吳全德,黃文林,2,3,4,5
1中國科學(xué)院微生物研究所,北京100101 2中山大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院,廣東廣州510010 3廣東省腫瘤靶向治療新藥研發(fā)企業(yè)重點實驗室,廣東廣州510663 4廣東省發(fā)展和改革委員會基因藥物工程實驗室,廣東廣州510663 5廣州達(dá)博生物制品有限公司,廣東廣州510663
一次性生物反應(yīng)器懸浮培養(yǎng)HEK 293細(xì)胞生產(chǎn)Ad-IFNγ的工藝
吳全德1,黃文林1,2,3,4,5
1中國科學(xué)院微生物研究所,北京100101 2中山大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院,廣東廣州510010 3廣東省腫瘤靶向治療新藥研發(fā)企業(yè)重點實驗室,廣東廣州510663 4廣東省發(fā)展和改革委員會基因藥物工程實驗室,廣東廣州510663 5廣州達(dá)博生物制品有限公司,廣東廣州510663
腺病毒載體是極具發(fā)展前景的基因治療載體之一,為獲得一條新型腺病毒規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)工藝,研究采用5 L振蕩激流式一次性生物反應(yīng)器懸浮培養(yǎng)HEK293細(xì)胞來生產(chǎn)重組腺病毒載體。細(xì)胞經(jīng)種子鏈逐步擴(kuò)增后,接種至AP10生物反應(yīng)器,采用CD293無血清培養(yǎng)基流加培養(yǎng)懸浮HEK293細(xì)胞,細(xì)胞密度達(dá)約2.0×106個/m L時,以30 MOI(Multiplicity of infection)感染重組Ad-IFNγ(Recombinant adenovirus-interferon gamma),48 h后收獲細(xì)胞,3次凍融裂解離心收獲上清病毒粗產(chǎn)品。采用殼蛋白免疫法快速測定粗產(chǎn)品滴度。結(jié)果表明,采用振蕩激流式一次性生物反應(yīng)器,流加HEK293細(xì)胞懸浮培養(yǎng)6 d,密度可達(dá)2.0×106個/m L,Ad-IFNγ粗產(chǎn)量達(dá)1.49×1013IFU(Infectious unit),單細(xì)胞包裝量達(dá)3 800 IFU/cell。采用陰離子交換層析法純化重組腺病毒,回收率35.9%。建立了利用5 L激流式一次性生物反應(yīng)器懸浮培養(yǎng)HEK293細(xì)胞生產(chǎn)重組腺病毒載體Ad-IFNγ的初步工藝。
重組腺病毒,HEK 293細(xì)胞懸浮培養(yǎng),一次性生物反應(yīng)器,分離純化,陰離子交換層析
腺病毒載體是極具發(fā)展?jié)摿Φ幕蛑委熭d體之一[1],在全球已報道1 970例基因治療臨床試驗中占23.5%[2]。探索規(guī)?;?、高效和可重復(fù)的符合GMP標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的重組腺病毒生產(chǎn)工藝,是臨床試驗和商業(yè)生產(chǎn)的迫切需求[3-5]。HEK293是最常用的腺病毒包裝細(xì)胞系,傳統(tǒng)采用微載體、紙片載體、固定床等預(yù)裝載體于生物反應(yīng)器內(nèi)貼壁培養(yǎng)[3,6-7],缺點是不易放大。懸浮馴化培養(yǎng)操作簡便,易于放大,使用無血清CD(Chem ical define)級培養(yǎng)基,避免動物來源成分所產(chǎn)生的潛在風(fēng)險,利于下游純化工作的開展[8]。近年,一次性生物反應(yīng)器(Single use bioreactor)或稱拋棄型生物反應(yīng)器(Disposable bioreactor)逐漸應(yīng)用于生物制藥[9-12]。一次性生物反應(yīng)器因易操作,交叉污染風(fēng)險低,并經(jīng)過FDA認(rèn)證,能有效縮短生產(chǎn)周期及降低生產(chǎn)成本等優(yōu)點而廣受歡迎[9]。
研究采用懸浮HEK293作為包裝細(xì)胞,在5 L振蕩激流式一次性生物反應(yīng)器中培養(yǎng)生產(chǎn)Ad-IFNγ,并采用Q sepharose XL陰離子交換層析進(jìn)行分離純化,初步建立了基于振蕩激流式一次性生物反應(yīng)器的重組腺病毒生產(chǎn)工藝。
1.1 細(xì)胞和病毒
懸浮HEK 293細(xì)胞由中山大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院實驗研究部惠贈。Ad-IFNγ由廣州達(dá)博生物饋贈,按常規(guī)方法進(jìn)行擴(kuò)增保存。
1.2 培養(yǎng)基
CD 293干粉購自Gibco公司,細(xì)胞級純水由純水儀(M illipore,GER)制備;添加4 mmol/L谷氨酰胺(Sigma,USA),調(diào)節(jié)pH 7.0,經(jīng)0.22 μm過濾除菌。
