一談到固定搭配詞as if ,人們很自然地會(huì)聯(lián)想到另一個(gè)搭配詞 as though。這兩個(gè)搭配詞是否是synonym(同義詞)呢?答案是肯定的。 Webster’s New Collegiate Dictionary 明確地指出:“ as though conj: as if ”。英國(guó)現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)家F.T.Wood 在他所著的English Colloquial Idioms 關(guān)于as though 一條上寫著:as though 常用來代替as if 。而在《英文疑難詳解續(xù)篇》一書中,海外著名學(xué)者錢歌川先生更為明確地寫到:“據(jù)NED,F(xiàn)owler, Curme, Pence 等,都認(rèn)為as if 和 as though 兩者完全一樣,用法上毫無差異,不過口語(yǔ)則多半用 as if , 取其短簡(jiǎn)?!庇纱丝梢?, as if 和as though 是synonym, 可以交換使用也是無可非議的。
As if 或 as though 的用法是多種多樣的。它們不僅可以引導(dǎo)一個(gè)子句(clause),還可以引導(dǎo)多種類型的短語(yǔ)(phrase)。
一、引導(dǎo)介詞短語(yǔ)
The waves dashed on the rocks as if in anger.
海浪好像憤怒似的沖擊著巖石。
His shoulders were bent as though under a weight.
他的肩背好像負(fù)著重荷似的彎曲了。
二、引導(dǎo)不定式短語(yǔ)
She welcomed us with excessive cordiality as though to compensate for her earlier neglect.
她異常熱情地歡迎我們好像在彌補(bǔ)之前對(duì)我們的怠慢。
He raised his hand as if to command silence.
他把手舉起來,好像在命令不要再說話了。
Seven friends,indeed, (were going) to give a party for Danny! It is as though to say Danny had only seven friends!
真的只有七個(gè)朋友來為丹尼開了一個(gè)舞會(huì)!簡(jiǎn)直就像丹尼只有七個(gè)朋友似的。
三、引導(dǎo)形容詞和形容詞短語(yǔ)
He took the man by the throat as if ready to strangle him.
他扼住那個(gè)男人的脖子好像準(zhǔn)備掐死他。
He lay still for a long while , as if dead.
他僵硬地躺了好長(zhǎng)時(shí)間,好像死去了一樣。
Ella sat for a while as if stunned.
艾拉簡(jiǎn)直好像暈昏了似的坐了一會(huì)兒。
As if 除了這幾種用法外,它還可位于句首引導(dǎo)感嘆句,表示對(duì)一個(gè)建議、假定、想象等的反對(duì)。As if 的這種用法,F(xiàn).T. Wood 在他所著的English Colloquial Idioms中給予以下兩個(gè)例子:
As if anyone would believe that story!
好像有人會(huì)相信那種故事似的?。▽?shí)際上并不信)
He warned me against associating with people of doubtful character. As if I ever should!
他警告我不要同人格可疑的人們來往。好像我會(huì)那樣做似的。(實(shí)際上并不會(huì)去做)
Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English中也有類似的一個(gè)例子:
As if I cared ?。?I don’t care?。?/p>
好像我在乎似的?。▽?shí)際上并不在乎)
As if 和as though 最常見的用法是引導(dǎo)一個(gè)子句。然而子句中的動(dòng)詞該用何種時(shí)態(tài)(tense)或何種語(yǔ)氣(mood), 對(duì)于初學(xué)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)生來說,也許是一個(gè)棘手的問題。本文的主要目的,就是想通過列舉在閱讀中碰到的一些句子,談?wù)効捶ā?/p>
初學(xué)英語(yǔ)的學(xué)生也許會(huì)認(rèn)為,在as if 或 as though 引導(dǎo)的子句中,其謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞一定要用過去式或者過去完成式,表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣。如:
(1) He behaves as if he owned this place.
(2) We remember the accident vividly as if it happened only yesterday.
(3) She looked as if she had had some bad news.
在as if /as though 結(jié)構(gòu)中的動(dòng)詞形式通常決定于說話人語(yǔ)義意圖。比較:
(1) I feel as if I was/ were going to faint.(我感覺我好像要暈倒了)
(2) I feel as if I am going to faint.(我感覺真的就要暈倒了)
這也就是說,在某些語(yǔ)境中,如果不表示假設(shè)意義,就不必用過去時(shí)形式。
下面,我們具體分析一下例句,以便學(xué)生更好地理解。
(1) He walks as if he were drunk.
(2) He walks as if he is drunk.
這里的(1)句表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣,意味著“但是他沒有醉”(but he is not drunk); 而(2)句則告訴我們“以他走路的樣子判斷,他確實(shí)是醉了”。(He is drunk, judging by the way he walks.)以下的一對(duì)句子在意思上也存在著同樣的區(qū)別:
(3) It looks as if it is going to rain.
(4) It looks as if it were going to rain.
這里的(3)句告訴我們:“從天色來判斷,是快要下雨了”,而(4)句則僅僅是一種假設(shè),因?yàn)閺奶焐磥砗孟褚掠辏珜?shí)際上“并不會(huì)下雨”。
綜上所述,我們可以得出這樣的結(jié)論,as if 或 as though不僅是synonym,可以交換使用,它們引導(dǎo)的從句,其動(dòng)詞用現(xiàn)在式表示陳述語(yǔ)氣,與使用過去式表示虛擬語(yǔ)氣,都是容許的,因?yàn)檎Z(yǔ)言是靈活的。
(責(zé)任編輯 曾 卉)