靳大川 李軍
1 新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院第三附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,河南 新鄉(xiāng) 453000;2 新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院管理學(xué)院,河南 新鄉(xiāng) 453000
平行檢測血清CA19-9和血漿K-ras突變對胰腺癌診斷價值的Meta分析
靳大川1李軍2▲
1 新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院第三附屬醫(yī)院消化內(nèi)科,河南 新鄉(xiāng) 453000;2 新鄉(xiāng)醫(yī)學(xué)院管理學(xué)院,河南 新鄉(xiāng) 453000
目的評估平行檢測血清CA19-9和血漿K-ras突變對胰腺癌診斷的價值。方法網(wǎng)絡(luò)文獻檢索Pubmed、CNKI、維普等數(shù)據(jù)庫,全面收集關(guān)于平行檢測血清CA19-9和K-RAS基因突變對胰腺癌診斷研究的文獻。采用Meta-Disk 1.4、RevMan 5和Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2(CMA2)進行全面的Meta分析。結(jié)果按照預(yù)定的納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共納入符合文獻8篇。結(jié)果顯示在胰腺癌的診斷中,平行檢測血CA19-9和K-RAS基因突變的靈敏度和特異度分別是0.909(0.864~0.943)和0.711(0.618~0.792)。而單獨檢測血CA19-9和KRAS的靈敏度分別是0.719(0.656~0.776)和0.671(0.606~0.731);其特異度分別是0.693(0.6~0.776)和0.912(0.845~0.957)。單獨檢測CA19-9和平行檢測的敏感度和特異度優(yōu)勢比(Odds Ratio, OR)分別是0.793(0.6~1.038)和0.986(0.653~1.488)。單獨檢測K-RAS和平行檢測的敏感度和特異度優(yōu)勢比(Odds Ratio, OR)分別是0.773(0.585~1.022)和1.305 (0.880~1.936)。
胰腺腫瘤;CA19-9;K-RAS;診斷;META分析
胰腺癌是當(dāng)前惡性程度最高、預(yù)后最差的惡性腫瘤之一[1-2]。在國內(nèi),其發(fā)病率仍然有逐年遞增的趨勢[2-3]。造成其預(yù)后不良的原因,很大程度上是因為早期診斷的困難。往往在臨床發(fā)現(xiàn)的時候,就已經(jīng)出現(xiàn)了廣泛的轉(zhuǎn)移[4]。因此,早期發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺惡性腫瘤是改善其生存率至關(guān)重要的一環(huán)。
K-ras 基因突變時胰腺癌發(fā)生過程中的一個早期事件,這個早已得到廣泛的證實和公認。其中最常見的是第12密碼子的突變[5-6]。發(fā)生在K-ras基因其他密碼子的突變,比如第13密碼子和第61密碼子,在胰腺意外的其他惡性腫瘤中更為常見[5]。研究表明,90%以上的早期胰腺癌有K-ras基因突變的發(fā)生[7]。而在胰腺非惡性腫瘤病變中,K-ras基因突變的發(fā)生率僅僅是32.1%[5]。在胰腺癌的癌前病變,比如有胰腺癌家族史的胰管增生患者中,就可以有K-ras基因突變的出現(xiàn)[8]。作為一種非創(chuàng)傷性的檢查方式,測定血液中K-ras基因突變,可能在能夠作出臨床診斷前數(shù)月,就已經(jīng)能夠檢測出來[7]。關(guān)于血液中K-ras DNA的來源,目前認為是從凋亡或者壞死的腫瘤細胞釋放出來[9]。
CA19-9是一個涎化Lewis血型抗原成分[10]。在消化系惡性腫瘤,尤其是胰腺癌時,常常有血清CA19-9水平的升高[10]。并一度被認為是胰腺癌最好的診斷、隨訪和判斷療效的指標(biāo)之一[11-13]。檢測血清CA19-9可用于鑒別胰腺良惡性腫瘤,如果結(jié)合影像學(xué)檢查,其敏感度和特異度分別可達到70%~90% 和70%~98%[13-15]。盡管其診斷價值仍有爭議,但是CA19-9仍然是一個有效的胰腺癌血清學(xué)診斷指標(biāo)[16-17]。
有人提議平行檢血清CA19-9和循環(huán)K-ras基因突變可能能改善胰腺癌診斷的敏感度和特異度,尤其在高度懷疑胰腺惡性腫瘤的時候,有更好的臨床應(yīng)用價值[18]。然而,由于缺乏大規(guī)模的臨床試驗,目前這一提議仍然沒有得到廣泛的承認。在本研究中,我們收集公開發(fā)表的單獨和在胰腺癌患者中,平行檢測血清CA19-9和循環(huán)K-ras基因突變的文獻,進行Meta分析。尚未發(fā)現(xiàn)有發(fā)表的類似的Meta分析資料。
1.1 檢索策略