1.3 細(xì)胞種子擴(kuò)增
懸浮293細(xì)胞從液氮中取出快速復(fù)蘇,37℃,置于搖床培養(yǎng),120 r/m in。經(jīng)傳代逐步放大培養(yǎng)后,接種至5 L振蕩激流式一次性生物反應(yīng)器(Am Protein current bioreactor 10,APCB10),由杭州安普生物提供。
1.4 一次性生物反應(yīng)器培養(yǎng)
反應(yīng)器配套細(xì)胞培養(yǎng)袋、呼吸袋、取樣器均購自杭州安普生物。以密度3×105?6×105個/m L接種,溫度37℃,通CO2及0.5 mol/L NaOH調(diào)節(jié)pH 7.0?7.2,通過自動控制系統(tǒng)通入混合O2/N2/空氣控制DO 40%?50%,起始轉(zhuǎn)速55 r/m in,隨培養(yǎng)體積擴(kuò)大提高至65 r/m in。
每24 h取樣,計算細(xì)胞密度及存活率,測定葡萄糖和乳酸濃度。細(xì)胞密度大于1×106個/m L開始流加培養(yǎng),流加率0.6?1(前24 h培養(yǎng)體積的0.6?1倍)。經(jīng)4?6 d,細(xì)胞密度達(dá)到2×106個/m L,按30 MOI感染Ad-IFNγ,48 h后收獲感染細(xì)胞。加入3倍體積細(xì)胞裂解液[Tris 50 mmol/L,M gCl22 mmol/L,NaCl 100 mmol/L,pH 8.0]重懸凍融裂解,離心得上清粗產(chǎn)品經(jīng)純化并于–80℃保存。
1.5 陰離子交換層析純化
采用50 m LQ XL(GE Healthcare,USA)陰離子交換層析柱純化病毒。病毒粗產(chǎn)品經(jīng)核酸酶(M erck,GER)處理1 h,經(jīng)0.45 μm過濾澄清后上樣,450 mmol/L NaCl洗脫收獲病毒。
1.6 檢測方法
1.6.1 細(xì)胞計數(shù)及活力檢測
采用血球計數(shù)板點樣計算細(xì)胞密度,臺盼藍(lán)拒染法計算細(xì)胞活率,計數(shù)3次取平均值。
1.6.2 乳酸濃度及葡萄糖濃度測定
乳酸測定試劑盒購自南京建成生物工程研究所;葡萄糖測定試劑盒購自上海榮盛生物藥業(yè)公司;按說明書進(jìn)行測定。
1.6.3 病毒感染滴度測定
采用殼蛋白免疫法進(jìn)行感染滴度測定[13]??箽さ鞍卓贵w、共軛辣根過氧化物酶二抗均由中山大學(xué)附屬腫瘤醫(yī)院實驗研究部饋贈。
1.6.4 純化病毒產(chǎn)品的純度檢測
產(chǎn)品純度采用紫外吸收法測A260/A280比值。
2.1 懸浮HEK293細(xì)胞種子擴(kuò)增
細(xì)胞復(fù)蘇體積15 mL,搖床轉(zhuǎn)速120 r/min。細(xì)胞密度達(dá)到1×106?1.5×106個/mL,開始傳代,傳代密度控制在5×105?7×105個/mL,保證了細(xì)胞穩(wěn)定性及倍增時間。建立了一條細(xì)胞種子擴(kuò)增鏈,見表1。
表1 搖床培養(yǎng)種子擴(kuò)增鏈Table 1Seed train process using shaking culture
圖1 反應(yīng)器中細(xì)胞生長及葡萄糖、乳酸濃度曲線Fig.1Cell growth curve and concentration curve of glucose and lactate of the bioreactor.(A)Cell growth and viability curve of the first trial of inoculating with 5.0×105cells/mL.(B)Concentration control of glucose and lactate during the first trial.(C)Cell growth and viability curve of the second trial of inoculating with 3.0×105cells/mL.(D)Concentration control of glucose and lactate during the second trial.(E)Cell growth and viability curve of the third trial of inoculating with 6.5×105cells/mL.(F)Concentration control of glucose and lactate during the third trial.The black arrows in(C)(E)show that portions of cell culture were inoculated into other bioreactors(data not show)and then the rest were re-inoculated into APCB10.
