建筑設(shè)計(jì)：PEG mbH

圣卡洛魯斯老年人之家，弗萊堡，德國(guó)

St. Carolushaus，F(xiàn)reiburg，Germany，2012

建筑設(shè)計(jì)：PEG mbH

Architects: PEG mbH

人口增長(zhǎng)已經(jīng)成為影響社會(huì)經(jīng)濟(jì)政治的最大難題之一，隨著人口壽命的增長(zhǎng)，老齡化對(duì)社會(huì)和醫(yī)療保障政策的影響越來(lái)越明顯。針對(duì)不再適宜單獨(dú)居住和患病需要照料的老年人，將傳統(tǒng)的“居家養(yǎng)老”觀念向“機(jī)構(gòu)養(yǎng)老”轉(zhuǎn)變，以及怎樣才能改善其所在養(yǎng)老機(jī)構(gòu)的生活質(zhì)量，成為一個(gè)急需考慮的問(wèn)題。新圣卡洛魯斯老年人之家就是在這樣的背景下重新設(shè)計(jì)和建造的。

歷史背景

1903年弗萊堡圣文森·馮·保羅慈善修女教會(huì)（Orden der Bermherzigen Schwestern vom hl. Vinzenz von Paul）就為退休老人和圣約瑟夫醫(yī)院的老年康復(fù)者建造了圣卡洛魯斯老年人之家。為了適應(yīng)現(xiàn)代護(hù)理理念所需的建筑層面，決定新建圣卡洛魯斯老年人之家，地點(diǎn)在舊址對(duì)面，新舊建筑可同時(shí)使用。

設(shè)計(jì)理念

建筑師在原有建筑層面進(jìn)行新的建筑形態(tài)，設(shè)計(jì)并建造被稱為“第五代”的老年人之家。通過(guò)形體、色彩、材料、采光的合理運(yùn)用來(lái)創(chuàng)造空間，并兼顧居住者、工作人員、親屬和訪客的需求。圣卡洛魯斯從傳統(tǒng)的集中照料護(hù)理結(jié)構(gòu)中分離出來(lái)，提供自給自足的共同居住模式。通過(guò)一個(gè)連接體把兩個(gè)分別獨(dú)立的建筑體相連接。

根據(jù)城市設(shè)計(jì)對(duì)地塊的限定，共7層的新圣卡洛魯斯老年人之家（包括地下車庫(kù)和6層地上部分）須在哈布斯布格爾大街退讓，并且在沒(méi)有相鄰建筑的多伊朔登大街路口作出“收口”處理，與對(duì)街建筑共同形成清晰的街道入口。主入口位于建筑物的中間的哈布斯布格爾大街。

首層包括辦公區(qū)、多功能廳、公共浴間、修女居住區(qū)域及相關(guān)附屬功能，并設(shè)有無(wú)障礙出入口。圓形的祈禱室成為穆特豪斯教堂和老年之家的樞紐。

入口處設(shè)有玄關(guān)，帶有獨(dú)立衛(wèi)浴的房間圍繞著中央的餐廳展開(kāi)。過(guò)道、活動(dòng)室和房間通過(guò)日光形成很好的空間導(dǎo)向性。所有的附屬和服務(wù)空間均位于兩個(gè)居住區(qū)域中間的連接體上。

1 手繪總平面圖/Sketch，layout of St. Carolushaus

共同居住理念：在關(guān)懷和照料下共同生活

新圣卡洛魯斯老年人之家的投資方為弗萊堡圣文森·馮·保羅慈善修女教會(huì)，共有115個(gè)全托床位，分布在8個(gè)小居住單元里（每個(gè)單元10～13位居住者），其中15個(gè)床位專供受腦部創(chuàng)傷者使用。項(xiàng)目從設(shè)計(jì)到后期施工均由德國(guó)PEG設(shè)計(jì)事務(wù)所獨(dú)立完成。項(xiàng)目總使用面積為8515m2，總規(guī)劃使用面積為12，700m2。

設(shè)計(jì)理念放棄傳統(tǒng)的集中模式，采用分散地組織工作流程。將被看護(hù)的個(gè)人融入到日常生活當(dāng)中，不再突顯看護(hù)個(gè)人是身體上需要被照料的個(gè)體。小規(guī)模的居住單元可以增進(jìn)居住者彼此之間的親密度與相處的舒適度。

