曹烈虎 章浩 張春才 翁蔚宗 李海航 宋紹軍 紀(jì)方 蘇佳燦
肩關(guān)節(jié)前脫位的診治體會(huì)
曹烈虎 章浩 張春才 翁蔚宗 李海航 宋紹軍 紀(jì)方 蘇佳燦
目的探討肩關(guān)節(jié)前脫位手法復(fù)位前的傷情評(píng)估及相關(guān)并發(fā)癥的防治。方法回顧性分析肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位患者56例,其中男性31例,女性25例。喙突下脫位31例,盂下脫位20例,鎖骨下脫位5例,伴有肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折15例,肱骨頭骨折1例,腋神經(jīng)損傷3例,醫(yī)源性肱骨近端骨折2例。結(jié)果所有患者在急診室試行Hippocrates法進(jìn)行手法復(fù)位,48例手法復(fù)位成功,8例手法復(fù)位失敗,其中1例伴有肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)患者在手術(shù)室全麻手法復(fù)位,2例臂叢麻醉下手法復(fù)位,4例行切開復(fù)位,1例肱骨頭骨折卡壓者行切開復(fù)位。結(jié)論肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位手法復(fù)位前應(yīng)對(duì)傷情進(jìn)行充分的評(píng)估,要認(rèn)真分析影像資料,進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的手法復(fù)位。若手法失敗,避免造成醫(yī)源性損傷,應(yīng)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的影像檢查,必要時(shí)在臂叢或全麻下復(fù)位,甚至切開復(fù)位,并對(duì)相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的判斷,減少醫(yī)源性損傷的發(fā)生。
肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位; 手法復(fù)位; 醫(yī)源性損傷; 切開復(fù)位
肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位是較為常見的肩關(guān)節(jié)損傷,占所有關(guān)節(jié)脫位的50%左右。其中,肩關(guān)節(jié)前脫位占96%[1],后脫位較為少見。肩關(guān)節(jié)前脫位在急診室中大部分通過(guò)手法得到復(fù)位,但一些患者常合并大結(jié)節(jié)骨折、肱骨頭骨折、肩袖損傷、神經(jīng)損傷、腋動(dòng)脈損傷等并發(fā)癥。如果傷情未正確判斷,手法復(fù)位粗暴,則會(huì)加重原來(lái)的損傷,不僅導(dǎo)致醫(yī)源性肱骨近端骨折、神經(jīng)血管損傷,還會(huì)導(dǎo)致不必要的醫(yī)療糾紛[23]。因此,我們必須對(duì)所有肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位患者進(jìn)行正確的評(píng)估和判斷,有效地進(jìn)行手法復(fù)位。初次手法復(fù)位失敗的患者需要進(jìn)手術(shù)室麻醉復(fù)位,甚至需要切開復(fù)位。第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院骨科自2012年8月至2013年10月急診治療56例患者,診治情況報(bào)道如下。
一、一般資料
本組肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位患者56例,其中男性31例,女性25例;年齡23~85歲,平均年齡36.5歲;車禍外傷10例,摔傷32例,墜落傷8例,運(yùn)動(dòng)傷6例。傷后就診時(shí)間為15min至8h,平均1.6h,均為新鮮、外傷性脫位。其中,喙突下脫位31例,盂下脫位20例,鎖骨下脫位5例,伴有肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折15例,肱骨頭骨折1例,腋神經(jīng)損傷3例,醫(yī)源性肱骨近端骨折2例。
二、入選標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
明顯外傷病史,就診時(shí)患者患肢輕度外展內(nèi)旋位,肘屈曲,用健側(cè)手托住側(cè)前臂,外觀呈方肩畸形,肩峰明顯突出,劍峰下空虛,在腋下、喙突下、鎖骨下能摸到肱骨頭,通過(guò)X線(正位加穿胸位)確診為肩關(guān)節(jié)前脫位。
三、治療方法
肩關(guān)節(jié)腔內(nèi)注射1支利多卡因(100mg),約10min患者疼痛及情緒緩解后,按照Hippocrates法進(jìn)行手法復(fù)位。
所有患者在急診室試行Hippocrates法進(jìn)行手法復(fù)位,48例手法復(fù)位成功,8例手法復(fù)位失敗,其中1例伴有肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)患者在手術(shù)室全麻復(fù)位,2例臂叢麻醉下手法復(fù)位,4例行切開復(fù)位,1例肱骨頭骨折卡壓者行切開復(fù)位。
典型病例1:患者女性,82歲,摔傷導(dǎo)致右肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位。來(lái)我院之前在2家醫(yī)院試行手法復(fù)位失敗,到我院急診科就診,復(fù)查X線片提示右肩關(guān)節(jié)盂下脫位。我院急診醫(yī)師再次行手法復(fù)位失敗,請(qǐng)上級(jí)醫(yī)師會(huì)診,行肩關(guān)節(jié)CT檢查,提示右肱骨頭骨折卡壓。急診在臂叢麻醉下行手術(shù)切開予以復(fù)位,詳見圖1。
