充分,特別是心血管事件和PCI術(shù)后時(shí)間長(zhǎng)短之間的關(guān)系尚缺乏相應(yīng)的研究。本研究對(duì)CYP2C19對(duì)氯吡格雷引起的不良反應(yīng)的影響進(jìn)行了系統(tǒng)分析,研究結(jié)果表明,攜帶CYP2C19突變基因的患者出現(xiàn)氯吡格雷不良反應(yīng)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)顯著高于野生型患者,但在地區(qū)亞組分析中歐洲地區(qū)患者并沒(méi)有出現(xiàn)上述一致的研究結(jié)果,這可能與納入文獻(xiàn)的數(shù)量有關(guān),因此,對(duì)歐洲地區(qū)相關(guān)研究應(yīng)進(jìn)行更多的臨床試驗(yàn)。
當(dāng)然,本研究也存在一些不足,主要有以下幾方面:首先,由于氯吡格雷引起的不良反應(yīng)事件較為復(fù)雜,又沒(méi)有充分的亞組數(shù)據(jù)可供分析,可能導(dǎo)致結(jié)果產(chǎn)生一定偏倚;其次,盡管我們的檢索策略相對(duì)比較全面,但仍不能囊括所有相關(guān)研究,這些均可能導(dǎo)致某些有意義的文章被排除;還有本研究納入的文獻(xiàn)均為質(zhì)量較高的文獻(xiàn),可能有些負(fù)面文獻(xiàn)未能納入,因此也可能造成偏倚,上述偏倚均有可能會(huì)影響到本次系統(tǒng)分析的結(jié)果。更值得關(guān)注的是,應(yīng)對(duì)CYP2C19基因多態(tài)性的變化所引起的功能改變進(jìn)行相關(guān)研究,進(jìn)一步明確氯吡格雷導(dǎo)致的不良反應(yīng)危險(xiǎn)性增高的內(nèi)在因素,從而加以預(yù)防。
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(收稿日期:2015-03-02 本文編輯:張瑜杰)