摘要:目的 研究影響膿毒癥相關急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(acute respiratory distress syndrome,ARDS)患者臨床特征和影響其預后的因素。方法 回顧分析2008年1月~2010年12月入住綜合ICU患者符合膿毒癥相關ARDS患者資料,分為存活組和死亡組。結果 研究期間共有1268例患者入住綜合ICU,96例患者符合膿毒癥相關ARDS,其中存活組49例,死亡組47例。普遍存在入住ICU延遲和多重耐藥菌導致肺部感染。與存活組比較,死亡組患者以高齡、基礎疾病重、內(nèi)科疾病、機械通氣期間不改善氧和功能、高氣道峰壓,感染性休克和急性腎損傷發(fā)生率高、持續(xù)性血液濾過(CRRT)和液體正平衡為主。結論 對重癥醫(yī)學相關指南依從性不高是導致膿毒癥相關ARDS患者死亡率居高不降的重要因素APACHEⅡ評分、膿毒癥嚴重程度、ARDS來源,是影響ARDS患者預后的獨立危險因素。
關鍵詞:膿毒癥;急性呼吸窘迫綜合征;APACHEⅡ評分;液體復蘇
急性呼吸窘迫綜合征(Acute respiratory distress syndrome, ARDS)是在嚴重感染、休克、創(chuàng)傷及燒傷等非心源性疾病過程中,肺毛細血管內(nèi)皮細胞和肺泡上皮細胞損傷造成彌漫性肺間質(zhì)及肺泡水腫,以肺容積減少、肺順應性降低、嚴重通氣/血流比例失調(diào)為病理生理特征,臨床表現(xiàn)為進行性低氧血癥和呼吸窘迫,肺部影像學表現(xiàn)為非均一性的滲出性病變[1-3]。經(jīng)過20余年發(fā)展,國內(nèi)從事重癥醫(yī)學的醫(yī)護人員對指南依從性低[4-7]。保護性機械通氣策略和限制性液體管理策略改善ARDS患者死亡率[8-9]。膿毒癥是導致ARDS重要誘因,實施集束化治療能夠改善膿毒癥患者存活率[10-13]。本研究通過單中心回顧性分析膿毒癥相關ARDS患者臨床特征,分析影響患者預后的危險因素。
1資料與方法
1.1一般資料 山東大學齊魯醫(yī)院是有2000余張床位的綜合教學醫(yī)院,綜合ICU擁有16張床位。回顧性分析2008年1月~2010年12月綜合ICU收治成人重癥患者。符合標準:膿毒癥導致ARDS且ARDS發(fā)病<7 d、有創(chuàng)機械通氣≥48 h[14]。剔除標準:年齡<18周歲,ICU住院<24 h,器質(zhì)性心臟病導致心力衰竭,慢性肺間質(zhì)纖維化。
1.2方法 研究指標:年齡、性別,轉入ICU最初24 h內(nèi)簡化生理評分II (simplified acute physiology score, SAPS II)、急性生理和慢性疾病評分II (acute physiology and chronic health evaluation II, APACHE II)、膿毒癥相關器官衰竭評分(sequential Organ Failure Assessment, SOFA)、患者來源、疾病類型、膿毒癥嚴重程度、肺源性和非肺源性ARDS類型、病原學結果和抗感染藥物種類。機械通氣參數(shù)和動脈血氣指標,急性腎損傷發(fā)生率和CRRT使用率。入住ICU最初1 w內(nèi)每日液體出入平衡量和累積量,最初3 d內(nèi)至少1 d液體負平衡,稱為早期液體負平衡策略(conservative early fluid management,CEFM)。第4~7 d內(nèi)至少1 d液體負平衡,稱為晚期液體負平衡策略(conservative late fluid management, CLFM)[15]。主要終點是住院死亡率,次要終點是機械通氣時間、ICU和總住院時間(length of stay,LOS)。
1.4統(tǒng)計學方法 應用SPSS 17.0統(tǒng)計軟件。計量資料采用均數(shù)±標準差描述,兩組間比較采用t檢驗。計數(shù)資料采用χ2檢驗。以P<0.05為差異有統(tǒng)計學意義。
2結果
研究期間,1268例患者入住ICU,96例患者符合膿毒癥相關ARDS。其中存活組49例,死亡組47例,見圖1。兩組患者資料,見表1、表2和表3。
與存活組患者比較,死亡組患者主要以老年、病情重、內(nèi)科疾病和感染性休克為主。兩組患者普遍存在轉入綜合ICU滯后,以多重耐藥菌導致肺源性ARDS為主,實施聯(lián)合經(jīng)驗性抗感染治療。血培養(yǎng)陽性率低,主要以白色念珠菌、溶血葡萄球菌、草綠色鏈球菌、銅綠假單胞菌、鮑曼不動桿菌為主。與存活組比較,死亡組患者氧和指數(shù)低、氣道峰壓高。對兩組患者實施小潮氣量和低PEEP機械通氣策略,機械通氣時間無統(tǒng)計學意義。
接受CVP測定患者比例低,8例患者接受PiCCO 指導液體復蘇。死亡組患者高乳酸血癥、急性腎損傷和CRRT比例高。存活組患者早期液體負平衡比例高和液體蓄積量更少,總住院時間縮短。
3討論
ICU床位設置不足和醫(yī)療費用高,特別是臨床醫(yī)師未及早認識疾病惡化的危害和ICU在搶救危重患者的價值,導致重癥患者轉入ICU滯后、疾病進一步惡化[4-7,16-20]。延遲轉入ICU增加患者發(fā)生以多重耐藥菌為主醫(yī)院獲得性肺炎[21],臨床醫(yī)師忽視病原微生物檢查,血培養(yǎng)送檢率低,片面強調(diào)經(jīng)驗性抗感染治療[10]。
保護性機械通氣策略是改善ARDS患者預后的基石,本資料患者PEEP ≥ 10 cmH2O比例低,與擔心高PEEP導致張力性氣胸風險和不能及時床邊胸片檢查有關[8,22]。而且,本組患者實施小潮氣量期間未發(fā)生二氧化碳潴留,可能與機械通氣期間患者躁動導致通氣過度有關[6]。國內(nèi)ICU普遍存在醫(yī)護人員不足、缺乏規(guī)范培訓,指南依從性低,對機械通氣患者缺乏合理鎮(zhèn)痛鎮(zhèn)靜,導致機械通氣時間延長[3,5-7,11]。
有創(chuàng)血流動力學監(jiān)測是重癥患者液體管理的基石[10],本資料顯示臨床醫(yī)師對重癥患者液體復蘇主要基于臨床主觀判斷,導致最初1 w內(nèi)嚴重液體正平衡,進一步加重高通透性肺水腫,低氧血癥惡化,繼發(fā)性急性腎損傷[13,20,11,23]。因此,ARDS液體管理原則為降低血管外肺水含量的\"干肺\"策略[15,24-27]。PiCCO監(jiān)測不僅明確液體前負荷狀況,亦準確提供血管外肺水含量,指導膿毒癥導致ARDS患者液體管理,有助液體復蘇與\"干肺\"之間達到平衡,避免繼發(fā)性器官損害[26,28]。
4缺陷與不足
本研究為回顧性病例分析,病例數(shù)量少,未分析輸注血制品和感染對患者預后影響。
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