典型病例2:患者男性,78歲,摔傷致左肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位伴大結(jié)節(jié)骨折(盂下脫位),臂叢神經(jīng)損傷。在急診科多次手法復(fù)位失敗,收住入院,行三維CT檢查提示肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)卡壓在關(guān)節(jié)盂,診斷進(jìn)一步明確后行切開復(fù)位內(nèi)固定術(shù),詳見圖2。
圖1 患者,女性,82歲,摔傷導(dǎo)致右肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位 圖A為術(shù)前X線片;圖B為術(shù)前CT;圖C為術(shù)后即刻X線片
圖2 患者,男性,78歲,摔傷致左肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位伴大結(jié)節(jié)骨折(盂下脫位),臂叢神經(jīng)損傷 圖A為術(shù)前X線片;圖B為術(shù)前CT;圖C為術(shù)前三維CT;圖D為術(shù)后X線片
典型病例3:患者女性,34歲,由摔傷導(dǎo)致的左肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折伴肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位。外院給予手法復(fù)位肩周帶固定保守治療,3周后患者因左上臂外展功能明顯受限來(lái)我院就診。行左肩關(guān)節(jié)MRI檢查提示:左肩袖崗上肌腱損傷,我院給予行微創(chuàng)鉚釘修復(fù)肩袖損傷+空心釘固定術(shù),手術(shù)1個(gè)月后左臂外展功能明顯恢復(fù),詳見圖3。
圖3 患者,女性,34歲,摔傷導(dǎo)致的左肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折伴肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位 圖A為術(shù)前X線片;圖B為術(shù)前MRI提示:肩袖損傷;圖C為術(shù)后X線片;圖D為術(shù)后功能照
肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位在骨科急診較為常見,通過(guò)Hippocrates法大部分患者可順利復(fù)位[4]。多數(shù)醫(yī)師在肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位手法復(fù)位中積累了一定的經(jīng)驗(yàn),因此常常盲目相信自己,在沒有認(rèn)真閱讀影像資料的情況下常徒手復(fù)位。一人復(fù)位不行,借助多人幫助暴力復(fù)位,常常造成醫(yī)源性損傷的發(fā)生,導(dǎo)致醫(yī)療糾紛。采用多人復(fù)位,容易出現(xiàn)用力不均,出現(xiàn)應(yīng)力點(diǎn)錯(cuò)移而導(dǎo)致復(fù)位失敗,甚至出現(xiàn)應(yīng)力點(diǎn)的骨折。而應(yīng)力點(diǎn)最經(jīng)常出現(xiàn)的就是解剖頸處,所以肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位出現(xiàn)整復(fù)性骨折者常為解剖頸骨折。筆者認(rèn)為,對(duì)于青壯年或體力勞動(dòng)者,因上肢肌肉發(fā)達(dá),在仔細(xì)閱片的情況下,一人無(wú)法復(fù)位的時(shí)候,可借助多人進(jìn)行復(fù)位。但復(fù)位過(guò)程中因循序漸進(jìn),避免暴力,特別是對(duì)于老年人。當(dāng)手法復(fù)位失敗時(shí),切忌暴力復(fù)位,高質(zhì)量的X線片對(duì)骨科醫(yī)師避免漏診、誤診有很大的作用。遇到可疑情況,必須重新拍片或者行CT重建,及時(shí)調(diào)整治療方案。另外,單純徒手復(fù)位失敗時(shí),適當(dāng)給予利多卡因局部麻醉,減輕患者的疼痛感和緊張心理,利于手法復(fù)位。Tamaoki等[5]通過(guò)隨機(jī)對(duì)照研究證實(shí),對(duì)肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位手法復(fù)位給予局麻藥患者在疼痛減輕、復(fù)位時(shí)間、引發(fā)并發(fā)癥方面明顯優(yōu)于對(duì)照組。
肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位手法復(fù)位最常用的方法為Hippocrate法。由于此方法易出現(xiàn)并發(fā)癥、患者耐受差等原因,專家們正探索更多的復(fù)位方法,如Kocher法、牽拉-反牽拉法、Stimson法、Eskimo法[6]。O′Connor等[7]對(duì)12例伴肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折患者采用Milch法復(fù)位,不僅肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位全部成功復(fù)位,且復(fù)位后12例患者大結(jié)節(jié)骨折移位均<5mm,認(rèn)為Milch法是現(xiàn)場(chǎng)急救和急診室人力緊張時(shí)的理想方法。采用肩胛骨復(fù)位法,也可成功復(fù)位肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位口,但由于采用被動(dòng)俯臥位,對(duì)需要采用臂叢或全麻的患者不宜使用(備注:因?yàn)榇藦?fù)位法是俯臥位,如打臂叢或全麻麻醉的話,通過(guò)仰臥位Hippocrate法就可解決,不需要采用肩胛骨復(fù)位法)。此外,對(duì)于肩胛骨較難觸摸的肥胖患者也不宜使用。