封面文章

系統(tǒng)科學(xué)

封面介紹：可拓學(xué)是1983年由廣東工業(yè)大學(xué)研究員蔡文創(chuàng)立的一門橫斷學(xué)科.為扶持可拓學(xué)的成長(zhǎng)，2014年8月17—18日，中國(guó)人工智能學(xué)會(huì)可拓學(xué)專業(yè)委員會(huì)、科技導(dǎo)報(bào)社主辦的全國(guó)第14屆可拓學(xué)年會(huì)在南昌召開，80余位學(xué)者與會(huì)研討，50余篇論文參加交流.經(jīng)遴選、評(píng)審、修改，《科技導(dǎo)報(bào)》2014年第36期出版“可拓學(xué)專題”，在“專題論文”欄目刊登7篇可拓學(xué)研究論文和綜述文章，在“卷首語(yǔ)”等欄目發(fā)表4篇可拓學(xué)相關(guān)文章.本期封面圖片源自第21-25頁(yè)刊登的李珊珊等的專題論文“基于可拓基元理論的復(fù)雜社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析模型”，示意了復(fù)雜社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的可拓基元分析方法.

基于可拓基元理論的復(fù)雜社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析模型

李珊珊，劉巍，高紅

針對(duì)傳統(tǒng)社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析模型存在的不足，根據(jù)可拓學(xué)中的基元理論，結(jié)合社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析理念及方法，研究一種新的復(fù)雜社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析模型.利用多維物元表示復(fù)雜社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的整體特征、節(jié)點(diǎn)屬性和網(wǎng)絡(luò)分析測(cè)度，豐富節(jié)點(diǎn)的現(xiàn)實(shí)涵義；利用多維關(guān)系元表示節(jié)點(diǎn)之間的關(guān)系，充分體現(xiàn)網(wǎng)絡(luò)中關(guān)系的多重性；利用多維事元表示網(wǎng)絡(luò)結(jié)構(gòu)及環(huán)境變化的細(xì)節(jié)信息，構(gòu)建了復(fù)雜社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)的多維可拓基元分析模型.通過(guò)實(shí)例分析，驗(yàn)證了該模型的實(shí)用性及優(yōu)越性.

復(fù)雜社會(huì)網(wǎng)絡(luò)；分析模型；可拓基元

來(lái)源出版物：科技導(dǎo)報(bào)， 2014， 32（36）: 21-25聯(lián)系郵箱：劉巍，liuwei09@aliyun.com

地理學(xué)

來(lái)源出版物：SCIENCE CHINA Earth Sciences， 2014， 57（11）: 2567-2586聯(lián)系郵箱：GAO Shu， shugao@nju.edu.cn

化學(xué)

封面介紹：Porous polymer beads， containing hierarchical bimodal pore structure with gigapores and meso-macropores， relatively high surface area and uniform size， were prepared by polymerization-induced phase separation and emulsion-template technique in a glass capillary microfluidic device.

Hierarchical Porous Polymer Beads Prepared by Polymerization-induced Phase Separation and Emulsion-template in a Microfluidic Device

Wei-cai Wang， Yan-xiong Pan， Kai Shi， et al.

Abstract: Porous polymer beads（PPBs）containing hierarchical bimodal pore structure with gigapores and meso-macropores were prepared by polymerization-induced phase separation（PIPS）and emulsion-template technique in a glass capillary microfluidic device（GCMD）. Fabrication procedure involved the preparation of water-in-oil emulsion by emulsifying aqueous solution into the monomer solution that contains porogen. The emulsion was added into the GCMD to fabricate the（water-in-oil）-in-water double emulsion droplets. The flow rate of the carrier continuous phase strongly influenced the formation mechanism and size of droplets. Formation mechanism transformed from dripping to jetting and size of droplets decreased from 550 μm to 250 μm with the increase in flow rate of the carrier continuous phase. The prepared droplets were initiated for polymerization by on-line UV-irradiation to form PPBs. The meso-macropores in these beads were generated by PIPS because of the presence of porogen and gigapores obtained from the emulsion-template. The pore morphology and pore size distribution of the PPBs were investigated extensively by scanning electron microscopy and mercury intrusion porosimetry（MIP）. New pore morphology was formed at the edge of the beads different from traditional theory because of different osmolarities between the water phase of the emulsion and the carrier continuous phase. The morphology and proportion of bimodal pore structure can be tuned by changing the kind and amount of porogen.

Keywords: Porous polymer beads； Hierarchical； Polymerization-induced phase separation； Emulsion-template； Microfluidic device

來(lái)源出版物：Chinese Journal of Polymer Science， 2014， 32（12）: 1646-1654聯(lián)系郵箱：Xiang-ling Ji， xlji@ciac.ac.cn

封面介紹：自驅(qū)動(dòng)光探測(cè)是指探測(cè)器利用本身的光生伏特效應(yīng)實(shí)現(xiàn)無(wú)外加電源驅(qū)動(dòng)的光探測(cè).采用金屬輔助化學(xué)刻蝕的方法制備了大面積高度有序的一維硅納米線陣列，在其表面熱蒸鍍圖案化金膜后制成Au/SiNWs肖特基結(jié)光探測(cè)器.研究證實(shí)在無(wú)外加偏壓下，該器件可以高效、穩(wěn)定、快速地響應(yīng)可見-近紅外光.器件有望應(yīng)用于低功耗的納米光電集成系統(tǒng)中.見本期論文（洪清水等.基于金/硅納米線陣列肖特基結(jié)的自驅(qū)動(dòng)式的可見-近紅外光探測(cè)器性能研究），P532～P541.