以“CA19-9”、“K-ras”、“胰腺癌”、“診斷”,“K-ras”為中文檢索詞檢索中國期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫(CNKI)、維普中文科技期刊全文數(shù)據(jù)庫。以carbohydrate antigen 19-9 OR CA19-9”、“K-ras”、“pancreatic cancer OR pancreatic carcinoma OR pancreatic tumor”、“Diagnosis”為英文關(guān)鍵詞檢索Pubmed、Embase、Google Scholar、Web of Science英文數(shù)據(jù)庫。文獻檢索日期截止到2014年5月。
1.2 資料篩查和納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)
1.2.1 資料篩查。所有資料由兩位研究者根據(jù)納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)獨立閱讀文獻摘要進行篩選。如果存在疑問不能確定時,由兩人討論研究決定是否納入。對納入的文獻通過QUADAS工具進行質(zhì)量評估。評估表明本次分析納入的8篇文獻質(zhì)量較好。
1.2.2 納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(1)中文和英文文獻;(2)樣本量不少于10例;(3)納入研究的金標(biāo)準(zhǔn)為組織病理學(xué)診斷和(或)手術(shù)診斷,研究對照為正常對照、胰腺良性疾病或者其他組織惡性腫瘤。(4)全部同時提供血清CA19-9和血漿K-ras基因突變的單獨和平行檢測結(jié)果;(5)文獻提供了或者根據(jù)提供的數(shù)據(jù)可以計算真陽性數(shù)(true positive,TP)、假陽性數(shù)(false positive,F(xiàn)P)、假陰性數(shù)(false negative,F(xiàn)N)和真陰性數(shù)(true negative,TN)。
1.2.3 排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn)。(1)綜述、文摘、講座和述評類文章;(2)文獻中未提供或者不能根據(jù)提供的數(shù)據(jù)計算獲得TP、FP、FN、TN;(3)病例未最后確診為胰腺癌;(4)無正常對照組;(5)重復(fù)發(fā)表的文獻。
1.2.4 統(tǒng)計學(xué)分析。采用診斷性試驗評估的標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Meta分析方式進行評估[19]。本研究采用的統(tǒng)計分析軟件包括:Comprehensive Meta-analysis (2.0版本 )(CMA2),Biostat,Englwood,NJ(1995),Meta-Disk for windows version 1.4 (XI Cochrane Colloquium, Barcelona,Spain),RevMan 5.2(Cochrane collaboration, Oxford, UK)。對所有納入的文獻,應(yīng)用CMA2通過Cochran’s Q檢驗進行了異質(zhì)性檢驗,如果P值小于0.05表明有異質(zhì)性,其異質(zhì)性的程度以I2來表示。根據(jù)異質(zhì)性檢驗的結(jié)果選擇固定效應(yīng)模型或者隨機效應(yīng)模型進行計算。分析的指標(biāo)包括:敏感度(SE)、特異度(SP)、診斷比值比(DOR)、陽性預(yù)測值(PLR)、陰性預(yù)測值(NLR)。采用優(yōu)勢比(OR)比較單獨檢測和平行檢測的診斷效能。采用計算漏斗圖分析計算潛在的發(fā)表性偏倚。并采用Duval and Tweedie’s Trim and Fill分析來檢測糾正了潛在發(fā)表偏倚后的結(jié)果(資料未附)。采用SROC曲線來比較不同組別敏感度和特異度之間的關(guān)系。
2.1 檢索結(jié)果
初篩獲得文獻共989篇,按照納入標(biāo)準(zhǔn)和排除標(biāo)準(zhǔn),共納入8篇文獻,其中有英文文獻2篇,中文文獻6篇[20-27]。所有納入文獻優(yōu)勢比之間的檢驗未發(fā)現(xiàn)異質(zhì)性。
2.2 Meta分析結(jié)果
對于CA19-9、K-ras和平行檢測的敏感度、特異度OR檢驗的都得到較大的Q值,P值均大于0.05,這表明所有納入的研究之間沒有異質(zhì)性。CA19-9相對平行檢測的SE和SP的OR值分別是0.793(CI∶0.6~1.038)和0.986(CI∶0.653~1.488)。K-ras相對平行檢測SE和SP的OR值分別是0.773(CI∶0.585~1.022)和1.305 (CI∶0.880~1.936)。我們進行了漏斗圖分析,以檢測有沒有發(fā)表性偏倚的存在。結(jié)果表明的確有一定程度的不對稱性存在。但是Duval and Tweedie’s Trim and Fill 分析調(diào)整后的結(jié)果并沒有發(fā)現(xiàn)有太大的變化。匯總CA19-9、K-ras和平行檢測對胰腺癌診斷的DOR分別是6.134 (95%CI,3.765-9.995),18.605(95%CI,9.463~36.578)和19.142(95% CI,10.533~34.788)。血清CA19-9檢測的PLR和NLR分別是 2.36(95% CI,1.76~3.16)和0.40 (95% CI,0.32~0.52);血漿K-ras檢測的PLR和NLR分別是6.49(95% CI,3.69~11.40)和0.39(95% CI,0.32~0.47);而平行檢測的PLR和NLR則分別是3.30 (2.40~4.52) 和0.15 (0.10~0.22)。匯總的CA19-9 的SE和SP分別是71.9% (95% CI∶65.6%~77.6%)和69.3%(95% CI∶60%~77.6%);對 于K-ras則 分 別是 67.1%(95% CI∶60.6%~ 73.1%) 和 91.2%(95% CI∶84.5%~95.7%)。平行檢測匯總的SE和SP分別為 90.9%(95% CI∶ 86.4%~ 94.3%) 和 71.1%(95% CI∶61.8%~79.2%)。