共同居住的核心理念是：（1）正?；瓌t——即作為對(duì)老年人日?；顒?dòng)計(jì)劃制訂和他們社交活動(dòng)的核心元素，目的是讓行動(dòng)不便的老年人也可以參與到一系列與生活相關(guān)的活動(dòng)中。（2）環(huán)境辨識(shí)度——環(huán)境辨識(shí)度可以使對(duì)物體和輔助設(shè)備的導(dǎo)向變強(qiáng)。房間具有大面積的開(kāi)窗面積，配有獨(dú)立的浴室，并圍繞著活動(dòng)室展開(kāi)布置以更好地實(shí)現(xiàn)“居家化”模式。（3）在建造的過(guò)程中，設(shè)計(jì)特別注意利用采光，節(jié)能感應(yīng)燈具以及利用色彩營(yíng)造的舒適氛圍。

以人為本是其突出的設(shè)計(jì)理念，即受照料的居住者作為個(gè)體會(huì)盡自己的能力接受自己的不便，這就是圣卡洛魯斯老年之家給需要者提供的不一樣的地方。

隨著新圣卡洛魯斯老年人之家的建造，它將承擔(dān)起個(gè)人化、教會(huì)化的新一代的老年人看護(hù)任務(wù)。

項(xiàng)目信息Credits and Data

客戶/Client: 弗萊堡圣文森·馮·保羅慈善修女教會(huì)/Orden der Bermherzigen Schwestern vom hl. Vinzenz von Paul

主持建筑師/Principal Architect: Peter Schmieg

設(shè)計(jì)團(tuán)隊(duì)/Design Team: PEG mbH

承建方/Construction: PEG mbH

工程總造價(jià)/Cost: Approx. 22.000.000 EU

材料/Materials: 鋼筋混凝土/Reinforced concrete

場(chǎng)地面積/Site Area: Approx. 9270m2

建筑面積/Floor Area: Approx. 7740m2

設(shè)計(jì)時(shí)間/Design Period: 2009

建造時(shí)間/Construction Period: 2010

攝影/Photos: Orden der Bamherzigen Schwestern Freiburg/ Peter Schmieg

2 外景/Exterior view

Population growth has become one of the challenges influencing society，economy and politics. Along with the growing life-span of human beings，ageing has an increasingly obvious impact on society and medical security policies. With regard to the elderly who are not able to live alone and who need care because of illnesses，it is an urgent issue to transfer our idea from "home-based care" to "institution-based care"，and to improve the life quality for the aged living in nursing institutions. St. Carolushaus，a home for the aged，is redesigned and reconstructed in this context.

Context

In 1903，St. Carolushaus was built for retired old people and old rehabilitees in the Hospital of St.Josefkrankenhaus by Order of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul Fribourg （Orden der Bermherzigen Schwestern vom hl. Vinzenz von Paul）. To meet the architectural requirements for the idea of modern nursing，a new St. Carolushaus will be built on a site opposite the old building，and the new and old buildings can be used at the same time.

Design idea

Architects create a new architectural pattern on the basis of the original building and design and build a "fifth-generation" home for the aged. Shapes，colors，materials and lighting are properly adopted to create spaces to meet the needs of residents，staff，relatives and visitors. St. Carolushaus is separated from the traditional concentrated nursing structure and provides a self-sufficient joint habitation mode. The two separate buildings are connected by a connector.

3 屋頂平臺(tái)/Roof terrace

Limited by the planning for parcels of land in urban design，the new seven-floor St. Carolushaus has to back down in the Habsburger Street and "close up" at the junction of Deutschorden Street with no adjoining buildings，forming a distinct street entrance together with buildings on the opposite side. The main entrance is located in Habsburger Street in the middle of the building.

The first floor includes an administrative area，a multifunctional hall，a public bathroom，a residential area for sisters and related auxiliary functional areas； it is also equipped with accessible entrances and exits. A round prayer room becomes an interchange of the Church of Mutterhaus and the St. Carolushaus.

The Rooms，each having a vestibule and a separate bathroom，are arranged around the central dinning room. Passageways，activity rooms and resident rooms are well oriented spatially by sunlight. All auxiliary spaces and service spaces are located in the connector between the two residential districts.

Idea of joint habitation: living together with solicitude and care

The new St. Carolushaus is funded by Order of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul Fribourg. There are 115 full-time nursing beds distributed in 8 small residential units （10～13 residents per unit），of which 15 beds are specially used for persons with brain injuries. The project，from design to construction，is completed by PEG Design. The project's overall usable floor area is 8，515m2，and the overall planned usable floor area is 12，700m2.