基于金/硅納米線陣列肖特基結(jié)的自驅(qū)動(dòng)式的可見-近紅外光探測(cè)器性能研究

洪清水，曹陽(yáng)，孫家林，等

摘要：本文成功構(gòu)筑了金/硅納米線（Au/SiNWs）陣列自驅(qū)動(dòng)式可見-近紅外光探測(cè)器.探測(cè)器在暗態(tài)時(shí)表現(xiàn)出良好的二極管整流特性，在±1 V偏壓下，整流比達(dá)584.在可見-近紅外光照下，光探測(cè)器具有明顯的光生伏特效應(yīng).光探測(cè)性能研究表明：當(dāng)無(wú)外加偏壓時(shí)，探測(cè)器對(duì)波長(zhǎng)為405 nm、532 nm和1064 nm的光源具有較高的響應(yīng)率，并且響應(yīng)快速、信號(hào)穩(wěn)定，重現(xiàn)性良好；當(dāng)給器件施加一個(gè)很小的正偏壓時(shí)，通過(guò)暗態(tài)和照光的切換，探測(cè)器可使外電路中的電流快速地正負(fù)交替變化，從而實(shí)現(xiàn)一種快速、有效的二進(jìn)制光響應(yīng).自驅(qū)動(dòng)式Au/SiNWs陣列光探測(cè)器顯示了高靈敏、快速、寬光譜響應(yīng)特性，具有巨大的應(yīng)用前景.

關(guān)鍵詞：自驅(qū)動(dòng)；可見-近紅外光探測(cè)；肖特基結(jié)；硅納米線陣列

來(lái)源出版物：影像科學(xué)與光化學(xué)， 2014， 32（6）: 532-541聯(lián)系郵箱：賀軍輝，jhhe@mail.ipc.ac.cn

LiNbO3不同晶面的光催化產(chǎn)氫性能

蘇峰，徐軍，夏長(zhǎng)榮

摘要：Ba2Co9O14（BCO）是一種新型的電子-氧離子混合導(dǎo)體，在氧離子導(dǎo)體的固體氧化物燃料電池（SOFC）中，其作為陰極材料的應(yīng)用可能性已經(jīng)得到證實(shí)，本工作探索BCO在質(zhì)子導(dǎo)體SOFC中的應(yīng)用可能性.采用固相反應(yīng)法制備BCO粉體，研究BCO與質(zhì)子導(dǎo)體電解質(zhì)BZCY（BaZr0.1Ce0.7Y0.2O3-δ）之間的化學(xué)相容性，分析BCO-BZCY復(fù)合陰極在BZCY電解質(zhì)上的電化學(xué)性能.當(dāng)復(fù)合陰極中BCO的質(zhì)量含量為70%時(shí)，陰極性能最佳，界面阻抗活化能為1.26 eV.以BCO-BZCY為陰極，Ni-BZCY為陽(yáng)極，BZCY為電解質(zhì)的陽(yáng)極支撐型單電池，700 ℃時(shí)，單電池的極化阻抗為0.15 ?·cm2，最大功率密度為400 mW·cm-2.

關(guān)鍵詞：固體氧化物燃料電池；復(fù)合陰極；質(zhì)子導(dǎo)體電解質(zhì)；Ba2Co9O14

來(lái)源出版物：無(wú)機(jī)化學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)， 2014， 30（12）: 2713-2718

聯(lián)系郵箱：夏長(zhǎng)榮，xiacr@ustc.edu.cn

封面介紹：A novel method for constructing molecular pocket with high luminescence has been developed to remarkably improve the emission efficiency of inorganic/organic hybrid nanomaterials. ［Liu， Huibiao et al. on page 1218-1222.］

熒光無(wú)機(jī)/有機(jī)雜化納米分子口袋的構(gòu)建

楊慧，劉禮兵，張洲，等

摘要：利用能量匹配原則將無(wú)機(jī)半導(dǎo)體ZnO納米粒子與有機(jī)半導(dǎo)體四苯基卟啉四羧酸（TCPP）分子進(jìn)行組裝，在無(wú)機(jī)-有機(jī)組分之間的界面構(gòu)建了雜化納米分子口袋ZNPs-TCPP，該納米分子口袋對(duì)四苯基卟啉（TPP）分子具有高選擇性識(shí)別功能，同時(shí)其熒光增強(qiáng)了5倍以上，并成功地將該雜化納米分子口袋用于肺腺癌細(xì)胞（A549）的細(xì)胞成像.