胰腺癌是預(yù)后最差的惡性腫瘤之一,總體生存率僅5%。但是其組織轉(zhuǎn)移其實是一個漫長的過程,從腫瘤發(fā)生到遠處轉(zhuǎn)移的時間長達15年[28-29]。盡管如此,大部分患者往往到了晚期才得以作出臨床診斷。對診斷時病變?nèi)匀痪窒薜幕颊撸?年生存率達到20%[30]。因此,有效作出早期診斷是至關(guān)重要的。不過,大部分胰腺癌患者在早期的時候沒有任何特異性的癥狀。要有效地進行早期診斷,最重要的是建立有效的篩查性試驗。
要建立胰腺癌理想的初篩試驗是一個很困難的事情。目前常用的方法是CT結(jié)合可能的臨床癥狀。然而,這種診斷方式往往只能發(fā)現(xiàn)晚期的胰腺癌。檢測血清中CA19-9和循環(huán)中K-ras基因突變是非侵入性的方式,可能能用于早期發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺癌。85%的胰腺癌患者有升高的血清CA19-9。盡管在其他惡性腫瘤和良性病變中也可以見到異常升高的CA19-9水平,但是其升高的程度在胰腺癌最為顯著[31]。另外,已經(jīng)有報道血清CA19-9水平的升高和胰腺惡性腫瘤之間有高度的相關(guān)性[18]。其升高水平和胰腺癌的腫瘤負荷有關(guān)[33-34]。因此,CA19-9被認為是胰腺癌早期診斷最好的候選生物標(biāo)記物之一。當(dāng)然,Lewis血型抗原陰性的人群另當(dāng)別論[35]。目前,CA19-9是唯一獲得了美國FDA證實的胰腺癌生物標(biāo)記物[36]。
K-ras癌基因位于染色體12p12,編碼一個21-kd 的GTP-結(jié)合蛋白。K-ras癌基因的突變使得ras蛋白保持永久性激活的GTP結(jié)合狀態(tài)[37]。其功能通過多個途徑誘導(dǎo)的級聯(lián)發(fā)生,包括RAF-MAPK、PI3K-AKT、RalGDS和hedgehog-Gli通路[30]。由于這個突變引起的K-ras激活是胰腺癌發(fā)生過程中的一個早期事件,也是一個關(guān)鍵性的事件[7]。據(jù)報道,血漿K-ras基因突變可以在出現(xiàn)臨床癥狀之前5~14月即可檢測出來[7]。其實,K-ras突變在癌前病變時就已經(jīng)可以檢測出來[4,38]。有人認為K-ras突變幾乎在所有的胰腺惡性腫瘤中都可以檢測出來,尤其在吸煙相關(guān)的胰腺癌患者中尤為常見[37-39]。
曾有報道,80%的胰腺惡性損害會釋放細胞游離DNA入血。在胰腺癌患者中,35%~81%可以檢測到K-ras突變[40]。因此,檢測血漿中K-ras基因突變是胰腺癌的一個非侵入性診斷指標(biāo)[40]。研究表明,循環(huán)中K-ras基因突變在胰腺癌發(fā)生的I期和II期就可以檢出。檢測結(jié)果與胰腺癌發(fā)生的具體部位和大小無關(guān)[41]。Hugh et al.報道相應(yīng)的血漿和腫瘤組織中的K-ras改變是相似的,在血漿和腫瘤組織中的DNA突變有密切的相關(guān)性[7]。
血清CA19-9檢測和循環(huán)K-ras突變的檢測有相似的敏感性。然而,他們的陽性標(biāo)本并不總是重疊的。要早期發(fā)現(xiàn)胰腺癌,進行平行檢測是一個可接受的選擇。我們的meta分析結(jié)果表明,平行檢測血清CA19-9和血漿K-ras突變可以實現(xiàn)更好的敏感度,而特異度并沒有太大變化。眾所周知DOR是一個反映敏感度和特異度的組合性指標(biāo),用于檢測診斷的準(zhǔn)確性。我們的分析結(jié)果表明,平行檢測的DOR為19.14(10.53~34.79),遠遠好于單獨檢測血清CA19-9[6.13(3.77~10.00)]或者血漿K-ras突變[18.60(9.46~36.50)]。由于匯總的特異度在單獨和平行檢測變化不大,我們可以推測出來,更好的DOR主要是因為更高的敏感度。SROC曲線是另一個全面反映檢測表現(xiàn)的指標(biāo),我們的SROC分析和DOR的分析結(jié)果是一致的。
雖然盡量減少偏倚的發(fā)生,但是我們的meta分析仍然有些不足之處。首先,我們檢索出來并納入的研究大部分是國內(nèi)的研究。如果患者的來源更為廣泛,分析結(jié)果就更有普遍性和說服力。其次,所有納入的研究包含的病例數(shù)仍然偏少。正如Dr.Berger所說,更大規(guī)模的前瞻性研究會更有價值[42]。我們的漏斗圖表明有一定程度發(fā)表偏倚的存在,然而Duval and Tweedie’s Trim and fill分析矯正后的結(jié)論并沒有本質(zhì)上的不同。既然血漿K-ras基因突變檢測作為胰腺癌早期診斷的指標(biāo)已經(jīng)得到認可,平行檢測CA19-9可以進一步增加發(fā)現(xiàn)早期胰腺癌的機會。這樣患者就會有更多的手術(shù)治療機會,從而改善術(shù)后總體幸存率。