2.25 L一次性生物反應(yīng)器懸浮培養(yǎng)293細(xì)胞
分別以5.0×105、3.0×105、6.5×105個/mL接種至反應(yīng)器,每24 h取樣,繪制生長曲線,如圖1A、1C、1E。箭頭處表示排出部分細(xì)胞作其他研究(結(jié)果未顯示),留部分細(xì)胞重新接種。前48 h細(xì)胞生長緩慢,此后進(jìn)入快速生長期。密度達(dá)1×106個/m L (約48?72 h),流加培養(yǎng),流加率為0.6?1/d,倍增時間約24 h。同時,圖1C、1E表明,重新接種細(xì)胞直接進(jìn)入快速生長期。監(jiān)測葡萄糖和乳酸濃度,見圖1B、1D、1F,發(fā)現(xiàn)能量充足,乳酸低于20 mmol/L,反映細(xì)胞營養(yǎng)供給和代謝抑制因子均在可控水平[3]。細(xì)胞密度最終達(dá)到2×106個/m L時,加入Ad-IFNγ感染,48 hpi收獲感染細(xì)胞。
2.3 粗產(chǎn)品感染滴度測定
通過快速測定病毒感染滴度,見表2。結(jié)果表明,采用APCB10一次性生物反應(yīng)器懸浮培養(yǎng),得到了穩(wěn)定的Ad-IFNγ產(chǎn)量。
2.4 陰離子交換層析
采用Q XL陰離子交換層析法,低鹽上樣,450 mmol/L NaCl洗脫得到目的峰見圖2。經(jīng)檢測病毒滴度回收率35.9%,比活性4%,A260/A280=1.27。
表2 病毒感染滴度測定結(jié)果Table 2 The p roduction of in fective units
圖2 Q XL陰離子交換層析純化Ad-IFNγFig.2 Anion-exchange chromatography of Ad-IFNγ lysate.
流加培養(yǎng)通過添加新鮮培養(yǎng)基,補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng),稀釋代謝副產(chǎn)物,維持細(xì)胞生長。流加培養(yǎng)無需截留器,硬件要求低,操作簡便,在哺乳動物細(xì)胞大規(guī)模培養(yǎng),特別是在一次性生物反應(yīng)器中更常見[14]。但易受副產(chǎn)物累積制約,影響細(xì)胞狀態(tài)。因此優(yōu)化培養(yǎng)條件,控制流加時間及流加率極為重要。試驗發(fā)現(xiàn),細(xì)胞密度在1×106?1.5×106個/m L時,細(xì)胞狀態(tài)良好,流加率為0.6?1/d,能保證細(xì)胞快速生長,縮短培養(yǎng)周期。密度增加至一定程度(>1×106個/mL),會出現(xiàn)“細(xì)胞密度效應(yīng)(Cell density effect)”[3,8,15]。普遍認(rèn)為與營養(yǎng)耗竭或副產(chǎn)物積累有關(guān),但機(jī)制未明。補(bǔ)充營養(yǎng)或者更新培養(yǎng)基效果有限,并導(dǎo)致成本提高[5,8,16]。因此,綜合考慮成本及可操作性等因素,我們認(rèn)為在密度2×106個/m L感染合適。報道指出,腺病毒顆粒單位(Adenovirus particle unit)單細(xì)胞包裝量在104?105VP/m L之間,而其中具有感染能力單位(Infectious units)不足十分之一甚至更低[3]。我們獲得單細(xì)胞病毒產(chǎn)量分別是2 200 IFU/cell、 1 700 IFU/cell和3 800 IFU/cell,與其他工藝相比,具有一定的競爭力。
氯化銫密度梯度離心是經(jīng)典的腺病毒純化方法,但不適于規(guī)模化生產(chǎn)。人們開發(fā)各種高通量純化工藝,如離子交換、凝膠過濾、擴(kuò)張床、膜過濾等,以取代氯化銫密低梯度離心[17-19]。研究采用Q XL陰離子交換層析,獲得了35.9%的整體回收率。腺病毒的純化因工藝選擇有所不同,如Peixoto等采用擴(kuò)張床層析,獲得了32%回收率[19],Eglon等采用陰離子交換+凝膠過濾層析,獲得36%回收率[18],Riske等采用膜吸附+凝膠過濾+陰離子交換層析,獲得(33±3)%回收率[20],Liang等采用陽離子交換、親和層析、凝膠過濾層析分別獲得了39%、29%和24%回收率[21]。腺病毒的純化受緩沖液選擇、澄清方法等因素影響。選擇合適的緩沖液能夠保證核酸酶活性,降解宿主DNA,降低樣品粘度,便于澄清處理,去除細(xì)胞雜質(zhì)及病毒凝集,減少位阻效應(yīng),能有效提高病毒回收率[18]。因此,篩選緩沖液配方,改進(jìn)澄清方法,是腺病毒純化的關(guān)鍵之一。
一次性(拋棄型)生物反應(yīng)器是生物制藥產(chǎn)業(yè)的新熱點。反應(yīng)器配套耗材由經(jīng)過FDA認(rèn)證的特殊材質(zhì)制成,安全性高。采用γ射線輻照無菌預(yù)處理,擯棄了傳統(tǒng)生物反應(yīng)器繁冗耗能的滅菌程序,保證不同批次生產(chǎn)的物理隔絕。因此,采用一次性生物反應(yīng)器,能降低生產(chǎn)成本,降低能耗,縮短生產(chǎn)周期,減少交叉污染風(fēng)險[9]。研究選用非攪拌振蕩激流式一次性生物反應(yīng)器生產(chǎn)重組腺病毒,取得了良好效果。
懸浮HEK 293細(xì)胞經(jīng)種子鏈擴(kuò)增以及一次性生物應(yīng)器流加培養(yǎng),溫度控制37℃,pH 7.1?7.2,DO 40%?50%,轉(zhuǎn)速55?65 r/m in,細(xì)胞密度提高至2×106個/m L,病毒粗產(chǎn)率達(dá)到3 800 IFU/cell,采用陰離子交換層析純化腺病毒產(chǎn)品,得到35.9%的回收率,初步建立了利用5 L振蕩激流式一次性激流式生物反應(yīng)器懸浮培養(yǎng)HEK 293細(xì)胞生產(chǎn)Ad-IFNγ的生產(chǎn)工藝,同時為擴(kuò)大生產(chǎn)規(guī)模奠定基礎(chǔ),對其他類型的重組腺病毒產(chǎn)品生產(chǎn)也具有參考意義。