Traditional concentration mode is not adopted in the design； instead，the work flow is organized in a decentralized way. The nursed individuals are involved in daily life，and it no longer highlights the nursed people's sense of being cared physically. Small-scale residential units can improve familiarity among residents and comfort of living together.

4 休閑區(qū)平臺(tái)/Roof terrace of leisure area

6 首層平面/Floor 0 plan

5 外觀一角/A corner of facade

The core concepts of joint inhabitation are:（1） Principle of normalization - it is used as the core principle for planning of daily life activities and social activities for the elderly，so as to engage the mobility-impaired old people in a series of liferelated activities； （2） Identification degree for the environment - it can improve orientation of objects and auxiliary equipment； each room has a large window area and a separate bathroom. Rooms are arranged around activity rooms to realize a better "home-based" mode. （3） During construction，the lighting，energy-efficient induction lamps and colors are used in design to create a comfortable atmosphere.

The human-oriented design concept is adopted to make the nursed residents accept their inconveniences as possible as they can，which is the different aspect that St. Carolushaus provides for the elderly.

Along with construction of the new St. Carolushaus，it will undertake the new generation nursing task for the elderly.

評(píng)論

程曉青：這是一個(gè)非?！皩I(yè)”的設(shè)計(jì)案例，無(wú)論空間組織還是平面布局，乃至細(xì)部裝修均顯示了設(shè)計(jì)者在老年建筑設(shè)計(jì)領(lǐng)域具有豐富的實(shí)踐經(jīng)驗(yàn)。然而不僅如此，方案還展現(xiàn)了一些新的探索，通過(guò)對(duì)“共同居住”理念的引入，作者強(qiáng)化了對(duì)老年人個(gè)體的尊重；組團(tuán)化的布局縮小了服務(wù)單元，控制了單元的適度人數(shù)規(guī)模，有利于老年人彼此之間建立親近的社交伙伴關(guān)系，在個(gè)體與群體的和諧中“互助養(yǎng)老”。

劉玉龍：圣卡洛魯斯老年人之家采用街坊式的布局，沿襲了既有的城市街道界面，建筑不是以唯我獨(dú)尊的中心式的形象出現(xiàn)，而是采用一種謙遜和融入的姿態(tài)介入到城市生活中，這是一棟看起來(lái)非常尋常的房子，也是對(duì)居住于此的老人生活態(tài)度的最好詮釋。

內(nèi)部空間也有別于一般照護(hù)型養(yǎng)老設(shè)施的醫(yī)療式布局方式，采用廳-室的居家布局模式，這種模式提供了很好的辨識(shí)性和安全感。建筑首層廊下和頂層的平臺(tái)提供了老人和城市生活交流的舞臺(tái)，可以想像，坐在平臺(tái)上的椅子上看老城的黃昏對(duì)于生于斯長(zhǎng)于斯的老人是一幅多么動(dòng)人的場(chǎng)景。

7 休息區(qū)/Resting area

8 祈禱室內(nèi)景/Interior view of oratory9 祈禱室手繪平面/Sketch plan of oratory

Comments

CHENG Xiaoqing: This is a very "professional" design case. Every aspect，be it space organization，flat layout，or even decoration details，shows that the architect has a wealth of practical experience in the field of design for the aged. Moreover，it presents some new explorations of design: by introducing the idea of "joint-habitation"，the architect strengthens the respect for the individual； the cluster layout reduces the size of service units and controls each unit's occupant number at a reasonable level，which helps the elders establish a close social relationship among themselves and build a "pension community" in the harmony of individual and group.

10 浴室/Bathroom11 居室/Bedroom

LIU Yulong: With its house community layout，St. Carolushaus keeps consistent with the streetscape. Instead of showing a self-centered egoism，the architecture of St. Carolushaus merges into the urban life with a modest posture. Ordinary as it appears to be，this building is at the same time a perfect metaphor of the life attitude of the elders who live there.

The interior space is also different from the hospital-like layout normally adopted in nursing facilities. A home-like layout with living room and bedroom is adopted to provide better identification and sense of security. Moreover，verandas under the porch and on the rooftop serve as platforms where the elders interact with the urban life. It is not hard to imagine how moving the scene would be when the elders sit on those verandas，watching the sunset of the old city where they grew up and lived.