關(guān)鍵詞：納米分子口袋；卟啉；無(wú)機(jī)/有機(jī)雜化；細(xì)胞成像；

來(lái)源出版物：化學(xué)學(xué)報(bào)， 2014， 72（12）: 1218-1222

聯(lián)系郵箱：劉輝彪，liuhb@iccas.ac.cn

封面介紹：曲振平等通過(guò)添加檸檬酸鈉改變羥基磷灰石（HAP）結(jié)構(gòu).檸檬酸鈉改性的 HAP材料具有較高的比表面積和孔體積， 且表面分布有豐富的羥基， 這使得 HAP 材料和甲醛污染物分子之間的相互作用增強(qiáng)，進(jìn)而提高了其甲醛催化反應(yīng)活性.見本期第 1927-1936 頁(yè).

不同有機(jī)分子改性羥基磷灰石用于甲醛催化氧化

孫亞會(huì)，曲振平，陳丹，等

摘要：分別采用十六烷基三甲基溴化銨（CTAB）、十二烷基硫酸鈉（SDS）及檸檬酸鈉（SC）對(duì)羥基磷灰石（HAP）進(jìn)行了有機(jī)改性.檸檬酸鈉改性的羥基磷灰石對(duì)甲醛催化氧化表現(xiàn)出最好的催化活性，在240 °C實(shí)現(xiàn)了甲醛完全轉(zhuǎn)化.通過(guò)X射線衍射、紅外光譜、N2吸附-脫附、掃描電鏡和熱重/差重等手段對(duì)HAP結(jié)構(gòu)進(jìn)行了表征.結(jié)果表明，SC改性使得HAP比表面積和孔體積增加，孔徑減小，更有利于吸附及傳質(zhì)，從而提高了其活性.此外，SC改性的HAP中羥基含量更多，更有利于甲醛與羥基之間發(fā)生相互作用，這是該樣品活性提高的另一個(gè)原因.

關(guān)鍵詞：羥基磷灰石改性；檸檬酸鈉；比表面積；羥基；甲醛催化氧化

來(lái)源出版物：催化學(xué)報(bào)， 2014， 35（12）: 1927-1936聯(lián)系郵箱：曲振平，quzhenping@dlut.edu.cn

海洋學(xué)

An evaluation of the simulations of the Arctic Intermediate Water in climate models and reanalyses

LI Xiang， SU Jie1， ZHAO Jinping

Abstract: The simulations of the Arctic Intermediate Water in four datasets of climate models and reanalyses， CCSM3， CCSM4， SODA and GLORYS， are analyzed and evaluated. The climatological core temperatures and depths in both CCSM models exhibit deviations over 0.5and ℃200 m from the PHC. SODA reanalysis reproduces relatively reasonable spatial patterns of core temperature and depth， while GLORYS， another reanalysis， shows a remarkable cooling and deepening drift compared with the result at the beginning of the dataset especially in the Eurasian Basin（about 2℃）. The heat contents at the depth of intermediate water in the CCSM models are overestimated with large positive errors nearly twice of that in the PHC. To the contrary， the GLORYS in 2009 show a negative error with a similar magnitude， which means the characteristic of the water mass is totally lost. The circulations in the two reanalyses at the depth of intermediate water are more energetic and realistic than those in the CCSMs， which is attributed to the horizontal eddy-permitting resolution. The velocity fields and the transports in the Fram Strait are also investigated. The necessity of finer horizontal resolution is concluded again. The northward volume transports are much larger in the two reanalyses， although they are still weak comparing with mooring observations. Finally， an investigation of the impact of assimilation is done with an evidence of the heat input from assimilation. It is thought to be a reason for the good performance in the SODA， while the GLORYS drifts dramatically without assimilation data in the Arctic Ocean.

Keywords: Arctic Intermediate Water； model evaluation； Arctic modeling； impact of data assimilation

來(lái)源出版物：Acta Oceanologica Sinica， 33（12）: 1-14聯(lián)系郵箱：SU Jie， sujie@ouc.edu.cn

生物物理學(xué)