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(本文責(zé)編 陳宏宇)
Producing Ad-IFN gamma by suspension culture of HEK 293 cells in a disposable bioreactor
Quande Wu1,and Wenlin Huang1,2,3,4,5
1 Institute of Microbiology,Chinese Academy of Sciences,Beijing 100101,China 2 Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center,Guangzhou 510010,Guangdong,China 3 Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Tumor-targeted Drug,Guangzhou 510663,Guangdong,China 4 Guangdong Provincial Development and Reform Commission Key Laboratory of Gene Medicine,Guangzhou 510663,Guangdong,China 5 Guanzhou Doublle Bioproducts Corperation,Guangzhou 510663,Guangdong,China
Adenovirus vectors are prom ising delivery systems for gene therapy.We established a new process for clinic trial ofrecombinant adenovirus vectors using a novel disposable bioreactor.The suspension HEK293 cells were inoculated into a 5 L disposable bioreactor w ith parameters control of pH,DO,agitation and temperature.A fter 6 days of a fed-batch culture,the final cell density reached 2.0×106cells/m L.The culture was infected w ith Ad-IFNγ at an MOI of 30.The harvest was performed at approximately 48 h post-infection and crude viral lysate was obtained after 3 freeze/thaw cycles and centrifugation.The maximum titers of crude viral lysate was 1.49×1013Infectious units(IFU)and the bulk product specific was 3 800 IFU/cell. Purified Ad-IFNγ by anion-exchange chromatography and the final recovery of infectious unit reached 35.9%.The result demonstrates that an efficient and stable process of producing Ad-IFNγ using a disposable fed-batch bioreactor is established.
adenovirus vectors,suspension culture of HEK293 cell,disposable bioreactor,purification,anion-exchange chromatography
February 27,2014;Accep ted:April 15,2014
Wenlin Huang.Tel/Fax:+86-20-87343146;E-mail:drhuangwenlin@163.com
吳全德,黃文林.一次性生物反應(yīng)器懸浮培養(yǎng)HEK293細(xì)胞生產(chǎn)Ad-IFNγ的工藝.生物工程學(xué)報,2014,30(11):1786?1790.
Wu QD,Huang WL.Producing Ad-IFN gamma by suspension culture of HEK 293 cells in a disposable bioreactor.Chin J Biotech,2014,30(11):1786?1790.
Supported by:Science and Technology Program of Guangdong Province(No.2011A 080502010),Major Drug Discovery of the 12th Five-year Program(No.2012ZX 09401015).
廣東省科技計劃項目(No.2011A 080502010),十二五重大新藥創(chuàng)制項目(No.2012ZX 09401015)資助。
時間:2014-05-30網(wǎng)絡(luò)出版地址:http://www.cnki.net/kcms/doi/10.13345/j.cjb.140119.htm l