綜上所述,我們meta分析結(jié)果表明,平行檢測血清CA19-9和血漿K-ras比單獨應(yīng)用一種檢測手段有更好的敏感度和相似的特異度,給胰腺癌患者更多的早期發(fā)現(xiàn)和治療的機會??梢娖叫袡z測有更好的診斷價值,因此我們推薦在胰腺癌的診斷標(biāo)準(zhǔn)中采用平行檢測血清CA19-9和血漿K-ras,而不是單獨采用一種檢測。
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Diagnostic Value of Individual Versus Parallel Test of Serum CA19-9 and Circulating K-ras Mutation in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A Meta-Analysis
JIN Dachuan1LI Jun2▲1 Department of Gastroenterology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Henan 453000, China; 2 School of Management, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang Henan 453000 , China
Objective To compare the sensitivity and specificity between individual and parallel detection of circulating K-ras mutations and serum CA19-9 level in patients with pancreatic adenocarcinoma.MethodsA systematic literature search was carried out in Pubmed, the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure(CNKI),Wanfang, Weipu and Google Scholar through May 2014. This study focused on and analyzed individual and parallel detection of serum CA19-9 and circulating K-ras mutations, with Meta-Disk 1.4, RevMan 5 and Comprehensive Meta-Analysis Version 2 (CMA2). Result Finally, eight studies that met the inclusion criteria were analyzed. Heterogeneity was not found (P>0.05). Sensitivity, specificity, odds ratio, diagnostic odds ratio for individual and parallel detection of serum CA19-9 and circulating K-ras mutations were summed up as follows: The pooled sensitivity and specificity for CA19-9 were 71.9%(95% CI: 65.6% to77.6%) and 69.3% (95% CI: 60% to 77.6%); for K-ras were 67.1% (95% CI: 60.6% to 73.1%) and 91.2%(95% CI: 84.5% to 95.7%); for parallel detection,the findings were 90.9% (95% CI: 86.4% to 94.3%) and 71.1%(95% CI: 61.8% to 79.2%). The odds ratio of sensitivity and specificity that compares CA19-9 to parallel is 0.793(95% CI: 0.6 to 1.038) and 0.986 (95% CI: 0.653 to 1.488). The odds ratio of sensitivity and specificity that compares K-ras to parallel is 0.773(95% CI: 0.585 to 1.022) and 1.305(95% CI: 0.880 to 1.936).
PPancreatic adenocarcinoma,K-ras,Carbohydrate antigen19-9,Diagnosis, Meta-analysis
R735.9
B
1674-9308(2014)06-0108-06
10.3969/J.ISSN.1674-9308.2014.06.071
▲通訊作者:李軍,E-mail:1452359342@qq.com