肩關(guān)節(jié)外旋法是相對(duì)新的方法,Eachempati等[8]強(qiáng)調(diào)對(duì)合并大結(jié)節(jié)骨折的患者,復(fù)位前予以麻醉。Sayegh等[9]提出的快速、可靠、安全的FARES(fast,reliable,and safe)法通過(guò)牽引和垂直震蕩運(yùn)動(dòng)復(fù)位肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位。通過(guò)對(duì)155例肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位合并或不合并大結(jié)節(jié)骨折患者隨機(jī)采用FARES法、Hippocratic法或Kocher法復(fù)位,認(rèn)為FARES法是快速、有效、少痛的復(fù)位方法。Maity等[10]采用前瞻性隨機(jī)臨床對(duì)比研究,對(duì)FARES法和Eachempati外旋復(fù)位法進(jìn)行比較,發(fā)現(xiàn)FARES法復(fù)位成功率為95%,Eachempati外旋復(fù)位法為91.25%。但在復(fù)位的速度、復(fù)位過(guò)程中的疼痛程度以及嘗試復(fù)位的次數(shù)上FARES法顯著優(yōu)于Eachempati外旋復(fù)位法,推薦FARES法為復(fù)位肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位的首選方法。
肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位并發(fā)癥較多,常合并肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折、肱骨頭骨折、肩袖損傷、腋神經(jīng)損傷、臂叢神經(jīng)損傷、腋動(dòng)脈損傷等。其中肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位合并大結(jié)節(jié)骨折的發(fā)生率為15%~30%[11]。當(dāng)大結(jié)節(jié)移位>5mm或者從事上臂過(guò)度運(yùn)動(dòng)的運(yùn)動(dòng)員、重體力勞動(dòng)者移位>3mm者需進(jìn)行手術(shù)治療[12]。肱骨頭骨折首次在1940年被Hill和Sachs報(bào)道,又稱為Hill-Sachs損傷,大約為肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位發(fā)生率的40%~90%,是引起關(guān)節(jié)脫位的重要原因[13]。小的缺損不影響肩關(guān)節(jié)穩(wěn)定性時(shí)可選擇保守治療,大的缺損需要行關(guān)節(jié)鏡和切開治療[14]。肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位幾乎合并肩袖損傷,由于脫位復(fù)位后上肢制動(dòng)而不能在早期發(fā)現(xiàn),因此晚期出現(xiàn)上肢外展無(wú)力、肩關(guān)節(jié)反復(fù)疼痛時(shí),可考慮肩袖損傷,及時(shí)行關(guān)節(jié)鏡或開放手法探查修復(fù)肩袖損傷[15]。肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位是腋神經(jīng)損傷的常見原因。由肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位引起的腋神經(jīng)損傷為神經(jīng)牽拉傷,損傷常位于四邊孔間隙[16]。肩關(guān)節(jié)復(fù)位后,腋神經(jīng)損傷可先行保守治療,如保守治療無(wú)效,經(jīng)臨床及肌電圖檢查無(wú)恢復(fù)表現(xiàn),應(yīng)及時(shí)手術(shù)探查。臂叢神經(jīng)損傷往往是肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位牽拉損傷引起,臨床上比較少見,保守治療為主,年輕人比老年人恢復(fù)的快[17]。當(dāng)肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位出現(xiàn)上肢血腫、蒼白、脈搏減弱、麻痹、體溫降低時(shí)就要高度懷疑腋動(dòng)脈損傷,即刻行動(dòng)脈造影檢查,及時(shí)手術(shù)探查[18]。
總之,肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位手法復(fù)位前應(yīng)對(duì)傷情進(jìn)行充分評(píng)估,要認(rèn)真分析影像資料,進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的手法復(fù)位,并對(duì)相關(guān)的并發(fā)癥進(jìn)行準(zhǔn)確的判斷。當(dāng)手法復(fù)位失敗時(shí),應(yīng)進(jìn)行進(jìn)一步的影像學(xué)檢查,在麻醉下或切開復(fù)位,切忌盲目自信,避免醫(yī)源性損傷的發(fā)生。因此,當(dāng)面對(duì)肩關(guān)節(jié)脫位患者,特別是多次手法復(fù)位失敗的復(fù)雜患者,一定要考慮相關(guān)上述并發(fā)癥的發(fā)生,如合并肱骨大結(jié)節(jié)骨折、肱骨頭骨折、肩袖損傷、腋神經(jīng)損傷,臂叢神經(jīng)損傷、腋動(dòng)脈損傷等,避免漏診、誤診的情況發(fā)生。
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The diagnosis and treatment of anterior shoulder dislocations