封面介紹：病毒給人類的健康和生命造成了巨大的威脅和災(zāi)害，例如人們熟知的肝炎病毒、艾滋病病毒、禽流感病毒、埃博拉病毒等，可以說(shuō)這些小小的病毒可能是人類在生物界中最可怕的敵人.同時(shí)，病毒存在的范圍很廣，幾乎所有的生物體中都發(fā)現(xiàn)有病毒，因此，人類可以利用病毒防治一些有害生物，稱為生物防治.此外，病毒又是最簡(jiǎn)單、最微小的有機(jī)體，能夠明顯地體現(xiàn)出生物物質(zhì)的特性，如生長(zhǎng)增殖、遺傳變異及相關(guān)的進(jìn)化過(guò)程，等等，所以，病毒本身也是研究生命現(xiàn)象和了解生命本質(zhì)的極好研究材料.然而，病毒太小了，甚至用顯微鏡也看不到它，以至于在很長(zhǎng)一段時(shí)間里，人們認(rèn)為它是某種致病因子.直到用電子顯微鏡直接觀察到病毒后，才把它看成實(shí)在的生物體，但深入的研究仍然困難重重.20多年前出現(xiàn)的冷凍電鏡技術(shù)（cryo-EM），由于適合于較大生物大分子復(fù)合物的結(jié)構(gòu)解析，首先在病毒結(jié)構(gòu)研究中獲得應(yīng)用.封面圖片展示的是應(yīng)用冷凍電鏡技術(shù)解析出的質(zhì)多角體病毒（CPV）近原子分辨率（0.39 nm）的結(jié)構(gòu).這是我國(guó)首次利用冷凍電鏡技術(shù)解析的生物大分子近原子結(jié)構(gòu)模型，也是目前國(guó)際上第一個(gè)處于轉(zhuǎn)錄進(jìn)行狀態(tài)的病毒的近原子分辨率結(jié)構(gòu).圖中，圓圈內(nèi)展示病毒轉(zhuǎn)錄后相關(guān)結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白VP3 發(fā)生的張開和扭轉(zhuǎn)等構(gòu)象變化.這些構(gòu)象變化及結(jié)構(gòu)蛋白之間的相互協(xié)調(diào)作用，使得病毒新生RNA得以順利流出.這一結(jié)構(gòu)的解析為進(jìn)一步認(rèn)識(shí)RNA病毒的轉(zhuǎn)錄機(jī)制，干預(yù)病毒自我復(fù)制提供了結(jié)構(gòu)基礎(chǔ).（綜述，柳正等，pp.405-415）

結(jié)構(gòu)生物學(xué)研究方法的重大突破——電子直接探測(cè)相機(jī)在冷凍電鏡中的應(yīng)用進(jìn)展

柳正，張景強(qiáng)

摘要：近年來(lái)，科學(xué)家應(yīng)用冷凍電鏡技術(shù)（cryo-EM）解析出了低對(duì)稱性生物大分子的高分辨率（3～5 ?）三維結(jié)構(gòu)，并用其密度圖直接進(jìn)行了分子建模.與傳統(tǒng)的X-射線和NMR方法相比，冷凍電鏡技術(shù)具有適用于分子量較大的生物分子、樣品不需結(jié)晶且用量很少等優(yōu)勢(shì).尤其是電子直接探測(cè)相機(jī)（electron direct detection device，DDD）在冷凍電鏡技術(shù)中的應(yīng)用，使高分辨率的結(jié)構(gòu)研究變得更加簡(jiǎn)單、應(yīng)用更為廣泛，是一個(gè)重大突破.文章介紹DDD相機(jī)的原理和技術(shù)優(yōu)勢(shì)，及其在解決冷凍電鏡技術(shù)困難中的一些應(yīng)用，進(jìn)而展望了DDD相機(jī)可能給冷凍電鏡技術(shù)應(yīng)用帶來(lái)的突破性進(jìn)展.

關(guān)鍵詞：冷凍電鏡；電子直接探測(cè)相機(jī)；低對(duì)稱生物大分子；高分辨率

來(lái)源出版物：生物物理學(xué)報(bào)， 2014， 30（6）: 405-415聯(lián)系郵箱：張景強(qiáng)，lsszhjq@mail.sysu.edu.cn

微生物學(xué)

封面介紹：The cytotoxicity ration of culture supernatant from different strains toward cancer cells B16 andHeLa. A， J: MD1 culture medium； B， K: S8； C， L: S20； D， M: S22； E， N: S34； F， O: S47； G， P: S51； H， Q: S55； I， R: S68. The scale bar， 100 μm.

土壤樣品中粘細(xì)菌的分離鑒定及其生物活性檢測(cè)

肖蓉，文也，唐少軍，等

摘要：目的：從土壤樣品中分離粘細(xì)菌，對(duì)其進(jìn)行純化、歸類與鑒定，以豐富粘細(xì)菌菌種資源；對(duì)純化得到的粘細(xì)菌進(jìn)行抑菌、殺蟲及抗腫瘤生物活性的分析，為粘細(xì)菌次級(jí)代謝產(chǎn)物的開發(fā)奠定基礎(chǔ).方法：采用滅活大腸桿菌和濾紙片誘導(dǎo)子實(shí)體法從土樣中分離粘細(xì)菌，結(jié)合形態(tài)觀察、生理生化特征和16S rDNA基因序列同源性分析，對(duì)分離到的各菌株進(jìn)行鑒定并歸類.通過(guò)平板擴(kuò)散法、昆蟲口服毒性測(cè)試、腫瘤細(xì)胞毒性實(shí)驗(yàn)等方法，檢測(cè)粘細(xì)菌代謝產(chǎn)物生物活性.結(jié)果：共分離得到35株粘細(xì)菌，初步分類為:粘球菌屬（Myxococcus）9株；珊瑚球菌屬（Corallococcus）9株；侏囊菌屬（Nannocystis）11株；堆囊菌屬（Sorangium）6株.從其中純化得到8株粘細(xì)菌，對(duì)其進(jìn)行了鑒定并命名.發(fā)現(xiàn)了具有高效且廣譜的腫瘤細(xì)胞毒性效應(yīng)菌株S22，S51和S55也具同樣的細(xì)胞毒性；另外，結(jié)果還發(fā)現(xiàn)具有腫瘤細(xì)胞毒性的S20，S22還對(duì)枯草芽胞桿菌和白色念珠菌具有較好的抑菌活性.結(jié)論：土壤中存在豐富的粘細(xì)菌資源，發(fā)現(xiàn)了具有腫瘤細(xì)胞毒性的弱小珊瑚球菌與具有抑菌和強(qiáng)抗腫瘤活性的大孢珊瑚球菌，粘細(xì)菌是活性天然產(chǎn)物與新藥開發(fā)的重要資源.