Cao Liehu,Zhang Hao,Zhang Chuncai,Wong Weizong,Li Haihang,Song Shaojun,Ji Fang,Su Jiacan.Department of Orthopedics,Changhai Hospital Affiliated to Second Military Medical University,Shanghai 200433,China
ObjectiveTo explore the injury assessment and the control measure for the related complication before the manual reduction of anterior shoulder dislocations.MethodsGeneral data:56 patients suffered anterior shoulder dislocations were retrospectively analyzed in our study.31were male and 25were female,and their ages ranged from 23to 85years old with the mean age of 36.5years old.10patients got injured at car accidents.32injuries resulted from falling,8of which fell from the height,and 6were injured in sports.The time before going to hospital ranged from 15minutes to 8 hours with a mean time of 1.6hours.All of the shoulder dislocations were fresh and traumatic.For the dislocation direction,31were subcoracoid dislocations,20were subglenoid dislocations,and 5were subclavicle dislocations,15patients were associated with fractures of greater tuberosity,1humeral head fracture,and 3axillary nerve injuries,2Iatrogenic proximal humeral fractures.Inclusion criteria:Patients had a clear history of shoulder trauma.The squared shoulder deformation was showed by physical examination,and the humeral head could be touched in the axillary,subcoracoid,or subclavicle.The shoulder dislocation was also confirmed by the radiographic diagnosis.Treatment:100 mg lidocaine was injected into the shoulder joint,and then the dislocations were reduced using the Hippocrates method after about 10minutes when the pain was relieved.ResultsAll the patients
closed reduction by the Hippocrates method in the emergency room.48patients had successful reduction,8patients failed.Of these 8cases,closed reduction succeeded in one case with the fracture of greater tuberosity at the operation room with general anesthesia,manual reduction was done in 2cases with brachial plexus block,and open reduction was done in one case with humeral head fracture.ConclusionsA series of careful assessment should be done before gimmick reset of the anterior shoulder dislocation,including the analysis of the image data.If the gimmick reset failed,to avoid the violent iatrogenic damage,further image examination need be done,and the reduction need to be done with general anesthesia of brachial plexus anesthesia when necessary.The accurate judgment of complications was needed to reduce the occurrence of iatrogenic injury.
Shoulder dislocation; Manual reduction; Iatrogenic damage; Open reduction
Su Jiacan,Email:drsujiacan@163.com
2013-11-30)
(本文編輯:胡桂英)
10.3877/cma.j.issn.2095-5790.2014.01.008
200433 上海,第二軍醫(yī)大學(xué)附屬長(zhǎng)海醫(yī)院骨科
蘇佳燦,Email:drsujiacan@163.com
曹烈虎,章浩,翁蔚宗,等.肩關(guān)節(jié)前脫位的診治體會(huì)[J/CD].中華肩肘外科電子雜志,2014,2(1):41-44.