關(guān)鍵詞：粘細(xì)菌；分離鑒定；生物活性

來(lái)源出版物：微生物學(xué)報(bào)， 2014， 54（12）: 1429-1437聯(lián)系郵箱：孫運(yùn)軍，sunyj@hunnu.edu.cn

動(dòng)物學(xué)

封面介紹：In a natural subalpine area in the Colorado Rocky Mountains， mule deer Odocoileus hemionus modify their anti-predator behavior as a function of distance to a seasonally active field station. Price et al. found that deer fled approaching humans and engaged in more active flight and anti-predator behavior when greater than 250-750 m from cabins. The concept of a spatial human footprint may help us better understand how to quantify human impacts on wildlife. See Mary V. PRICE et al.， Pp 693-699. Photo by Lawrance Chung.

Human activity affects the perception of risk by mule deer

Mary V. PRICE， Evelyn H. STROMBOM， Daniel T. BLUMSTEIN

Abstract: Human activity has been shown to influence how animals assess the risk of predation，but we know little about the spatial scale of such impacts. We quantified how vigilance and flight behavior in mule deer Odocoileus hemionus varied with distance from an area of concentrated human activity—a subalpine field station. An observer walked trails at various distances away from the station looking for deer. Upon encounter， the observer walked toward the focal animal and noted the distance at which it alerted and directed its attention to the approaching human（Alert Distance； AD）， and the distance at which it fled（Flight Initiation Distance； FID）. AD and FID both increased nonlinearly with distance from the center of the field station， reaching plateaus around 250 m and 750 m， respectively. Deer also tended to flee by stotting or running， rather than by walking， when far from the station but they walked away when near the station. These results indicate that deer perceive lower risk near a focused area of human activity，and that vigilance and flight behaviors respond on somewhat different spatial scales. The concept of a spatial “human footprint” on behavior may be useful for understanding how human activities affect wildlife.

Keywords: Flight initiation distance； Alert distance； Predation risk assessment； Human disturbance； Mule deer； Odocoileus hemionus； Vigilance

來(lái)源出版物：Current Zoology， 2014， 60（6）: 693-699聯(lián)系郵箱：Daniel T. BLUMSTEIN， marmots@ucla.edu

Duchenne型肌營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良小鼠模型鑒定及干細(xì)胞移植后dystrophin的變化

龐榮清，李自安，阮光萍，等

摘要：目的：建立Duchenne型肌營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良（DMD）模型dko小鼠的鑒定方法，評(píng)估干細(xì)胞移植后dystrophin的再生水平.方法：采用SSP-PCR方法鑒定雜合子鼠交配產(chǎn)生的子代鼠的基因型.生化分析儀測(cè)定dko小鼠血漿肌酸激酶含量，HE染色觀察肌肉組織學(xué)變化.擴(kuò)增人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞并注射到dko小鼠后肢肌肉，2個(gè)月后免疫熒光染色法檢測(cè)dystrophin的表達(dá).結(jié)果：雜合子鼠交配可以產(chǎn)生三個(gè)基因型的子代鼠，21.2%的子代鼠可以鑒定為dko小鼠的基因型（285 bp）.dko小鼠顯示了肌營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良的癥狀，血漿肌酸激酶含量高達(dá)（16988.52±617.48）IU/L，典型的病理變化包括肌纖維大小不一，多見核中移細(xì)胞，結(jié)締組織增生或炎性細(xì)胞浸潤(rùn).將人臍帶間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞注射到dko小鼠后肢肌肉，2個(gè)月后可檢測(cè)到人dystrophin的表達(dá).結(jié)論：采用SSP-PCR可用于鑒定dko小鼠基因型，dko小鼠是研究干細(xì)胞治療DMD的理想動(dòng)物模型.

關(guān)鍵詞：Duchenne型肌營(yíng)養(yǎng)不良；動(dòng)物模型；基因型鑒定；干細(xì)胞治療；Dko小鼠

來(lái)源出版物：中國(guó)實(shí)驗(yàn)動(dòng)物學(xué)報(bào)，2014， 22（6）: 81-84聯(lián)系郵箱：張永云，zyypang@126.com

昆蟲學(xué)

封面介紹：The power of the small honeybee brain carrying out learning and memory tasks has been shown to be highly impressive. In this study， the authors analyzed the changes in micro-RNA and mRNA following maze-based visual learning using next-generation small RNA sequencing and Digital Gene Expression tag profiling. The results suggest that both microRNA and mRNA may play a pivotal role in the process of visual learning（see pages 619-636）. Photo by Yun-Bo Xue.

The integrative analysis of microRNA and mRNA expression in Apis mellifera following maze-based visual pattern learning

Qiu-Hong Qin， Zi-Long Wang， Liu-Qing Tian， et al.

Abstract: The honeybee（Apis mellifera）is a social insect with strong sensory capacity and diverse behavioral repertoire and is recognized as a good model organism for studying the neurobiological basis of learning and memory. In this study， we analyzed the changes in microRNA（miRNA）and messenger RNA（mRNA）following maze-based visual learning using next-generation small RNA sequencing and Solexa/lllumina Digital Gene Expression tag profiling（DGE）. For small RNA sequencing， we obtained 13 367 770 and 13 132 655 clean tags from the maze and control groups， respectively. A total of 40 differentially expressed known miRNAs were detected between these two samples， and all of them were up-regulated in the maze group compared to the control group. For DGE， 5 681 320 and 5 939 855 clean tags were detected from the maze and control groups，respectively. There were a total of 388 differentially expressed genes between these two samples， with 45 genes up-regulated and 343 genes down-regulated in the maze group， compared to the control group. Additionally， the expression levels of 10 differentially expressed genes were confirmed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction（qRT-PCR）and the expression trends of eight of them were consistent with the DGE result， although the degree of change was lower in amplitude. The integrative analysis of miRNA and mRNA expression showed that， among the 40 differentially expressed known miRNAs and 388 differentially expressed genes， 60 pairs of miRNA/mRNA were identified as co-expressed in our present study. These results suggest that both miRNA and mRNA may play a pivotal role in the process of learning and memory in honeybees. Our sequencing data provide comprehensive miRNA and gene expression information for maze-based visual learning， which will facilitate understanding of the molecular mechanisms of honeybee learning and memory.

Keywords: Apis mellifera； Y-maze； learning and memory； microRNA； DGE； differential expression

農(nóng)業(yè)基礎(chǔ)科學(xué)

來(lái)源出版物：Insect Science， 2014， 21（5）: 619-636

封面介紹：2D-DIGE scanning results of total leaf protein of therice lesion mimic mutant chl1.

描述：經(jīng)掃描儀掃描后得到用Cy2（藍(lán)色）、Cy3（綠色）、Cy5（紅色）標(biāo)記總蛋白的2D-DIGE圖像（圖1）.通過(guò)DeCyder 2D 7.0軟件對(duì)chl1及其野生型的葉片總蛋白的2D-DIGE圖像進(jìn)行分析.

一個(gè)抗病性增強(qiáng)的水稻類病變突變體的蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)研究

韓雪穎，楊勇，余初浪，等

摘要：水稻類病變突變體chl1具有抗病性增強(qiáng)的類病變表型，對(duì)水稻白葉枯病和稻瘟病都具有很強(qiáng)的抗性.利用蛋白質(zhì)組學(xué)技術(shù)分析chl1與其野生型之間的差異表達(dá)蛋白，探討chl1類病變表型的形成和抗病反應(yīng)的分子機(jī)制.利用熒光雙向差異凝膠電泳（two-dimensional fluorescence difference gel electrophoresis， 2D-DIGE）技術(shù)和質(zhì)譜分析，chl1中共鑒定到70個(gè)差異表達(dá)的蛋白點(diǎn)，包括46個(gè)上調(diào)蛋白點(diǎn)和24個(gè)下調(diào)蛋白點(diǎn).這些蛋白點(diǎn)參與不同的生物過(guò)程，包括防御相關(guān)、光合作用、氧化還原、氨基酸/蛋白質(zhì)代謝、分子伴侶、碳水化合物代謝.對(duì)這些差異表達(dá)蛋白進(jìn)行生物信息分析，推測(cè)它們所在的復(fù)雜調(diào)控網(wǎng)絡(luò)可能參與chl1葉片細(xì)胞程序性死亡（programmed cell death， PCD）及其抗病性的調(diào)控.

關(guān)鍵詞：水稻；類病變突變體；細(xì)胞程序性死亡；抗病性；熒光雙向差異凝膠電脈

來(lái)源出版物：中國(guó)水稻科學(xué)， 2014， 28（6）: 559-569聯(lián)系郵箱：陳劍平，jpchen2001@126.com

礦業(yè)工程

封面介紹：礦山巖體介質(zhì)深埋于地下，傳統(tǒng)的現(xiàn)場(chǎng)探測(cè)技術(shù)與實(shí)驗(yàn)方法難以準(zhǔn)確地獲知與直觀表征地下開采引發(fā)的巖體介質(zhì)內(nèi)部孔/裂隙結(jié)構(gòu)演化、應(yīng)力重分布、流體滲流等“看不見、摸不著”的物理力學(xué)過(guò)程.數(shù)值模擬具有直觀、定量、可重復(fù)、可預(yù)測(cè)和低成本等優(yōu)勢(shì)，成為解決上述難題的有力工具，但由于模型相似性、材料屬性確定、特別是模擬結(jié)果難以驗(yàn)證等問(wèn)題，巖體力學(xué)行為數(shù)值分析存在普遍爭(zhēng)議.鞠楊課題組采用CT成像、三維重構(gòu)和3D打印技術(shù)制備了深部天然裂隙煤巖的物理模型，結(jié)合應(yīng)力凍結(jié)方法，研究了定量表征煤巖內(nèi)部復(fù)雜裂隙結(jié)構(gòu)與應(yīng)力場(chǎng)的可視化方法，為實(shí)現(xiàn)地下巖體變形破壞及內(nèi)部物理力學(xué)機(jī)制的定量表征與可視化以及驗(yàn)證數(shù)值分析探索了一條新路.封面展示了深部煤礦開采工作面、煤巖的數(shù)字模型和3D打印模型，它們清晰地顯示了煤巖內(nèi)部的天然裂隙結(jié)構(gòu)與應(yīng)力場(chǎng)分布.詳見鞠楊等人文（p3109）.

基于3D打印技術(shù)的巖體復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)與應(yīng)力場(chǎng)的可視化方法

鞠楊，謝和平，鄭澤民，等

摘要：準(zhǔn)確表征與直觀顯示巖體復(fù)雜的內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)與應(yīng)力場(chǎng)是解決諸多地下工程問(wèn)題的基礎(chǔ)和關(guān)鍵.本文運(yùn)用CT成像、三維重構(gòu)和3D打印技術(shù)制備了包含復(fù)雜裂隙的天然煤巖模型，借助三維應(yīng)力凍結(jié)和光彈技術(shù)，直觀定量地顯示了單軸壓縮載荷作用下復(fù)雜裂隙煤巖內(nèi)部的應(yīng)力場(chǎng)分布特征.研究表明：通過(guò)3D打印技術(shù)制備的煤巖模型具有與天然煤巖一致的裂隙結(jié)構(gòu)特征；3D模型的單軸抗壓強(qiáng)度、彈性模量和泊松比等力學(xué)性能指標(biāo)接近于天然裂隙煤巖；在不連續(xù)裂隙周邊的高應(yīng)力分布區(qū)域以及應(yīng)力級(jí)差等方面，3D模型的實(shí)驗(yàn)結(jié)果與數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果具有較好的一致性；該方法能夠直觀定量地顯示不連續(xù)不規(guī)則裂隙對(duì)煤巖的強(qiáng)度、變形以及應(yīng)力集中區(qū)的影響.3D模型打印與應(yīng)力凍結(jié)技術(shù)相結(jié)合為實(shí)現(xiàn)地下巖體內(nèi)部復(fù)雜結(jié)構(gòu)與三維應(yīng)力場(chǎng)分布的定量表征與可視化，以及印證數(shù)值模擬結(jié)果提供了新途徑.

關(guān)鍵詞：裂隙巖體；3D打??；裂隙結(jié)構(gòu)模型；應(yīng)力場(chǎng)；可視化

來(lái)源出版物：科學(xué)通報(bào)， 2014， 59（32）: 3109-3119聯(lián)系郵箱：鞠楊，juy@cumtb.edu.cn

化學(xué)工業(yè)

封面介紹：A one-step continuous synthesis route of phenol by hydroxylation of benzene with hydrogen peroxide over ultrafine TS- in a submerged ceramic membrane reactor is developed. The operation conditions have important impacts on the benzene conversion， phenol electivity and filtration resistance. The optimum operation conditions can be obtained by balancing their effects on the catalytic properties and separation efficiency. The benzene hydroxylation with hydrogen peroxide over TS-1 can be continuously run over 20 h in the submerged ceramic membrane reactor and the ceramic membrane exhibits excellent stability in the reaction system（see Jiang et al. Pages 1199-1207）.

One-step Continuous Phenol Synthesis Technology via Selective Hydroxylation of Benzene over Ultrafine TS-1 in a Submerged Ceramic Membrane Reactor

Hong Jiang， Fei She， Yan Du， et al.

Abstract: A newroute towards phenol production by one-step selective hydroxylation of benzenewith hydrogen peroxide over ultrafine titaniumsilicalites-1（TS-1）in a submerged ceramic membrane reactorwas developed， which can maintain the in situ removal of ultrafine catalyst particles fromthe reaction slurry and keep the process continuous. The effects of key operating parameters on the benzene conversion and phenol selectivity， as well as themembrane filtration resistance were examined by single factor experiments. A continuous reaction process was carried out under the obtained optimumoperation conditions. Results showed that the systemcan be continuously and stably operated over 20 h， and the benzene conversion and phenol selectivity kept at about 4% and 91%， respectively. The ceramic membrane exhibits excellent thermal and chemical stability in the continuous reaction process.

Keywords: Phenol； Benzene hydroxylation； TS-1； Submerged membrane reactor； Ceramic membrane

來(lái)源出版物：Chinese Journal of Chemical Engineering， 2014， 22（11/12）: 1199-1207聯(lián)系郵箱：Rizhi Chen， Rizhichen@163.com

封面介紹：Absorption spectra of samples G0， G0' and G2，shows the electron absorption cut-off edge（λabs）of the Sm3+singly-doped glass（G0’）is located in the UV spectral region， which is clearly red shifted， compared to the Sn2+singly-doped sample（G0）and the Sn2+/Sm3+co-doped sample（G2）. Excitation（dash line）and emission（solid line）spectra of samples G0（λem=421 nm，λex=267 nm）， G0'（λem=598 nm， λex=402 nm）， and G2（λem=598 nm， λex=267 nm）， shows the possible energy transfer（ET）process.Emission spectra of samples G1-G3（λex= 267 nm）， shows the emission spectra of Sn2+/Sm3+co-doped samples（G1-G5）to evidence the proposed ET process from Sn2+to Sm3+. Emission spectra of samples G2， G4， G5（λex= 267 nm）， Sm3+emission steadily increases with increasing Sn2+concentration from 0.50% to 2.00%， and the peak at 402 nm remains unchanged due to the presence of the constant Sm2O3content（i.e.， 0.50%）. The ET process from Sn2+to Sm3+occurs in the co-doped samples can be evidenced by theresults above.

錫/釤共摻磷酸鹽玻璃的可控發(fā)光以及能量傳遞

閆志文，佟宇，蔣奇，等

摘要：通過(guò)激發(fā)光譜、熒光光譜以及熒光壽命測(cè)試，系統(tǒng)地研究Sn2+、Sm3+單摻以及Sn2+/Sm3+共摻磷酸鹽玻璃的發(fā)光性能.在共摻樣品的發(fā)射光譜中觀察到1個(gè)涵蓋藍(lán)、綠、紅色波段的超寬發(fā)光帶，并可通過(guò)調(diào)節(jié)Sn2+/Sm3+濃度比實(shí)現(xiàn)對(duì)樣品發(fā)光的調(diào)控.結(jié)果表明：在紫外光激發(fā)下，能量可由Sn2+傳遞給Sm3+，能量傳遞效率最高可達(dá)42%.通過(guò)Sn2+與Sm3+的能級(jí)圖研究了能量傳遞的機(jī)理，同時(shí)計(jì)算了不同濃度Sn2+/Sm3+的共摻樣品的色坐標(biāo).

關(guān)鍵詞：磷酸鹽玻璃；錫/釤共摻；光致發(fā)光；能量傳遞

來(lái)源出版物：硅酸鹽學(xué)報(bào)， 2014， 42（11）: 1468-1773聯(lián)系郵箱：曾惠丹，hdzeng@ecust.edu.cn

（編輯張保清）

封面介紹：Spartina salt-marshes are widely distributed along the eastern China coastlines， which are created by a single species introduced into the region artificially three decades ago. Depending on the geographic conditions， the colonization of Spartina has varied influences on the coastal wetland environment and ecosystem. For more details see the research paper by GAO Shu et al. on pages 2567-2586.

Environment-ecosystem dynamic processes of Spartina alterniflora saltmarshes along the eastern China coastlines

GAO Shu， DU YongFen， XIE WenJing， et al.

Spartina alterniflora is ecologically important in its original habitat； however， it has caused controversy since it was introduction into China（now it has been spreading rapidly on the Jiangsu， Shanghai， Zhejiang and Fujian coasts）. The purpose of the present contribution is， on the basis of an analysis and synthesis of existing data sets， to evaluate the environmental-ecological effects of S. alterniflora， and to identify the relevant scientific problems that require further research in the future. Investigations have shown that， by reducing the near-bed shear stress associated with tidal currents， S. alterniflora can enhance the settling flux of suspended sediment and deposition rate on the tidal flats over the region. Further， field survey and analysis indicate that the S. alterniflora salt-marsh has a high primary production and provides a new type of habitat for the native benthic fauna. Some macro-， meioand micro-fauna that used to live in the native salt-marshes have adapted to the S. alterniflora salt-marsh， forming a new ecosystem. Under the influences of a number of background factors， such as latitude variations and the coastal type， the environmental-ecological changes induced by Spartine have regional differentiations. To the north of Hangzhou Bay， with a high position of the pre-Holocene stratum base， a large width of the tidal flats， and a gentle bed slope， only a small part of the intertidal zone is occupied by the S. alterniflora salt-marsh. Here， the S. alterniflora salt-marshes mainly play a positive role in coastal protection and ecosystem functioning. In contrary， to the South of Hangzhou Bay， The pre-Holocene deposits are situated in relatively deeo waters， and the width of the tidal flats formed within coastal embayments is relatively narrow. As such， the expansion of S. alterniflora has squeezed the living space of other intertidal organisms， thus has a negative ecological effect. Therefore， the regional differentiation of the Spartina effects should be sufficiently considered in coastal development and management.Furthermore， in order to predict the future evolution of the S. alterniflora wetlands over the region， in addition to in situ monitoring and measurements， an ecosystem dynamic model should be established， taking into account the coupling of the rerrestrial and marine environmental-ecological processes.

tectonics； magmatic rocks； magmatic activity； continental dynamics； South China Block